Articles | Volume 8, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-45-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-45-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
16 Jan 2017
Research article |
| 16 Jan 2017
The Kenya rift revisited: insights into lithospheric strength through data-driven 3-D gravity and thermal modelling
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Sections 6.1 & 2.2,
Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Christian Meeßen
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Sections 6.1 & 2.2,
Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Potsdam,
14476 Potsdam, Germany
Mauro Cacace
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Sections 6.1 & 2.2,
Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
James Mechie
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Sections 6.1 & 2.2,
Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Stewart Fishwick
Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
Christian Heine
New Ventures, Upstream International, Shell International Exploration
& Production B.V., 2596 HR, The Hague, the Netherlands
Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Sections 6.1 & 2.2,
Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Manfred R. Strecker
Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Potsdam,
14476 Potsdam, Germany
Related authors
Kristian Bär, Thomas Reinsch, and Judith Bott
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2485–2515, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2485-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2485-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Petrophysical properties are key to populating numerical models of subsurface process simulations and the interpretation of many geophysical exploration methods. The P3 database presented here aims at providing easily accessible, peer-reviewed information on physical rock properties in one single compilation. The uniqueness of P3 emerges from its coverage and metadata structure. Each measured value is complemented by the corresponding location, petrography, stratigraphy and original reference.
Denis Anikiev, Adrian Lechel, Maria Laura Gomez Dacal, Judith Bott, Mauro Cacace, and Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth
Adv. Geosci., 49, 225–234, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-225-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-225-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a first Germany-wide 3D data-based density and temperature model integrating geoscientific observations and physical processes. The model can serve as a reference for local detailed studies dealing with temperature, pressure, stress, subsidence and sedimentation. Our results help to improve subsurface utilization concepts, reveal current geomechanical conditions crucial for hazard assessment and gather information on viable resources such groundwater and deep geothermal energy.
Nora Koltzer, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Mauro Cacace, Maximilian Frick, and Judith Bott
Adv. Geosci., 49, 197–206, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-197-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-197-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we investigate groundwater flow in the deep subsurface of the Upper Rhine Graben. We make use of a 3-D numerical model covering the entire Upper Rhine Graben. The deep hydrodynamics are characterized by fluid flow from the graben flanks towards its center and in the southern half of the graben from south to north. Moreover, local heterogeneities in the shallow flow field arise from the interaction between regional groundwater flow and the heterogeneous sedimentary configuration.
Ershad Gholamrezaie, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Judith Bott, Oliver Heidbach, and Manfred R. Strecker
Solid Earth, 10, 785–807, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-785-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-785-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Based on geophysical data integration and 3-D gravity modeling, we show that significant density heterogeneities are expressed as two large high-density bodies in the crust below the Sea of Marmara. The location of these bodies correlates spatially with the bends of the main Marmara fault, indicating that rheological contrasts in the crust may influence the fault kinematics. Our findings may have implications for seismic hazard and risk assessments in the Marmara region.
Ershad Gholamrezaie, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Judith Sippel, and Manfred R. Strecker
Solid Earth, 9, 139–158, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-139-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-139-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We examined the thermal gradient as an index of the thermal field in the Atlantic. While the thermal anomaly in the South Atlantic should be equilibrated, the thermal disturbance in the North Atlantic causes thermal effects in the present day. Characteristics of the lithosphere ultimately determine the thermal field. The thermal gradient nonlinearly decreases with depth and varies significantly both laterally and with time, which has implications for methods of thermal history reconstruction.
P. Klitzke, J. I. Faleide, M. Scheck-Wenderoth, and J. Sippel
Solid Earth, 6, 153–172, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-153-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-153-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a regional 3-D structural model of the Barents Sea and Kara Sea region which is the first to combine information on five sedimentary units and the crystalline crust as well as the configuration of the lithospheric mantle. By relating the shallow and deep structures for certain tectonic subdomains, we shed new light on possible causative basin-forming mechanisms that we discuss.
Denise Degen, Ajay Kumar, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, and Mauro Cacace
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1925, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1925, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
Geodynamical simulations cover a wide spatial and temporal range and are crucial to understand and assess the evolution of the Earth system. To enable computationally efficient modeling approaches that can account for potentially unknown subsurface properties, we present a surrogate modeling technique. This technique combines physics-based and machine-learning techniques to enable reliable predictions of geodynamical applications, as we illustrate for the case study of the Alpine Region.
Javier Abreu-Torres, Gergő Hutka, Guido Blöcher, Mauro Cacace, Vincent Magnenet, and Jean Schmittbuhl
Adv. Geosci., 65, 117–125, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-65-117-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-65-117-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a simplified model which describes the geological geometry of the Vendenheim site, the solid and fluid properties were adapted from studies in the area. We implement compute the hydrothermal flow with a temperature dependent density and viscosity in a porous medium, in order to verify if a hydrothermal convective system is compatible with known observations at the Vendenheim site, and to get a better idea of the initial conditions of a model for an induced seismicity model.
Kalliopi Tzoufka, Guido Blöcher, Mauro Cacace, Daniela Pfrang, and Kai Zosseder
Adv. Geosci., 65, 103–111, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-65-103-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-65-103-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Concepts of High-Temperature Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (HT-ATES) are investigated for system application in the German Molasse Basin. We quantify via physics-based numerical modelling the system performance with respect to HT-ATES concept development and provide a predictive analysis of HT-ATES application in the Upper Jurassic reservoir. Results demonstrate a non-uniform layer-specific distribution of the thermal front propagation, while promising heat recovery efficiencies are predicted.
Peter Haas, Myron F. H. Thomas, Christian Heine, Jörg Ebbing, Andrey Seregin, and Jimmy van Itterbeeck
Solid Earth, 15, 1419–1443, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1419-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1419-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Transform faults are conservative plate boundaries where no material is added or destroyed. Oceanic fracture zones are their inactive remnants and record tectonic processes that formed oceanic crust. In this study, we combine high-resolution data sets along fracture zones in the Gulf of Guinea to demonstrate that their formation is characterized by increased metamorphic conditions. This is in line with previous studies that describe the non-conservative character of transform faults.
Ángela María Gómez-García, Álvaro González, Mauro Cacace, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, and Gaspar Monsalve
Solid Earth, 15, 281–303, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-281-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-281-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We compute a realistic three-dimensional model of the temperatures down to 75 km deep within the Earth, below the Caribbean Sea and northwestern South America. Using this, we estimate at which rock temperatures past earthquakes nucleated in the region and find that they agree with those derived from laboratory experiments of rock friction. We also analyse how the thermal state of the system affects the spatial distribution of seismicity in this region.
Denise Degen, Cameron Spooner, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, and Mauro Cacace
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 7133–7153, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7133-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7133-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In times of worldwide energy transitions, an understanding of the subsurface is increasingly important to provide renewable energy sources such as geothermal energy. To validate our understanding of the subsurface we require data. However, the data are usually not distributed equally and introduce a potential misinterpretation of the subsurface. Therefore, in this study we investigate the influence of measurements on temperature distribution in the European Alps.
Steffen Ahlers, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, Karsten Reiter, Birgit Müller, Luisa Röckel, Oliver Heidbach, Sophia Morawietz, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, and Denis Anikiev
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 1, 163–164, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-163-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-163-2021, 2021
Steffen Ahlers, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, Karsten Reiter, Birgit Müller, Luisa Röckel, Oliver Heidbach, Sophia Morawietz, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, and Denis Anikiev
Solid Earth, 12, 1777–1799, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge about the stress state in the upper crust is of great importance for many economic and scientific questions. However, our knowledge in Germany is limited since available datasets only provide pointwise, incomplete and heterogeneous information. We present the first 3D geomechanical model that provides a continuous description of the contemporary crustal stress state for Germany. The model is calibrated by the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress and stress magnitudes.
Denise Degen and Mauro Cacace
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1699–1719, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1699-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1699-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we focus on improving the understanding of subsurface processes with respect to interactions with climate dynamics. We present advanced, open-source mathematical methods that enable us to investigate the influence of various model properties on the final outcomes. By relying on our approach, we have been able to showcase their importance in improving our understanding of the subsurface and highlighting the current shortcomings of currently adopted models.
Ángela María Gómez-García, Eline Le Breton, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Gaspar Monsalve, and Denis Anikiev
Solid Earth, 12, 275–298, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-275-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-275-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth’s crust beneath the Caribbean Sea formed at about 90 Ma due to large magmatic activity of a mantle plume, which brought molten material up from the deep Earth. By integrating diverse geophysical datasets, we image for the first time two fossil magmatic conduits beneath the Caribbean. The location of these conduits at 90 Ma does not correspond with the present-day Galápagos plume. Either this mantle plume migrated in time or these conduits were formed above another unknown plume.
Cameron Spooner, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Mauro Cacace, and Denis Anikiev
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-202, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-202, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
By comparing long term lithospheric strength to seismicity patterns across the Alpine region, we show that most seismicity occurs where strengths are highest within the crust. The lower crust appears largely aseismic due to energy being dissipated by ongoing creep from low viscosities. Lithospheric structure appears to exert a primary control on seismicity distribution, with both forelands display a different distribution patterns, likely reflecting their different tectonic settings.
Kristian Bär, Thomas Reinsch, and Judith Bott
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2485–2515, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2485-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2485-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Petrophysical properties are key to populating numerical models of subsurface process simulations and the interpretation of many geophysical exploration methods. The P3 database presented here aims at providing easily accessible, peer-reviewed information on physical rock properties in one single compilation. The uniqueness of P3 emerges from its coverage and metadata structure. Each measured value is complemented by the corresponding location, petrography, stratigraphy and original reference.
Denis Anikiev, Adrian Lechel, Maria Laura Gomez Dacal, Judith Bott, Mauro Cacace, and Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth
Adv. Geosci., 49, 225–234, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-225-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-225-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a first Germany-wide 3D data-based density and temperature model integrating geoscientific observations and physical processes. The model can serve as a reference for local detailed studies dealing with temperature, pressure, stress, subsidence and sedimentation. Our results help to improve subsurface utilization concepts, reveal current geomechanical conditions crucial for hazard assessment and gather information on viable resources such groundwater and deep geothermal energy.
Cameron Spooner, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Hans-Jürgen Götze, Jörg Ebbing, György Hetényi, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 10, 2073–2088, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2073-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2073-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
By utilising both the observed gravity field of the Alps and their forelands and indications from deep seismic surveys, we were able to produce a 3-D structural model of the region that indicates the distribution of densities within the lithosphere. We found that the present-day Adriatic crust is both thinner and denser than the European crust and that the properties of Alpine crust are strongly linked to their provenance.
Nora Koltzer, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Mauro Cacace, Maximilian Frick, and Judith Bott
Adv. Geosci., 49, 197–206, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-197-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-197-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we investigate groundwater flow in the deep subsurface of the Upper Rhine Graben. We make use of a 3-D numerical model covering the entire Upper Rhine Graben. The deep hydrodynamics are characterized by fluid flow from the graben flanks towards its center and in the southern half of the graben from south to north. Moreover, local heterogeneities in the shallow flow field arise from the interaction between regional groundwater flow and the heterogeneous sedimentary configuration.
