Articles | Volume 12, issue 11
Solid Earth, 12, 2633–2669, 2021
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2633-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue: New insights into the tectonic evolution of the Alps and the...
Solid Earth, 12, 2633–2669, 2021
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2633-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article 25 Nov 2021
Research article | 25 Nov 2021
Orogenic lithosphere and slabs in the greater Alpine area – interpretations based on teleseismic P-wave tomography
Mark R. Handy et al.
Related authors
Marcel Paffrath, Wolfgang Friederich, Stefan M. Schmid, Mark R. Handy, and the AlpArray and AlpArray-Swath D Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 2671–2702, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2671-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2671-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Alpine mountain belt was formed by the collision of the Eurasian and African plates in the geological past, during which parts of the colliding plates sank into the earth's mantle. Using seismological data from distant earthquakes recorded by the AlpArray Seismic Network, we have derived an image of the current location of these subducted parts in the earth's mantle. Their quantity and spatial distribution is key information needed to understand how the Alpine orogen was formed.
Vincent F. Verwater, Eline Le Breton, Mark R. Handy, Vincenzo Picotti, Azam Jozi Najafabadi, and Christian Haberland
Solid Earth, 12, 1309–1334, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Balancing along geological cross sections reveals that the Giudicarie Belt comprises two kinematic domains. The SW domain accommodated at least ~ 18 km Late Oligocene to Early Miocene shortening. Since the Middle Miocene, the SW domain experienced at least ~ 12–22 km shortening, whereas the NE domain underwent at least ~ 25–35 km. Together, these domains contributed to ~ 40–47 km of sinistral offset of the Periadriatic Fault along the Northern Giudicarie Fault since the Late Oligocene.
Azam Jozi Najafabadi, Christian Haberland, Trond Ryberg, Vincent F. Verwater, Eline Le Breton, Mark R. Handy, Michael Weber, and the AlpArray and AlpArray SWATH-D working groups
Solid Earth, 12, 1087–1109, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1087-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1087-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study achieved high-precision hypocenters of 335 earthquakes (1–4.2 ML) and 1D velocity models of the Southern and Eastern Alps. The general pattern of seismicity reflects head-on convergence of the Adriatic Indenter with the Alpine orogenic crust. The relatively deeper seismicity in the eastern Southern Alps and Giudicarie Belt indicates southward propagation of the Southern Alpine deformation front. The derived hypocenters form excellent data for further seismological studies, e.g., LET.
Ehsan Qorbani, Dimitri Zigone, Mark R. Handy, Götz Bokelmann, and AlpArray-EASI working group
Solid Earth, 11, 1947–1968, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1947-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1947-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The crustal structure of the Eastern and Southern Alps is complex. Although several seismological studies have targeted the crust, the velocity structure under this area is still not fully understood. Here we study the crustal velocity structure using seismic ambient noise tomography. Our high-resolution models image several velocity anomalies and contrasts and reveal details of the crustal structure. We discuss our new models of the crust with respect to the geologic and tectonic features.
Marcel Paffrath, Wolfgang Friederich, Stefan M. Schmid, Mark R. Handy, and the AlpArray and AlpArray-Swath D Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 2671–2702, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2671-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2671-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Alpine mountain belt was formed by the collision of the Eurasian and African plates in the geological past, during which parts of the colliding plates sank into the earth's mantle. Using seismological data from distant earthquakes recorded by the AlpArray Seismic Network, we have derived an image of the current location of these subducted parts in the earth's mantle. Their quantity and spatial distribution is key information needed to understand how the Alpine orogen was