Guido Blöcher, Christian Kluge, Harald Milsch, Mauro Cacace, Antoine B. Jacquey, and Jean Schmittbuhl
Adv. Geosci., 49, 95–104, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-95-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-95-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The focus of the paper is to evaluate the permeability change of a matrix-fracture systems under mechanical loading und to understand the processes behind. This evaluation is based on data from laboratory experiments in comparison to 3-D numerical modelling results.
Maximilian Frick, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Mauro Cacace, and Michael Schneider
Adv. Geosci., 49, 9–18, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-9-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-9-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The study presented in this paper aims at reproducing findings from chemical and isotopic groundwater sample analysis along with quantifying the influence of regional (cross-boundary) flow for the area of Berlin, Germany. For this purpose we built 3-D models of the subsurface, populating them with material parameters (e.g. porosity, permeability) and solving them for coupled fluid and heat transport. Special focus was given to the setup of boundary conditions, i.e. fixed pressure at the sides.
Ershad Gholamrezaie, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Judith Bott, Oliver Heidbach, and Manfred R. Strecker
Solid Earth, 10, 785–807, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-785-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-785-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Based on geophysical data integration and 3-D gravity modeling, we show that significant density heterogeneities are expressed as two large high-density bodies in the crust below the Sea of Marmara. The location of these bodies correlates spatially with the bends of the main Marmara fault, indicating that rheological contrasts in the crust may influence the fault kinematics. Our findings may have implications for seismic hazard and risk assessments in the Marmara region.
Elisabeth Peters, Guido Blöcher, Saeed Salimzadeh, Paul J. P. Egberts, and Mauro Cacace
Adv. Geosci., 45, 209–215, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-209-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-209-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Accuracy of well inflow modelling in different numerical simulation approaches was compared for a multi-lateral well with laterals of varying diameter. For homogeneous cases, all simulators generally were reasonably close in terms of the total well flow (deviations smaller than 4 %). The distribution of the flow over the different laterals in a well can vary significantly between simulators (> 20 %). In a heterogeneous case with a fault the deviations between the approaches were much larger.
Nasrin Haacke, Maximilian Frick, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Michael Schneider, and Mauro Cacace
Adv. Geosci., 45, 177–184, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-177-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-177-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The main goal of this study was to understand how different realizations of the impact of groundwater pumping activities in a major urban center would affect the results of 3-D numerical models. In detail we looked at two model scenarios which both rely on the same geological structural model but differ in the realization of the groundwater boundary conditions. The results show, that it is necessary to use groundwater wells as an active parameter to reproduce local movement patterns.
Ershad Gholamrezaie, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Judith Sippel, and Manfred R. Strecker
Solid Earth, 9, 139–158, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-139-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-139-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We examined the thermal gradient as an index of the thermal field in the Atlantic. While the thermal anomaly in the South Atlantic should be equilibrated, the thermal disturbance in the North Atlantic causes thermal effects in the present day. Characteristics of the lithosphere ultimately determine the thermal field. The thermal gradient nonlinearly decreases with depth and varies significantly both laterally and with time, which has implications for methods of thermal history reconstruction.
Mauro Cacace and Antoine B. Jacquey
Solid Earth, 8, 921–941, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-921-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-921-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The paper describes theory and numerical implementation for coupled thermo–hydraulic–mechanical processes focusing on reservoir (mainly related to geothermal energy) applications.
Michael Rubey, Sascha Brune, Christian Heine, D. Rhodri Davies, Simon E. Williams, and R. Dietmar Müller
Solid Earth, 8, 899–919, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-899-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-899-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Earth's surface is constantly warped up and down by the convecting mantle. Here we derive geodynamic rules for this so-called
dynamic topographyby employing high-resolution numerical models of global mantle convection. We define four types of dynamic topography history that are primarily controlled by the ever-changing pattern of Earth's subduction zones. Our models provide a predictive quantitative framework linking mantle convection with plate tectonics and sedimentary basin evolution.
Moritz O. Ziegler, Oliver Heidbach, John Reinecker, Anna M. Przybycin, and Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth
Solid Earth, 7, 1365–1382, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1365-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1365-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Subsurface engineering relies on sparsely distributed data points of the stress state of the earth's crust. 3D geomechanical--numerical modelling is applied to estimate the stress state in the entire volume of a large area. We present a multi-stage approach of differently sized models which provide the stress state in an area of interest derived from few and widely scattered data records. Furthermore we demonstrate the changes in reliability of the model depending on different input parameters.
R. Kind, X. Yuan, J. Mechie, and F. Sodoudi
Solid Earth, 6, 957–970, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-957-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-957-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We observed with seismic data the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) in the western United States and the mid-lithospheric discontinuity (MLD) in the central United States. In the northern and southern United States, the western LAB (probably of the Farallon plate) is weakly east dipping. There are indications of a west-dipping MLD in between. We interpret this interfingering structure of the mantle lithosphere as a result of the collision of the Farallon and the Laurentia plates.
P. Klitzke, J. I. Faleide, M. Scheck-Wenderoth, and J. Sippel
Solid Earth, 6, 153–172, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-153-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-153-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a regional 3-D structural model of the Barents Sea and Kara Sea region which is the first to combine information on five sedimentary units and the crystalline crust as well as the configuration of the lithospheric mantle. By relating the shallow and deep structures for certain tectonic subdomains, we shed new light on possible causative basin-forming mechanisms that we discuss.
Y. Cherubini, M. Cacace, M. Scheck-Wenderoth, and V. Noack
Geoth. Energ. Sci., 2, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.5194/gtes-2-1-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gtes-2-1-2014, 2014
C. Heine, J. Zoethout, and R. D. Müller
Solid Earth, 4, 215–253, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-215-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-215-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Geophysics
Reflection seismic imaging across the Thinia valley (Greece)
Multiphysics property prediction from hyperspectral drill core data
Elastic anisotropy differentiation of thin shale beds and fractures using a novel hybrid rock physics model
Revisit of the Fennoscandian Shield along the UPPLAND seismic profile: competitive velocity models
On the crustal composition of the Sardinia–Corsica continental block inferred from receiver functions
Characterizing some major Archean faults at depth in the Superior craton, North America
High-resolution seismic reflection surveying to delineate shallow subsurface geological structures in the karst area of Shenzhen, China
Combining crosshole and reflection borehole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) for imaging controlled freezing in shallow aquifers
Geophysical downhole logging analysis within the shallow-depth ICDP STAR drilling project (central Italy)
Post-Caledonian tectonic evolution of the Precambrian and Paleozoic platform boundary zone offshore Poland based on the new and vintage multi-channel reflection seismic data
Geodynamic controls on clastic-dominated base metal deposits
Seismic wave modeling of fluid-saturated fractured porous rock: including fluid pressure diffusion effects of discretely distributed large-scale fractures
Comparison of surface-wave techniques to estimate S- and P-wave velocity models from active seismic data
Integration of automatic implicit geological modelling in deterministic geophysical inversion
Complex fault system revealed by 3-D seismic reflection data with deep learning and fault network analysis
Numerical modeling of stresses and deformation in the Zagros–Iranian Plateau region
Advanced seismic characterization of a geothermal carbonate reservoir – insight into the structure and diagenesis of a reservoir in the German Molasse Basin
Electrical conductivity of anhydrous and hydrous gabbroic melt under high temperature and high pressure: implications for the high-conductivity anomalies in the mid-ocean ridge region
Ground motion emissions due to wind turbines: observations, acoustic coupling, and attenuation relationships
Formation and geophysical character of transitional crust at the passive continental margin around Walvis Ridge, Namibia
Seismic amplitude response to internal heterogeneity of mass-transport deposits
Investigation of the effects of surrounding media on the distributed acoustic sensing of a helically wound fibre-optic cable with application to the New Afton deposit, British Columbia
Utilisation of probabilistic magnetotelluric modelling to constrain magnetic data inversion: proof-of-concept and field application
Geophysical analysis of an area affected by subsurface dissolution – case study of an inland salt marsh in northern Thuringia, Germany
Comparison of straight-ray and curved-ray surface wave tomography approaches in near-surface studies
An efficient probabilistic workflow for estimating induced earthquake parameters in 3D heterogeneous media
3D deep geothermal reservoir imaging with wireline distributed acoustic sensing in two boreholes
3D high-resolution seismic imaging of the iron oxide deposits in Ludvika (Sweden) using full-waveform inversion and reverse time migration
Three-dimensional reflection seismic imaging of the iron oxide deposits in the Ludvika mining area, Sweden, using Fresnel volume migration
Drone-based magnetic and multispectral surveys to develop a 3D model for mineral exploration at Qullissat, Disko Island, Greenland
Ambient seismic noise analysis of LARGE-N data for mineral exploration in the Central Erzgebirge, Germany
Surface-wave tomography for mineral exploration: a successful combination of passive and active data (Siilinjärvi phosphorus mine, Finland)
Reflection tomography by depth warping: a case study across the Java trench
Dynamic motion monitoring of a 3.6 km long steel rod in a borehole during cold-water injection with distributed fiber-optic sensing
Impact of Timanian thrust systems on the late Neoproterozoic–Phanerozoic tectonic evolution of the Barents Sea and Svalbard
Forearc density structure of the overriding plate in the northern area of the giant 1960 Valdivia earthquake
Imaging crustal structures through a passive seismic imaging approach in a mining area in Saxony, Germany
Investigating the effects of intersection flow localization in equivalent-continuum-based upscaling of flow in discrete fracture networks
Cross-diffusion waves resulting from multiscale, multiphysics instabilities: application to earthquakes
Reverse time migration (RTM) imaging of iron oxide deposits in the Ludvika mining area, Sweden
Near-surface structure of the Sodankylä area in Finland, obtained by passive seismic interferometry
Evolution of the Iberian Massif as deduced from its crustal thickness and geometry of a mid-crustal (Conrad) discontinuity
Four-dimensional tracer flow reconstruction in fractured rock through borehole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) monitoring
Moho topography beneath the European Eastern Alps by global-phase seismic interferometry
Seismic imaging across fault systems in the Abitibi greenstone belt – an analysis of pre- and post-stack migration approaches in the Chibougamau area, Quebec, Canada
Early Cenozoic Eurekan strain partitioning and decoupling in central Spitsbergen, Svalbard
On the comparison of strain measurements from fibre optics with a dense seismometer array at Etna volcano (Italy)
Cross-diffusion waves resulting from multiscale, multi-physics instabilities: theory
Multi-scale analysis and modelling of aeromagnetic data over the Bétaré-Oya area in eastern Cameroon, for structural evidence investigations
The impact of seismic interpretation methods on the analysis of faults: a case study from the Snøhvit field, Barents Sea
Samuel Zappalá, Alireza Malehmir, Haralambos Kranis, George Apostolopoulos, and Myrto Papadopoulou
Solid Earth, 16, 409–423, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-409-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-409-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Three 2D seismic profiles were acquired in the Thinia valley, an isthmus connecting the main part of the island to the Paliki peninsula, to improve the subsurface knowledge of the tectonically peculiar Kefalonia island. Here the presence of a possible channel has been largely disputed in ongoing investigations for the possible location of Homer’s Ithaca. Results from different analyses further constrain the recent tectonic history of the area and thus the long-debated presence of a historic water channel in the valley.
Akshay V. Kamath, Samuel T. Thiele, Moritz Kirsch, and Richard Gloaguen
Solid Earth, 16, 351–365, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-351-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-351-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a deep learning model that uses hyperspectral imaging data to predict key physical rock properties, specifically density, slowness, and gamma-ray values. Our model successfully learned to translate hyperspectral information into predicted physical properties. Tests on independent data gave accurate results, demonstrating the potential of hyperspectral data for mapping physical rock properties.
Haoyuan Li, Xuri Huang, Lei Li, Fang Li, and Tiansheng Chen
Solid Earth, 16, 315–332, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-315-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-315-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our research aims to accurately differentiate the elastic properties of tight sands with thin shale beds and fractures. Traditional models struggle to distinguish between these two features. We developed a hybrid rock physics model. Our model's reliability is validated against well log data, revealing distinct anisotropic characteristics for thin shale beds and fractures. This model helps identify fractures more accurately, improving geophysical exploration.
Tomasz Janik, Raimo Lahtinen, Monika Bociarska, Piotr Środa, and Dariusz Wójcik
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-742, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-742, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The manuscript re-analyses seismic data from the UPPLAND profile in the Fennoscandian Shield, focusing on Vp and Vs velocity models. Significant differences between prior and present models emerge in the lower crust and mantle and in the Moho depth. The new model suggests Vp of 7.05–7.17 km/s in the lower crust and 8.05 km/s in the upper mantle, with Moho at 43–50 km. Two tectonic interpretations are proposed to explain these findings, emphasizing the complexities of seismic data interpretation.
Fabio Cammarano, Henrique Berger Roisenberg, Alessio Conclave, Islam Fadel, and Mark van der Meijde
Solid Earth, 16, 135–154, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-135-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-135-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Sardinia and Corsica separated and have been drifting in the Mediterranean Sea for 35 Myr due to the retreat of the Ionian plate beneath the Tyrrhenian Sea. Using in-house and public data, we measured and interpreted receiver functions based on prior geophysical and petrological studies. Our findings indicate that the islands' ancient continental structure remains mostly unchanged. Alpine orogenesis about 50 million years ago influenced Corsica's crust, enriching it with water-bearing minerals.
David B. Snyder, Jack M. Simmons, John A. Ayer, Mostafa Naghizadeh, Ademola Q. Adetunji, Taus R. C. Jørgensen, Graham J. Hill, Eric A. Roots, and Saeid Cheraghi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-390, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-390, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Sub-surface geometries of ancient faults must be mapped using high-resolution geophysical surveys using reflected seismic waves. Several such surveys in southern Canada map faults, many of which host significant gold or nickel deposits. Reflectors are considered upper crustal brittle, lava flows if folded or broken or mid-crustal if mostly parallel. Steep fault zones formed first in ocean settings when the lavas erupted. Folds and horizontal shortening occurred during later mountain building.
Zhihui Wang, Christopher Juhlin, Qingtian Lü, Xiaoming Ruan, Zhendong Liu, Chenghua Yu, and Mingchun Chen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4050, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4050, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Sinkholes and caves underground pose challenges for various industries in the karst area, particularly those dependent on stable ground conditions, such as construction, agriculture, and infrastructure development. In this study, we applied seismic reflection, a geophysical method, to delineate shallow subsurface complex geological structures and to better understand limestone cave formation.
Peter Jung, Götz Hornbruch, Andreas Dahmke, Peter Dietrich, and Ulrike Werban
Solid Earth, 15, 1465–1477, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1465-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1465-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate the feasibility of imaging vertical freezing boundaries using borehole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) in experimental geological latent heat storage, where part of a shallow Quaternary aquifer is frozen. To gain insights into the current thermal state in the subsurface, we assess the frozen volume dimension. We show that a combination of crosshole and reflection measurements allows us to image the ice body with high accuracy in the challenging environment of saturated sediments.
Paola Montone, Simona Pierdominici, M. Teresa Mariucci, Francesco Mirabella, Marco Urbani, Assel Akimbekova, Lauro Chiaraluce, Wade Johnson, and Massimiliano Rinaldo Barchi
Solid Earth, 15, 1385–1406, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1385-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1385-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The STAR project set out to drill six shallow holes and use geophysical logging to find the best depth for placing seismometers and strainmeters to image the upper crust, in particular the Alto Tiberina fault, Italy. These measurements give us a better idea of what the rocks are like, helping us connect what we know from the literature with what we find underground, giving solid information on rock properties, which helps us understand the first few hundred meters of the Earth's crust.
Quang Nguyen, Michal Malinowski, Stanisław Mazur, Sergiy Stovba, Małgorzata Ponikowska, and Christian Hübscher
Solid Earth, 15, 1029–1046, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1029-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1029-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our work demonstrates the following: (1) an efficient seismic data-processing strategy focused on suppressing shallow-water multiple reflections. (2) An improvement in the quality of legacy marine seismic data. (3) A seismic interpretation of sedimentary successions overlying the basement in the transition zone from the Precambrian to Paleozoic platforms. (4) The tectonic evolution of the Koszalin Fault and its relation to the Caledonian Deformation Front offshore Poland.
Anne C. Glerum, Sascha Brune, Joseph M. Magnall, Philipp Weis, and Sarah A. Gleeson
Solid Earth, 15, 921–944, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-921-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-921-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
High-value zinc–lead deposits formed in sedimentary basins created when tectonic plates rifted apart. We use computer simulations of rifting and the associated sediment erosion and deposition to understand why they formed in some basins but not in others. Basins that contain a metal source, faults that focus fluids, and rocks that can host deposits occurred in both narrow and wide rifts for ≤ 3 Myr. The largest and the most deposits form in narrow margins of narrow asymmetric rifts.
Yingkai Qi, Xuehua Chen, Qingwei Zhao, Xin Luo, and Chunqiang Feng
Solid Earth, 15, 535–554, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-535-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-535-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fractures tend to dominate the mechanical and hydraulic properties of porous rock and impact the scattering characteristics of passing waves. This study takes into account the poroelastic effects of fractures in numerical modeling. Our results demonstrate that scattered waves from complex fracture systems are strongly affected by the fractures.
Farbod Khosro Anjom, Frank Adler, and Laura Valentina Socco
Solid Earth, 15, 367–386, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-367-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-367-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Most surface-wave techniques focus on estimating the S-wave velocity (VS) model and consider the P-wave velocity (VP) model as prior information in the inversion step. Here, we show the application of three surface-wave methods to estimate both VS and VP models. We apply the methods to the data from a hard-rock site that were acquired through the irregular source–receiver recording technique. We compare the outcomes and performances of the methods in detail.
Jérémie Giraud, Guillaume Caumon, Lachlan Grose, Vitaliy Ogarko, and Paul Cupillard
Solid Earth, 15, 63–89, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-63-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-63-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present and test an algorithm that integrates geological modelling into deterministic geophysical inversion. This is motivated by the need to model the Earth using all available data and to reconcile the different types of measurements. We introduce the methodology and test our algorithm using two idealised scenarios. Results suggest that the method we propose is effectively capable of improving the models recovered by geophysical inversion and may be applied in real-world scenarios.
Thilo Wrona, Indranil Pan, Rebecca E. Bell, Christopher A.-L. Jackson, Robert L. Gawthorpe, Haakon Fossen, Edoseghe E. Osagiede, and Sascha Brune
Solid Earth, 14, 1181–1195, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1181-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1181-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We need to understand where faults are to do the following: (1) assess their seismic hazard, (2) explore for natural resources and (3) store CO2 safely in the subsurface. Currently, we still map subsurface faults primarily by hand using seismic reflection data, i.e. acoustic images of the Earth. Mapping faults this way is difficult and time-consuming. Here, we show how to use deep learning to accelerate fault mapping and how to use networks or graphs to simplify fault analyses.
Srishti Singh and Radheshyam Yadav
Solid Earth, 14, 937–959, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-937-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-937-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use numerical models to study the stresses arising from gravitational potential energy (GPE) variations and shear tractions associated with mantle convection in the Zagros–Iran region. The joint models predicted consistent deviatoric stresses that can explain most of the deformation indicators. Stresses associated with mantle convection are found to be higher than those from GPE, thus indicating the deformation in this region may primarily be caused by the mantle, except in eastern Iran.
Sonja H. Wadas, Johanna F. Krumbholz, Vladimir Shipilin, Michael Krumbholz, David C. Tanner, and Hermann Buness
Solid Earth, 14, 871–908, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-871-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-871-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The geothermal carbonate reservoir below Munich, Germany, is extremely heterogeneous because it is controlled by many factors like lithology, diagenesis, karstification, and tectonic deformation. We used a 3D seismic single- and multi-attribute analysis combined with well data and a neural-net-based lithology classification to obtain an improved reservoir concept outlining its structural and diagenetic evolution and to identify high-quality reservoir zones in the Munich area.
Mengqi Wang, Lidong Dai, Haiying Hu, Ziming Hu, Chenxin Jing, Chuanyu Yin, Song Luo, and Jinhua Lai
Solid Earth, 14, 847–858, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-847-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-847-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first time that the electrical conductivity of gabbroic melt was assessed at high temperature and high pressure. The dependence of electrical conductivity on the degree of depolymerization was also explored. Electrical conductivity of gabbroic melts can be employed to interpret high-conductivity anomalies in the Mohns Ridge of the Arctic Ocean. This is of widespread interest to potential readers in high-pressure rock physics, solid geophysics, and deep Earth science.
Laura Gaßner and Joachim Ritter
Solid Earth, 14, 785–803, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-785-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-785-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we analyze signals emitted from wind turbines. They induce sound as well as ground motion waves which propagate through the subsurface and are registered by sensitive instruments. In our data we observe when these signals are present and how strong they are. Some signals are present in ground motion and sound data, providing the opportunity to study similarities and better characterize emissions. Furthermore, we study the amplitudes with distance to improve the signal prediction.
Gesa Franz, Marion Jegen, Max Moorkamp, Christian Berndt, and Wolfgang Rabbel
Solid Earth, 14, 237–259, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-237-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-237-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our study focuses on the correlation of two geophysical parameters (electrical resistivity and density) with geological units. We use this computer-aided correlation to improve interpretation of the Earth’s formation history along the Namibian coast and the associated formation of the South Atlantic Ocean. It helps to distinguish different types of sediment cover and varieties of oceanic crust, as well as to identify typical features associated with the breakup of continents.
Jonathan Ford, Angelo Camerlenghi, Francesca Zolezzi, and Marilena Calarco
Solid Earth, 14, 137–151, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-137-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-137-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Submarine landslides commonly appear as low-amplitude zones in seismic data. Previous studies have attributed this to a lack of preserved internal structure. We use seismic modelling to show that an amplitude reduction can be generated even when there is still metre-scale internal structure, by simply deforming the bedding. This has implications for interpreting failure type, for core-seismic correlation and for discriminating landslides from other "transparent" phenomena such as free gas.
Sepidehalsadat Hendi, Mostafa Gorjian, Gilles Bellefleur, Christopher D. Hawkes, and Don White
Solid Earth, 14, 89–99, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-89-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-89-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the modelling results are used to help understand the performance of a helically wound fibre (HWC) from a field study at the New Afton mine, British Columbia. We introduce the numerical 3D model to model strain values in HWC to design more effective HWC system. The DAS dataset at New Afton, interpreted in the context of our modelling, serves as a practical demonstration of the extreme effects of surrounding media and coupling on HWC data quality.
Jérémie Giraud, Hoël Seillé, Mark D. Lindsay, Gerhard Visser, Vitaliy Ogarko, and Mark W. Jessell
Solid Earth, 14, 43–68, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-43-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-43-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We propose and apply a workflow to combine the modelling and interpretation of magnetic anomalies and resistivity anomalies to better image the basement. We test the method on a synthetic case study and apply it to real world data from the Cloncurry area (Queensland, Australia), which is prospective for economic minerals. Results suggest a new interpretation of the composition and structure towards to east of the profile that we modelled.
Sonja H. Wadas, Hermann Buness, Raphael Rochlitz, Peter Skiba, Thomas Günther, Michael Grinat, David C. Tanner, Ulrich Polom, Gerald Gabriel, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 13, 1673–1696, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1673-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1673-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The dissolution of rocks poses a severe hazard because it can cause subsidence and sinkhole formation. Based on results from our study area in Thuringia, Germany, using P- and SH-wave reflection seismics, electrical resistivity and electromagnetic methods, and gravimetry, we develop a geophysical investigation workflow. This workflow enables identifying the initial triggers of subsurface dissolution and its control factors, such as structural constraints, fluid pathways, and mass movement.
Mohammadkarim Karimpour, Evert Slob, and Laura Valentina Socco
Solid Earth, 13, 1569–1583, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1569-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1569-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Near-surface characterisation is of great importance. Surface wave tomography (SWT) is a powerful tool to model the subsurface. In this work we compare straight-ray and curved-ray SWT at near-surface scale. We apply both approaches to four datasets and compare the results in terms of the quality of the final model and the computational cost. We show that in the case of high data coverage, straight-ray SWT can produce similar results to curved-ray SWT but with less computational cost.
La Ode Marzujriban Masfara, Thomas Cullison, and Cornelis Weemstra
Solid Earth, 13, 1309–1325, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1309-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1309-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Induced earthquakes are natural phenomena in which the events are associated with human activities. Although the magnitudes of these events are mostly smaller than tectonic events, in some cases, the magnitudes can be high enough to damage buildings near the event's location. To study these (high-magnitude) induced events, we developed a workflow in which the recorded data from an earthquake are used to describe the source and monitor the area for other (potentially high-magnitude) earthquakes.
Evgeniia Martuganova, Manfred Stiller, Ben Norden, Jan Henninges, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 13, 1291–1307, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1291-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1291-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate the applicability of vertical seismic profiling (VSP) acquired using wireline distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology for deep geothermal reservoir imaging and characterization. Borehole DAS data provide critical input for seismic interpretation and help assess small-scale geological structures. This case study can be used as a basis for detailed structural exploration of geothermal reservoirs and provide insightful information for geothermal exploration projects.
Brij Singh, Michał Malinowski, Andrzej Górszczyk, Alireza Malehmir, Stefan Buske, Łukasz Sito, and Paul Marsden
Solid Earth, 13, 1065–1085, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1065-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1065-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fast depletion of shallower deposits is pushing the mining industry to look for cutting-edge technologies for deep mineral targeting. We demonstrated a joint workflow including two state-of-the-art technologies: full-waveform inversion and reverse time migration. We produced Earth images with significant details which can help with better estimation of areas with high mineralisation, better mine planning and safety measures.
Felix Hloušek, Michal Malinowski, Lena Bräunig, Stefan Buske, Alireza Malehmir, Magdalena Markovic, Lukasz Sito, Paul Marsden, and Emma Bäckström
Solid Earth, 13, 917–934, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-917-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-917-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Methods for mineral exploration play an important role within the EU. Exploration must be environmentally friendly, cost effective, and feasible in populated areas. Seismic methods have the potential to deliver detailed images of mineral deposits but suffer from these demands. We show the results for a sparse 3D seismic dataset acquired in Sweden. The 3D depth image allows us to track the known mineralizations beyond the known extent and gives new insights into the geometry of the deposit.
Robert Jackisch, Björn H. Heincke, Robert Zimmermann, Erik V. Sørensen, Markku Pirttijärvi, Moritz Kirsch, Heikki Salmirinne, Stefanie Lode, Urpo Kuronen, and Richard Gloaguen
Solid Earth, 13, 793–825, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-793-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-793-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We integrate UAS-based magnetic and multispectral data with legacy exploration data of a Ni–Cu–PGE prospect on Disko Island, West Greenland. The basalt unit has a complex magnetization, and we use a constrained 3D magnetic vector inversion to estimate magnetic properties and spatial dimensions of the target unit. Our 3D modelling reveals a horizontal sheet and a strong remanent magnetization component. We highlight the advantage of UAS use in rugged and remote terrain.
Trond Ryberg, Moritz Kirsch, Christian Haberland, Raimon Tolosana-Delgado, Andrea Viezzoli, and Richard Gloaguen
Solid Earth, 13, 519–533, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-519-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-519-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Novel methods for mineral exploration play an important role in future resource exploration. The methods have to be environmentally friendly, socially accepted and cost effective by integrating multidisciplinary methodologies. We investigate the potential of passive, ambient noise tomography combined with 3D airborne electromagnetics for mineral exploration in Geyer, Germany. We show that the combination of the two geophysical data sets has promising potential for future mineral exploration.
Chiara Colombero, Myrto Papadopoulou, Tuomas Kauti, Pietari Skyttä, Emilia Koivisto, Mikko Savolainen, and Laura Valentina Socco
Solid Earth, 13, 417–429, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-417-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-417-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Passive-source surface waves may be exploited in mineral exploration for deeper investigations. We propose a semi-automatic workflow for their processing. The geological interpretation of the results obtained at a mineral site (Siilinjärvi phosphorus mine) shows large potentialities and effectiveness of the proposed workflow.
Yueyang Xia, Dirk Klaeschen, Heidrun Kopp, and Michael Schnabel
Solid Earth, 13, 367–392, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-367-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-367-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Geological interpretations based on seismic depth images depend on an accurate subsurface velocity model. Reflection tomography is one method to iteratively update a velocity model based on depth error analysis. We used a warping method to estimate closely spaced data-driven depth error displacement fields. The application to a multichannel seismic line across the Sunda subduction zone illustrates the approach which leads to more accurate images of complex geological structures.
Martin Peter Lipus, Felix Schölderle, Thomas Reinsch, Christopher Wollin, Charlotte Krawczyk, Daniela Pfrang, and Kai Zosseder
Solid Earth, 13, 161–176, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-161-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-161-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A fiber-optic cable was installed along a freely suspended rod in a deep geothermal well in Munich, Germany. A cold-water injection test was monitored with fiber-optic distributed acoustic and temperature sensing. During injection, we observe vibrational events in the lower part of the well. On the basis of a mechanical model, we conclude that the vibrational events are caused by thermal contraction of the rod. The results illustrate potential artifacts when analyzing downhole acoustic data.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl, Craig Magee, and Ingrid M. Anell
Solid Earth, 13, 85–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-85-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-85-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The present study shows evidence of fault systems (large cracks in the Earth's crust) hundreds to thousands of kilometers long and several kilometers thick extending from northwestern Russia to the northern Norwegian Barents Sea and the Svalbard Archipelago using seismic, magnetic, and gravimetric data. The study suggests that the crust in Svalbard and the Barents Sea was already attached to Norway and Russia at ca. 650–550 Ma, thus challenging existing models.
Andrei Maksymowicz, Daniela Montecinos-Cuadros, Daniel Díaz, María José Segovia, and Tomás Reyes
Solid Earth, 13, 117–136, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-117-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-117-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work analyses the density structure of the continental forearc in the northern segment of the 1960 Mw 9.6 Valdivia earthquake. Results show a segmentation of the continental wedge along and perpendicular to the margin. The extension of the less rigid basement units conforming the marine wedge and Coastal Cordillera domain could modify the process of stress loading during the interseismic periods. This analysis highlights the role of the overriding plate on the seismotectonic process.
Hossein Hassani, Felix Hloušek, Stefan Buske, and Olaf Wallner
Solid Earth, 12, 2703–2715, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2703-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2703-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Passive seismic imaging methods use natural earthquakes as seismic sources, while in active seismic imaging methods, artificial sources (e.g. explosives) are used to generate seismic waves. We imaged some structures related to a major fault plane through a passive seismic imaging approach using microearthquakes with magnitudes smaller than 0.9 (Mw). These structures have not been illuminated by a previously conducted 3D active seismic survey due to their large dip angles.
Maximilian O. Kottwitz, Anton A. Popov, Steffen Abe, and Boris J. P. Kaus
Solid Earth, 12, 2235–2254, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2235-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2235-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Upscaling fluid flow in fractured reservoirs is an important practice in subsurface resource utilization. In this study, we first conduct numerical simulations of direct fluid flow at locations where fractures intersect to analyze the arising hydraulic complexities. Next, we develop a model that integrates these effects into larger-scale continuum models of fracture networks to investigate their impact on the upscaling. For intensively fractured systems, these effects become important.
Klaus Regenauer-Lieb, Manman Hu, Christoph Schrank, Xiao Chen, Santiago Peña Clavijo, Ulrich Kelka, Ali Karrech, Oliver Gaede, Tomasz Blach, Hamid Roshan, Antoine B. Jacquey, Piotr Szymczak, and Qingpei Sun
Solid Earth, 12, 1829–1849, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1829-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1829-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a trans-disciplinary approach bridging the gap between observations of instabilities from the molecular scale to the very large scale. We show that all scales communicate via propagation of volumetric deformation waves. Similar phenomena are encountered in quantum optics where wave collisions can release sporadic bursts of light. Ocean waves show a similar phenomenon of rogue waves that seem to come from nowhere. This mechanism is proposed to be the trigger for earthquakes.
Yinshuai Ding and Alireza Malehmir
Solid Earth, 12, 1707–1718, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1707-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1707-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this article, we investigate the potential of reverse time migration (RTM) for deep targeting iron oxide deposits and the possible AVO effect that is potentially seen in the common image gathers from this migration algorithm. The results are promising and help to delineate the deposits and host rock structures using a 2D dataset from the Ludvika mines of central Sweden.
Nikita Afonin, Elena Kozlovskaya, Suvi Heinonen, and Stefan Buske
Solid Earth, 12, 1563–1579, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1563-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1563-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In our study, we show the results of a passive seismic interferometry application for mapping the uppermost crust in the area of active mineral exploration in northern Finland. The obtained velocity models agree well with geological data and complement the results of reflection seismic data interpretation.
Puy Ayarza, José Ramón Martínez Catalán, Ana Martínez García, Juan Alcalde, Juvenal Andrés, José Fernando Simancas, Immaculada Palomeras, David Martí, Irene DeFelipe, Chris Juhlin, and Ramón Carbonell
Solid Earth, 12, 1515–1547, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1515-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1515-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Vertical incidence seismic profiling on the Iberian Massif images a mid-crustal-scale discontinuity at the top of the reflective lower crust. This feature shows that upper- and lower-crustal reflections merge into it, suggesting that it has often behaved as a detachment. The orogen-scale extension of this discontinuity, present in Gondwanan and Avalonian affinity terranes into the Iberian Massif, demonstrates its relevance, leading us to interpret it as the Conrad discontinuity.
Peter-Lasse Giertzuch, Joseph Doetsch, Alexis Shakas, Mohammadreza Jalali, Bernard Brixel, and Hansruedi Maurer
Solid Earth, 12, 1497–1513, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1497-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1497-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Two time-lapse borehole ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were conducted during saline tracer experiments in weakly fractured crystalline rock with sub-millimeter fractures apertures, targeting electrical conductivity changes. The combination of time-lapse reflection and transmission GPR surveys from different boreholes allowed monitoring the tracer flow and reconstructing the flow path and its temporal evolution in 3D and provided a realistic visualization of the hydrological processes.
Irene Bianchi, Elmer Ruigrok, Anne Obermann, and Edi Kissling
Solid Earth, 12, 1185–1196, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1185-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1185-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The European Alps formed during collision between the European and Adriatic plates and are one of the most studied orogens for understanding the dynamics of mountain building. In the Eastern Alps, the contact between the colliding plates is still a matter of debate. We have used the records from distant earthquakes to highlight the geometries of the crust–mantle boundary in the Eastern Alpine area; our results suggest a complex and faulted internal crustal structure beneath the higher crests.
Saeid Cheraghi, Alireza Malehmir, Mostafa Naghizadeh, David Snyder, Lucie Mathieu, and Pierre Bedeaux
Solid Earth, 12, 1143–1164, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1143-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1143-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
High-resolution seismic profiles in 2D are acquired in the north and south of the Chibougamau area, Quebec, Canada located in the northeast of the Abitibi Greenstone belt. The area mostly includes volcanic rocks, and both profiles cross over several fault zones. The seismic method is acquired to image the subsurface down to depth of 12 km. The main aim of this study is to image major fault zones and the geological formations connected to those faults to investigate metal endowment in the area.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl
Solid Earth, 12, 1025–1049, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1025-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1025-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
By using seismic data and fieldwork, this contribution shows that soft, coal-rich sedimentary rocks absorbed most of early Cenozoic, Eurekan, contractional deformation in central Spitsbergen, thus suggesting that no contractional deformation event is needed in the Late Devonian to explain the deformation differences among late Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. It also shows that the Billefjorden Fault Zone, a major crack in the Earth's crust in Svalbard, is probably segmented.
Gilda Currenti, Philippe Jousset, Rosalba Napoli, Charlotte Krawczyk, and Michael Weber
Solid Earth, 12, 993–1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-993-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-993-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the capability of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) to record dynamic strain changes related to Etna volcano activity in 2019. To validate the DAS measurements, we compute strain estimates from seismic signals recorded by a dense broadband array. A general good agreement is found between array-derived strain and DAS measurements along the fibre optic cable. Localised short wavelength discrepancies highlight small-scale structural heterogeneities in the investigated area.
Klaus Regenauer-Lieb, Manman Hu, Christoph Schrank, Xiao Chen, Santiago Peña Clavijo, Ulrich Kelka, Ali Karrech, Oliver Gaede, Tomasz Blach, Hamid Roshan, and Antoine B. Jacquey
Solid Earth, 12, 869–883, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-869-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-869-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we expand on a recent discovery of slow cross-diffusion hydromechanical waves cast into a new concise reaction–diffusion equation for THMC coupling. If waves are excited through the THMC reaction terms unbounded reactions can be captured by inclusion of statistical information from the lower scale through nonlocal reaction–diffusion equations. These cross-diffusion coefficients regularize extreme earthquake-like events (rogue waves) through a new form of quasi-soliton wave.
Christian Emile Nyaban, Théophile Ndougsa-Mbarga, Marcelin Bikoro-Bi-Alou, Stella Amina Manekeng Tadjouteu, and Stephane Patrick Assembe
Solid Earth, 12, 785–800, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-785-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-785-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A multi-scale analysis of aeromagnetic data combining tilt derivative, Euler deconvolution, upward continuation, and 2.75D modelling was applied over Cameroon between the latitudes 5°30'–6° N and the longitudes 13°30'–14°45' E. Major families of faults oriented ENE–WSW, E–W, NW–SE, and N–S with a NE–SW prevalence were mapped. Depths of interpreted faults range from 1000 to 3400 m, mylonitic veins were identified, and 2.75D modelling revealed fault depths greater than 1200 m.
Jennifer E. Cunningham, Nestor Cardozo, Chris Townsend, and Richard H. T. Callow
Solid Earth, 12, 741–764, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-741-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-741-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates the impact of commonly used seismic interpretation methods on the analysis of faults. Fault analysis refers to fault length, displacement, and the impact these factors have on geological modelling and hydrocarbon volume calculation workflows. This research was conducted to give geoscientists a better understanding of the importance of interpretation methods and the impact of unsuitable methology on geological analyses.
Cited articles
Achauer, U.: A Study of the Kenya Rift Using Delay-Time Tomography Analysis and Gravity Modeling, Tectonophysics, 209, 197–207, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90023-Y, 1992.
Achauer, U. and Masson, F.: Seismic tomography of continental rifts revisited: From relative to absolute heterogeneities, Tectonophysics, 358, 17–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00415-8, 2002.
Adams, A., Nyblade, A., and Weeraratne, D.: Upper mantle shear wave velocity structure beneath the East African plateau: Evidence for a deep, plateauwide low velocity anomaly, Geophys. J. Int., 189, 123–142, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05373.x, 2012.
Albaric, J., Deverchere, J., Petit, C., Perrot, J., and Le Gall, B.: Crustal rheology and depth distribution of earthquakes: Insights from the central and southern East African Rift System, Tectonophysics, 468, 28–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.05.021, 2009.
Ali Kassim, M., Carmignani, L., Conti, P., and Fantozzi, P. L.: Geology of the Mesozoic-Tertiary sedimentary basins in southwestern Somalia, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 34, 3–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(01)00102-6, 2002.
Allen, P. A. and Allen, J. R.: Basin Analysis: Principles and Applications, Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
Amante, C. and Eakins, B. W.: ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model, NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC, https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/docucomp/page?xml=NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC/MGG/DEM/iso/xml/316.xml&view=getDataView&header=none, 24, 19–19, 2009.
Ashwal, L. D. and Burke, K.: African lithospheric structure, volcanism, and topography, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 96, 8–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(89)90119-2, 1989.
Athy, L. F.: Density, porosity and compaction of sedimentary rocks, AAPG Bulletin, 14, 1–24, 1930.
Bagley, B. and Nyblade, A. A.: Seismic anisotropy in eastern Africa, mantle flow, and the African superplume, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1500–1505, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50315, 2013.
Baker, B. H.: Outline of the petrology of the Kenya rift alkaline province, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30, 293–311, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.14, 1987.
Baker, B. H. and Mitchell, J. G.: Volcanic stratigraphy and geochronology of the Kedong–Olorgesailie area and the evolution of the South Kenya rift valley, J. Geol. Soc., 132, 467–484, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.132.5.0467, 1976.
Baker, B. H., Mohr, P. A., and Williams, L. A. J.: Geology of the Eastern Rift System of Africa, Geological Society of America Special Papers, 136, 1–68, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE136-p1, 1972.
Baker, B. H., Williams, L. A. J., Miller, J. A., and Fitch, F. J.: Sequence and geochronology of the Kenya rift volcanics, Tectonophysics, 11, 191–215, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(71)90030-8, 1971.
Bastow, I. D., Keir, D., and Daly, E.: The Ethiopia Afar Geoscientific Lithospheric Experiment (EAGLE): Probing the transition from continental rifting to incipient seafloor spreading, Geological Society of America Special Papers, 478, 51–76, https://doi.org/10.1130/2011.2478(04), 2011.
Beicip: Geological Map of Kenya with Structural Contours, 1 : 1 000 000, Ministry of Energy and Regional Development of Kenya, Nairobi, 1987.
Birch, F.: Density and composition of mantle and core, J. Geophys. Res., 69, 4377–4388, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ069i020p04377, 1964.
Birch, F.: The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10 kilobars: 2, J. Geophys. Res., 66, 2199–2224, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ066i007p02199, 1961.
Bosworth, W. and Maurin, A.: Structure, Geochronology and Tectonic Significance of the Northern Suguta Valley (Gregory Rift), Kenya, J. Geol. Soc., 150, 751–762, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.150.4.0751, 1993.
Bosworth, W. and Morley, C. K.: Structural and Stratigraphic Evolution of the Anza Rift, Kenya, Tectonophysics, 236, 93–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90171-6, 1994.
Bosworth, W. and Strecker, M. R.: Stress field changes in the Afro-Arabian rift system during the Miocene to Recent period, Tectonophysics, 278, 47–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00094-2, 1997.
Braile, L. W., Wang, B., Daudt, C. R., Keller, G. R., and Patel, J. P.: Modeling the 2-D Seismic Velocity Structure across the Kenya Rift, Tectonophysics, 236, 251–269, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90179-1, 1994.
Burke, K.: The African Plate, South African J. Geol., 99, 341–409, 1996.
Burov, E., Jaupart, C., and Mareschal, J. C.: Large-scale crustal heterogeneities and lithospheric strength in cratons, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 164, 205–219, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00205-2, 1998.
Burov, E. B.: Rheology and strength of the lithosphere, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 28, 1402–1443, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.05.008, 2011.
Byerlee, J.: Friction of rocks, pure and applied geophysics, 116, 116, 615–626, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00876528, 1978.
Cacace, M., Kaiser, B. R. O., Lewerenz, B. R., and Scheck-Wenderoth, M.: Geothermal energy in sedimentary basins: What we can learn from regional numerical models, Chemie der Erde – Geochemistry, 70, 33–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2010.05.017, 2010.
Cacace, M. and Scheck-Wenderoth, M.: Why intracontinental basins subside longer: 3-D feedback effects of lithospheric cooling and sedimentation on the flexural strength of the lithosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 121, 3742–3761, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012682, 2016.
Cammarano, F., Goes, S., Vacher, P., and Giardini, D.: Inferring upper-mantle temperatures from seismic velocities, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 138, 197–222, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(03)00156-0, 2003.
Carter, N. L. and Tsenn, M. C.: Flow Properties of Continental Lithosphere, Tectonophysics, 136, 27–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(87)90333-7, 1987.
Catuneanu, O., Wopfner, H., Eriksson, P. G., Cairncross, B., Rubidge, B. S., Smith, R. M. H., and Hancox, P. J.: The Karoo basins of south-central Africa, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 43, 211–253, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.007, 2005.
Cermak, V. and Rybach, L.: Thermal conductivity and specific heat of minerals and rocks, edited by: Angenheister, G., Springer, New York, 1982.
Chapman, G. R., Lippard, S. J., and Martyn, J. E.: The stratigraphy and structure of the Kamasia Range, Kenya Rift Valley, J. Geol. Soc., 135, 265–281, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.135.3.0265, 1978.
Chorowicz, J.: The East African rift system, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 43, 379–410, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.019, 2005.
Christensen, N. I. and Mooney, W. D.: Seismic Velocity Structure and Composition of the Continental-Crust – a Global View, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 100, 9761–9788, https://doi.org/10.1029/95jb00259, 1995.
Class, C., Altherr, R., Volker, F., Eberz, G., and Mcculloch, M. T.: Geochemistry of Pliocene to Quaternary Alkali Basalts from the Huri Hills, Northern Kenya, Chem. Geol., 113, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90002-7, 1994.
Clifford, T. N.: The structural framework of Africa, edited by: Clifford, T. N. and Gass, I., Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, 1970.
Collins, A. S. and Pisarevsky, S. A.: Amalgamating eastern Gondwana: The evolution of the Circum-Indian Orogens, Earth-Sci. Rev., 71, 229–270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.02.004, 2005.
Cox, K. G.: Karoo igneous activity, and the early stages of the break-up of Gondwanaland, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 68, 137–148, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1992.068.01.09, 1992.
Crossley, R.: The Cenozoic stratigraphy and structure of the western part of the Rift Valley in southern Kenya, J. Geol. Soc., 136, 393–405, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.136.4.0393, 1979.
Cutten, H., Johnson, Simon P., and Waele, Bert D.: Protolith Ages and Timing of Metasomatism Related to the Formation of Whiteschists at Mautia Hill, Tanzania: Implications for the Assembly of Gondwana, J. Geol., 114, 683–698, https://doi.org/10.1086/507614, 2006.
Dawson, J. B.: Neogene tectonics and volcanicity in the North Tanzania sector of the Gregory Rift Valley: contrasts with the Kenya sector, Tectonophysics, 204, 81–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90271-7, 1992.
Dziewonski, A. M. and Anderson, D. L.: Preliminary reference Earth model, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 25, 297–356, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7, 1981.
Ebinger, C., Djomani, Y. P., Mbede, E., Foster, A., and Dawson, J. B.: Rifting Archaean lithosphere: the Eyasi-Manyara-Natron rifts, East Africa, J. Geol. Soc., 154, 947–960, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.154.6.0947, 1997.
Ebinger, C. and Scholz, C. A.: Continental Rift Basins: The East African Perspective, in: Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444347166.ch9, 2011.
Ebinger, C. J. and Ibrahim, A.: Multiple episodes of rifting in Central and East Africa: A re-evaluation of gravity data, Geol. Rundsch., 83, 689–702, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00251068, 1994.
Ebinger, C. J. and Sleep, N. H.: Cenozoic magmatism throughout east Africa resulting from impact of a single plume, Nature, 395, 788–791, 1998.
Ebinger, C. J., Yemane, T., Harding, D. J., Tesfaye, S., Kelley, S., and Rex, D. C.: Rift deflection, migration, and propagation: Linkage of the Ethiopian and Eastern rifts, Africa, Geol. Soc. Am. B., 112, 163–176, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112< 0163:Rdmapl> 2.3.Co;2, 2000.
Ellis, M. and King, G.: Structural control of flank volcanism in continental rifts, Science, 254, 839–842, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.254.5033.839, 1991.
Exxon Production Research: Tectonic Map of the World, Tulsa, OK, USA, 1985.
Feibel, C. S.: A Geological History of the Turkana Basin, Evol. Anthropol., 20, 206–216, https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.20331, 2011.
Fishwick, S.: Surface wave tomography: Imaging of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary beneath central and southern Africa?, Lithos, 120, 63–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2010.05.011, 2010.
Fitch, F. J., Hooker, P. J., Miller, J. A., Mitchell, J. G., and Watkins, R. T.: Reconnaissance potassium–argon geochronology of the Suregei–Asille district, northern Kenya, Geol. Mag., 122, 609–622, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800032027, 1985.
Förste, C., Bruinsma, S. L., Abrikosov, O., Lemoine, J. M., Schaller, T., Götze, H. J., J, E., Marty, J. C., Flechtner, F., Balmino, G., and Biancale, R.: EIGEN-6C4 – The latest combined global gravity field model including GOCE data up to degree and order 2190 of GFZ Potsdam and GRGS Toulouse, 5th GOCE User Workshop 25–28 November 2014, Paris, 29–29, 2015.
Foster, A., Ebinger, C., Mbede, E., and Rex, D.: Tectonic development of the northern Tanzanian sector of the east African rift system, J. Geol. Soc., 154, 689–700, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.154.4.0689, 1997.
Foster, D. A. and Gleadow, A. J. W.: Structural framework and denudation history of the flanks of the Kenya and Anza Rifts, East Africa, Tectonics, 15, 258–271, https://doi.org/10.1029/95tc02744, 1996.
Fritz, H., Tenczer, V., Hauzenberger, C. A., Wallbrecher, E., Hoinkes, G., Muhongo, S., and Mogessie, A.: Central Tanzanian tectonic map: A step forward to decipher proterozoic structural events in the East African Orogen, Tectonics, 24, Tc6013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005TC001796, 2005.
Fritz, H., Tenczer, V., Hauzenberger, C., Wallbrecher, E., and Muhongo, S.: Hot granulite nappes – Tectonic styles and thermal evolution of the Proterozoic granulite belts in East Africa, Tectonophysics, 477, 160–173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.01.021, 2009.
Fritz, H., Abdelsalam, M., Ali, K. A., Bingen, B., Collins, A. S., Fowler, A. R., Ghebreab, W., Hauzenberger, C. A., Johnson, P. R., Kusky, T. M., Macey, P., Muhongo, S., Stern, R. J., and Viola, G.: Orogen styles in the East African Orogen: A review of the Neoproterozoic to Cambrian tectonic evolution, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 86, 65–106, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2013.06.004, 2013.
Fuchs, S., Schutz, F., Forster, H. J., and Forster, A.: Evaluation of common mixing models for calculating bulk thermal conductivity of sedimentary rocks: Correction charts and new conversion equations, Geothermics, 47, 40–52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2013.02.002, 2013.
Gac, S., Klitzke, P., Minakov, A., Faleide, J. I., and Scheck-Wenderoth, M.: Lithospheric strength and elastic thickness of the Barents Sea and Kara Sea region, Tectonophysics, 691, 120–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.04.028, 2015.
Goes, S., Govers, R., and Vacher, P.: Shallow mantle temperatures under Europe from P and S wave tomography, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 105, 11153–11169, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900300, 2000.
Goetze, C. and Evans, B.: Stress and temperature in the bending lithosphere as constrained by experimental rock mechanics, Geophys. J. Int., 59, 463–478, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1979.tb02567.x, 1979.
Goetze, C. and Poirier, J. P.: The Mechanisms of Creep in Olivine [and Discussion], Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 288, 99–119, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1978.0008, 1978.
Guiraud, R., Bosworth, W., Thierry, J., and Delplanque, A.: Phanerozoic geological evolution of Northern and Central Africa: An overview, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 43, 83–143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.017, 2005.
Halldõrsson, S. A., Hilton, D. R., Scarsi, P., Abebe, T., and Hopp, J.: A common mantle plume source beneath the entire East African Rift System revealed by coupled helium-neon systematics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 2304–2311, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059424, 2014.
Halls, H. C., Burns, K. G., Bullock, S. J., and Batterham, P. M.: Mafic dyke swarms of Tanzania interpreted from aeromagnetic data, in: Geological Society of Canada, edited by: Swarms, M. D., Halls, H. C., and Fahrig, W. F., Special Papers, 1987.
Hansen, S. E., Nyblade, A. A., and Benoit, M. H.: Mantle structure beneath Africa and Arabia from adaptively parameterized P wave tomography: Implications for the origin of Cenozoic Afro-Arabian tectonism, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 319, 23–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.12.023, 2012.
Hantschel, T. and Kauerauf, A. I.: Fundamentals of Basin and Petroleum Systems Modeling, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2009.
Hautot, S., Tarits, P., Whaler, K., Le Gall, B., Tiercelin, J.-J., and Le Turdu, C.: Deep structure of the Baringo Rift Basin (central Kenya) from three-dimensional magnetotelluric imaging: Implications for rift evolution, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 105, 23493–23518, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900213, 2000.
Hay, D. E., Wendlandt, R. F., and Keller, G. R.: The origin of Kenya Rift Plateau-type flood phonolites: Integrated petrologic and geophysical constraints on the evolution of the crust and upper mantle beneath the Kenya Rift, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 100, 10549–10557, https://doi.org/10.1029/94jb03036, 1995.
Heine, C., Zoethout, J., and Müller, R. D.: Kinematics of the South Atlantic rift, Solid Earth, 4, 215–253, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-215-2013, 2013.
Henjes-Kunst, F. and Altherr, R.: Metamorphic Petrology of Xenoliths from Kenya and Northern Tanzania and Implications for Geotherms and Lithospheric Structures, J. Petrol., 33, 1125–1156, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/33.5.1125, 1992.
Hetzel, R. and Strecker, M. R.: Late Mozambique Belt Structures in Western Kenya and Their Influence on the Evolution of the Cenozoic Kenya Rift, J. Struct. Geol., 16, 189–201, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(94)90104-X, 1994.
Hirth, G. and Kohlstedt, D.: Rheology of the Upper Mantle and the Mantle Wedge: A View from the Experimentalists, in: Inside the Subduction Factory, Am. Geophys. Union, https://doi.org/10.1029/138GM06, 2013.
Holmes, A.: The sequence of Precambrian orogenic belts in south and central Africa, 18th International Geological Congress, London, 254–269, 1951.
Huismans, R. S., Buiter, S. J. H., and Beaumont, C.: Effect of plastic-viscous layering and strain softening on mode selection during lithospheric extension, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 110, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003114, 2005.
Irifune, T.: An experimental investigation of the pyroxene-garnet transformation in a pyrolite composition and its bearing on the constitution of the mantle, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 45, 324–336, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(87)90040-9, 1987.
Irifune, T. and Ringwood, A. E.: Phase transformations in a harzburgite composition to 26 GPa: implications for dynamical behaviour of the subducting slab, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 86, 365–376, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(87)90233-0, 1987.
Jackson, J.: Strength of the lithosphere:time to abandon the jelly sandwich?, GSA Today, 2, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1130/1052-5173(2002)012< 0004:SOTCLT> 2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Jones, P. D., New, M., Parker, D. E., Martin, S., and Rigor, I. G.: Surface air temperature and its changes over the past 150 years, Rev. Geophys., 37, 173–199, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999rg900002, 1999.
Jones, W. B. and Lippard, S. J.: New age determinations and the geology of the Kenya Rift-Kavirondo Rift junction, W Kenya, J. Geol. Soc., 136, 693–704, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.136.6.0693, 1979.
Jose, B. F. and Romanov, A.: Resource assessment of certain P and G holdings of Simba Energy inc. in the Mandera-Lugh Basin (block 2a) area of Kenya (as of 31 May 2012), Sproule, 2012.
Karato, S. and Wu, P.: Rheology of the upper mantle: a synthesis, Science, 260, 771–778, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.260.5109.771, 1993.
Keller, G. R., Prodehl, C., Mechie, J., Fuchs, K., Khan, M. A., Maguire, P. K. H., Mooney, W. D., Achauer, U., Davis, P. M., Meyer, R. P., Braile, L. W., Nyambok, I. O., and Thompson, G. A.: The East-African Rift System in the Light of Krisp-90, Tectonophysics, 236, 465–483, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90190-2, 1994.
Kerr, J. M., Mackeith, N. J., Nyagah, K., and Ngenoh, D. K.: The hydrocarbon potential of the basins of Kenya, Sedimentary Events, Hydrocarbon Systems – CSPG-SEPM Joint Convention 1997: Program with Abstracts, Calgary, 153–153, 2010.
Khan, M. A., Mechie, J., Birt, C., Byrne, G., Gaciri, S., Jacob, B., Keller, G. R., Maguire, P. K. H., Novak, O., Nyambok, I. O., Patel, J. P., Prodehl, C., Riaroh, D., Simiyu, S., and Thybo, H.: The lithospheric structure of the Kenya Rift as revealed by wide-angle seismic measurements, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 164, 257–269, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1999.164.01.13, 1999.
Koptev, A., Calais, E., Burov, E., Leroy, S., and Gerya, T.: Dual continental rift systems generated by plume-lithosphere interaction, Nat. Geosci., 8, 388–392, https://doi.org/10.1038/Ngeo2401, 2015.
Le Gall, B., Nonnotte, P., Rolet, J., Benoit, M., Guillou, H., Mousseau-Nonnotte, M., Albaric, J., and Deverchère, J.: Rift propagation at craton margin. Distribution of faulting and volcanism in the North Tanzanian Divergence (East Africa) during Neogene times, Tectonophysics, 448, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.005, 2008.
Lippard, S. J.: The petrology of phonolites from the Kenya Rift, Lithos, 6, 217–234, https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(73)90083-2, 1973.
Maboko, M. A. H.: Neodymium Isotopic Constraints on the Protolith Ages of Rocks Involved in Pan-African Tectonism in the Mozambique Belt of Tanzania, J. Geol. Soc., 152, 911–916, 1995.
Maboko, M. A. H. and Nakamura, E.: Isotopic dating of Neoproterozoic crustal growth in the Usambara Mountains of northeastern Tanzania: Evidence for coeval crust formation in the Mozambique Belt and the Arabian-Nubian Shield, Precambrian Res., 113, 227–242, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(01)00213-3, 2002.
Maccaferri, F., Rivalta, E., Keir, D., and Acocella, V.: Off-rift volcanism in rift zones determined by crustal unloading, Nat. Geosci., 7, 297–300, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2110, 2014.
Maguire, P. K. H., Swain, C. J., Masotti, R., and Khan, M. A.: A Crustal and Uppermost Mantle Cross-Sectional Model of the Kenya Rift Derived from Seismic and Gravity-Data, Tectonophysics, 236, 217–249, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90178-3, 1994.
Mariita, N. O. and Keller, G. R.: An integrated geophysical study of the northern Kenya rift, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 48, 80–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2006.05.008, 2007.
Mbede, E.: Tectonic setting and uplift analysis of the Pangani rift basin in northern Tanzania using apatite fission track thermochronology, Tanzania J. Sci., 27, 23–38, 2001.
McConnell, R. B.: Geological Development of the Rift System of Eastern Africa, Geol. Soc. Am. B., 83, 2549–2572, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[2549:gdotrs]2.0.co;2, 1972.
McKenzie, D., Jackson, J., and Priestley, K.: Thermal structure of oceanic and continental lithosphere, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 233, 337–349, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.02.005, 2005.
Mechie, J., Keller, G. R., Prodehl, C., Gaciri, S., Braile, L. W., Mooney, W. D., Gajewski, D., and Sandmeier, K. J.: Crustal Structure beneath the Kenya Rift from Axial Profile Data, Tectonophysics, 236, 179–200, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90176-7, 1994.
Mechie, J., Keller, G. R., Prodehl, C., Khan, M. A., and Gaciri, S. J.: A model for the structure, composition and evolution of the Kenya rift, Tectonophysics, 278, 95–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00097-8, 1997.
Meeßen, C.: Lithosphere-scale 3-D density model of the Kenya Rift System, 103–103, 2015.
Meju, M. A. and Sakkas, V.: Heterogeneous crust and upper mantle across southern Kenya and the relationship to surface deformation as inferred from magnetotelluric imaging, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 112, B04103–B04103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004028, 2007.
Melnick, D., Garcin, Y., Quinteros, J., Strecker, M. R., Olago, D., and Tiercelin, J. J.: Steady rifting in northern Kenya inferred from deformed Holocene lake shorelines of the Suguta and Turkana basins, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 331–332, 335–346, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.03.007, 2012.
Michon, L.: What the volcanism of the East African Rift tells us on its evolution and dynamics: a reappraisal, EGU, Vienna, Austria 2015.
Midttømme, K. and Roaldset, E.: Thermal conductivity of sedimentary rocks: uncertainties in measurement and modelling, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 158, 45–60, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.158.01.04, 1999.
Milesi, J. P., Frizon de Lamotte, D., de Kock, G., and Toteu, F.: Tectonic Map of Africa at 1 : 10 M scale, Commission for the Geological Map of the World, Paris, 2010.
Möller, A., Mezger, K., and Schenk, V.: Crustal age domains and the evolution of the continental crust in the Mozambique Belt of Tanzania: Combined Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr, and Pb-Pb isotopic evidence, J. Petrol., 39, 749–783, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/39.4.749, 1998.
Morley, C. K.: Geoscience of Rift Systems: Evolution of East Africa, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN: 9780891810513, 1999.
Morley, C. K., Wescott, W. A., Stone, D. M., Harper, R. M., Wigger, S. T., and Karanja, F. M.: Tectonic evolution of the northern Kenyan Rift, J. Geol. Soc., 149, 333–348, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.149.3.0333, 1992.
Mosley, P. N.: Geological Evolution of the Late Proterozoic Mozambique Belt of Kenya, Tectonophysics, 221, 223–250, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90334-G, 1993.
Moucha, R. and Forte, A. M.: Changes in African topography driven by mantle convection, Nat. Geosci., 4, 707–712, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1235, 2011.
Mugisha, F., Ebinger, C. J., Strecker, M., and Pope, D.: Two-stage rifting in the Kenya rift: implications for half-graben models, Tectonophysics, 278, 63–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00095-4, 1997.
Mulibo, G. D. and Nyblade, A. A.: The P and S wave velocity structure of the mantle beneath eastern Africa and the African superplume anomaly, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 14, 2696–2715, https://doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20150, 2013.
Müller, R. D., Sdrolias, M., Gaina, C., and Roest, W. R.: Age, spreading rates, and spreading asymmetry of the world's ocean crust, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 9, Q04006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gc001743, 2008.
Noble, W. P., Foster, D. A., and Gleadow, A. J. W.: The post-Pan-African thermal and extensional history of crystalline basement rocks in eastern Tanzania, Tectonophysics, 275, 331–350, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00026-7, 1997.
Nyagah, K.: Stratigraphy, Depositional History and Environments of Deposition of Cretaceous through Tertiary Strata in the Lamu Basin, Southeast Kenya and Implications for Reservoirs for Hydrocarbon Exploration, Sediment. Geol., 96, 43–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(94)00126-F, 1995.
Nyblade, A.: The upper-mantle low-velocity anomaly beneath Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania: Constraints on the origin of the African superswell in eastern Africa and plate versus plume models of mantle dynamics, edited by: Beccaluva, L., Bianchini, G., and Wilson, M., The Geological Society of America, Special Paper, https://doi.org/10.1130/2011.2478(03), 2011.
Nyblade, A. A. and Brazier, R. A.: Precambrian lithospheric controls on the development of the East African rift system, Geology, 30, 755–758, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030< 0755:PLCOTD> 2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Nyblade, A. A., Owens, T. J., Gurrola, H., Ritsema, J., and Langston, C. A.: Seismic evidence for a deep upper mantle thermal anomaly beneath east Africa, Geology, 28, 599–602, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28< 599:sefadu> 2.0.co;2, 2000.
Nyblade, A. A., Pollack, H. N., Jones, D. L., Podmore, F., and Mushayandebvu, M.: Terrestrial Heat Flow in East and Southern Africa, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 95, 17371–17384, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB11p17371, 1990.
Ogola, J. S., Behr, H. J., and Van den Kerkhof, A. M.: Fluid Inclusion and Cathodoluminescence Studies on Fluorite from the Kerio Valley, Kenya, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 18, 309–323, https://doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(94)90070-1, 1994.
Onuonga, I. O., Fallick, A. E., and Bowden, P.: The recognition of meteoric-hydrothermal and supergene processes in volcanic carbonatites, Nyanza Rift, western Kenya, using carbon and oxygen isotopes, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 25, 103–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00064-X, 1997.
Pasyanos, M. E., Masters, T. G., Laske, G., and Ma, Z.: LITHO1.0: An updated crust and lithospheric model of the Earth, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 2153–2173, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JB010626, 2014.
Pickford, M.: The tectonics, volcanics and sediments of the Nyanza Rift Valley, Kenya, Z. Geomorphol., 42, 1–33, 1982.
Pollack, H. N., Hurter, S. J., and Johnson, J. R.: Heat flow from the Earth's interior: Analysis of the global data set, Rev. Geophys., 31, 267–280, https://doi.org/10.1029/93RG01249, 1993.
Price, R. C., Johnson, R. W., Gray, C. M., and Frey, F. A.: Geochemistry of phonolites and trachytes from the summit region of Mt. Kenya, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 89, 394–409, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00381560, 1985.
Priestley, K. and McKenzie, D.: The thermal structure of the lithosphere from shear wave velocities, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 244, 285–301, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.01.008, 2006.
Prodehl, C., Jacob, A. W. B., Thybo, H., Dindi, E., and Stangl, R.: Crustal Structure on the Northeastern Flank of the Kenya Rift, Tectonophysics, 236, 271–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90180-5, 1994.
Ranalli, G.: Rheology and deep tectonics, Annali di Geofisica XL, 671–681, 1997.
Ranalli, G.: Rheology of the Earth, Chapman and Hall, London, 1995.
Randriamamonjy, F.: Contribution à la mise à jour de la Base De Données du SIGAfrique, 2006.
Rapolla, A., Cella, F., and Dorre, A. S.: Gravity Study of the Crustal Structures of Somalia Along International Lithosphere Program Geotransects, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 20, 263–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00053-V, 1995.
Ravat, D., Lu, Z., and Braile, L. W.: Velocity–density relationships and modeling the lithospheric density variations of the Kenya Rift, Tectonophysics, 302, 225–240, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00283-2, 1999.
Reeves, C. V., Sahu, B. K., and De Wit, M.: A re-examination of the paleo-position of Africa's eastern neighbours in Gondwana, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 34, 101–108, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(02)00011-8, 2002.
Ring, U., Schwartz, H. L., Bromage, T. G., and Sanaane, C.: Kinematic and sedimentological evolution of the Manyara Rift in northern Tanzania, East Africa, Geol. Mag., 142, 355–355, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756805000841, 2005.
Scheck-Wenderoth, M., Cacace, M., Maystrenko, Y. P., Cherubini, Y., Noack, V., Kaiser, B. O., Sippel, J., and Björn, L.: Models of heat transport in the Central European Basin System: Effective mechanisms at different scales, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 55, 315–331, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.03.009, 2014.
Schmidt, S., Plonka, C., Götze, H. J., and Lahmeyer, B.: Hybrid modelling of gravity, gravity gradients and magnetic fields, Geophys. Prospect., 59, 1046–1051, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.2011.00999.x, 2011.
Seipold, U.: Depth dependence of thermal transport properties for typical crustal rocks, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 69, 299–303, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(92)90149-P, 1992.
Selby, J. and Mudd, G. C.: Kondoa, 1 : 250 000 map sheet, Dodoma, Tanzania, 1965.
Semprich, J., Simon, N. S. C., and Podladchikov, Y. Y.: Density variations in the thickened crust as a function of pressure, temperature, and composition, Int. J. Earth Sci., 99, 1487–1510, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-010-0557-7, 2010.
Seton, M., Müller, R. D., Zahirovic, S., Gaina, C., Torsvik, T. H., Shephard, G., Talsma, A., Gurnis, M., Turner, M., Maus, S., and Chandler, M.: Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200 Ma, Earth-Sci. Rev., 113, 212–270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.002, 2012.
Simiyu, S. M. and Keller, G. R.: An integrated analysis of lithospheric structure across the East African plateau based on gravity anomalies and recent seismic studies, Tectonophysics, 278, 291–313, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00109-1, 1997.
Simiyu, S. M. and Keller, G. R.: An integrated geophysical analysis of the upper crust of the southern Kenya rift, Geophys. J. Int., 147, 543–561, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01542.x, 2001.
Slack, P., Davis, P., Dahlheim, H., Glahn, A., Ritter, J., Green, W., Maguire, P., and Meyer, R.: Attenuation and Velocity of P Waves in the Mantle Beneath the East-African Rift, Kenya, Tectonophysics, 236, 331–358, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90183-X, 1994.
Smith, M.: Stratigraphic and Structural Constraints on Mechanisms of Active Rifting in the Gregory Rift, Kenya, Tectonophysics, 236, 3–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90166-X, 1994.
Smith, M. and Mosley, P.: Crustal heterogeneity and basement influence on the development of the Kenya Rift, East Africa, Tectonics, 12, 591–606, https://doi.org/10.1029/92TC01710, 1993.
Sonder, L. J. and England, P.: Vertical Averages of Rheology of the Continental Lithosphere – Relation to Thin Sheet Parameters, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 77, 81–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(86)90134-2, 1986.
Stamps, D. S., Calais, E., Saria, E., Hartnady, C., Nocquet, J.-M., Ebinger, C. J., and Fernandes, R. M.: A kinematic model for the East African Rift, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L05304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032781, 2008.
Stamps, D. S., Flesch, L. M., Calais, E., and Ghosh, A.: Current kinematics and dynamics of Africa and the East, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 119, 5161–5186, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jb010717, 2014.
Swain, C. J., Khan, M. A., Wilton, T. J., Maguire, P. K. H., and Griffiths, D. H.: Seismic and gravity surveys in the Lake Baringo–Tugen Hills area, Kenya Rift Valley, J. Geol. Soc., 138, 93–101, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.138.1.0093, 1981.
Talbot, M. R., Morley, C. K., Tiercelin, J. J., Le Hérissé, A., Potdevin, J. L., and Le Gall, B.: Hydrocarbon potential of the Meso-Cenozoic Turkana Depression, northern Kenya, II. Source rocks: Quality, maturation, depositional environments and structural control, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 21, 63–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2003.11.008, 2004.
Tenczer, V., Hauzenberger, C. A., Fritz, H., Whitehouse, M. J., Mogessie, A., Wallbrecher, E., Muhongo, S., and Hoinkes, G.: Anorthosites in the Eastern Granulites of Tanzania-New SIMS zircon U-Pb age data, petrography and geochemistry, Precambrian Res., 148, 85–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2006.03.004, 2006.
Tesauro, M., Audet, P., Kaban, M. K., Brgmann, R., and Cloetingh, S.: The effective elastic thickness of the continental lithosphere: Comparison between rheological and inverse approaches, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 13, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GC004162, 2012.
Tesauro, M., Kaban, M. K., and Cloetingh, S. A. P. L.: Global model for the lithospheric strength and effective elastic thickness, Tectonophysics, 602, 78–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.01.006, 2013.
Tesha, A. L., Nyblade, A. A., Keller, G. R., and Doser, D. I.: Rift localization in suture-thickened crust: evidence from Bouguer gravity anomalies in northeastern Tanzania, East Africa, Tectonophysics, 278, 315–328, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00110-8, 1997.
Thybo, H. and Artemieva, I. M.: Moho and magmatic underplating in continental lithosphere, Tectonophysics, 609, 605–619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.05.032, 2013.
Thybo, H., Maguire, P. K. H., Birt, C., and Perchuć, E.: Seismic reflectivity and magmatic underplating beneath the Kenya Rift, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2745–2748, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011294, 2000.
Tiercelin, J., Nalpas, T., Thuo, P., and Potdevin, J.: Hydrocarbon Prospectivity in Mesozoic and Early–Middle Cenozoic Rift Basins of Central and Northern Kenya, Eastern Africa, Tectonics and sedimentation: Implications for petroleum systems – AAPG Memoir, 100, 179–207, https://doi.org/10.1306/13351553M1001742, 2012.
Tiercelin, J. J., Potdevin, J. L., Morley, C. K., Talbot, M. R., Bellon, H., Rio, A., Le Gall, B., and Vétel, W.: Hydrocarbon potential of the Meso-Cenozoic Turkana Depression, northern Kenya. I. Reservoirs: Depositional environments, diagenetic characteristics, and source rock-reservoir relationships, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 21, 41–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2003.11.007, 2004.
Torres Acosta, V., Bande, A., Sobel, E. R., Parra, M., Schildgen, T. F., Stuart, F., and Strecker, M. R.: Cenozoic extension in the Kenya Rift from low-temperature thermochronology: Links to diachronous spatiotemporal evolution of rifting in East Africa, Tectonics, 2367–2386, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015TC003949, 2015.
Tugume, F., Nyblade, A., and Julia, J.: Moho depths and Poisson's ratios of Precambrian crust in East Africa: Evidence for similarities in Archean and Proterozoic crustal structure, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 355, 73–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.08.041, 2012.
Tugume, F., Nyblade, A., Julia, J., and van der Meijde, M.: Precambrian crustal structure in Africa and Arabia: Evidence lacking for secular variation, Tectonophysics, 609, 250–266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.04.027, 2013.
Turcotte, D. L. and Emerman, S. H.: Mechanisms of active and passive rifting, Tectonophysics, 94, 39–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(83)90008-2, 1983.
Turcotte, D. L. and Schubert, G.: Geodynamics, Cambridge University Press, 2014.
USGS: World Geologic Maps, http://energy.usgs.gov/OilGas/AssessmentsData/WorldPetroleumAssessment/WorldGeologicMaps.aspx, 2012.
Vilà, M., Fernández, M., and Jiménez-Munt, I.: Radiogenic heat production variability of some common lithological groups and its significance to lithospheric thermal modeling, Tectonophysics, 490, 152–164, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2010.05.003, 2010.
Watts, A. B. and Burov, E. B.: Lithospheric strength and its relationship to the elastic and seismogenic layer thickness, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 213, 113–131, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00289-9, 2003.
Wescott, W. A., Stone, D. M., and Wigger, S. T.: Geological and geophysical reconnaissance of the Lotikipi plain of northwestern Kenya and its relationship to the northern Kenya Rift, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 21, 241–251, https://doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00076-6, 1995.
Wessel, P., Smith, W. H. F., Scharroo, R., Luis, J., and Wobbe, F.: Generic mapping tools: Improved version released, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 94, 409–410, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013EO450001, 2013.
Wheildon, J., Morgan, P., Williamson, K. H., Evans, T. R., and Swanberg, C. A.: Heat-Flow in the Kenya Rift-Zone, Tectonophysics, 236, 131–149, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90173-2, 1994.
Wichura, H., Jacobs, L. L., Lin, A., Polcyn, M. J., Manthi, F. K., Winkler, D. A., Strecker, M. R., and Clemens, M.: A 17-My-old whale constrains onset of uplift and climate change in east Africa, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 3910–3915, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421502112, 2015.
Wilks, K. R. and Carter, N. L.: Rheology of some continental lower crustal rocks, Tectonophysics, 182, 57–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90342-6, 1990.
Williams, L. A. J.: Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Kilimanjaro volcanic rocks of the Amboseli area, Kenya, B. Volcanol., 33, 862–888, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02596754, 1969.
Winn, R. D., Steinmetz, J. C., and Kerekgyarto, W. L.: Stratigraphy and Rifting History of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic Anza Rift, Kenya, Aapg Bull, 77, 1989–2005, 1993.
Woldetinsae, G.: The Lithosphere of the East African Rift and Plateau (Afar-Ethiopia-Turkana): Insights from Integrated 3-D Density Modelling, PhD, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 2005.
Yuan, B., Xie, W., Liu, G., and Zhang, C.: Gravity field and tectonic features of Block L2 in the Lamu basin, Kenya, Geophys. Prospect., 60, 161–178, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.2011.00961.x, 2012.
Zeyen, H., Volker, F., Wehrle, V., Fuchs, K., Sobolev, S. V., and Altherr, R.: Styles of continental rifting: crust-mantle detachment and mantle plumes, Tectonophysics, 278, 329–352, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00111-X, 1997.
Short summary
The Kenya Rift is a zone along which the African continental plate is stretched as evidenced by strong earthquake and volcanic activity. We want to understand the controlling factors of past and future tectonic deformation; hence, we assess the structural and strength configuration of the rift system at the present-day. Data-driven 3-D numerical models show how the inherited composition of the crust and a thermal anomaly in the deep mantle interact to form localised zones of tectonic weakness.
The Kenya Rift is a zone along which the African continental plate is stretched as evidenced by...
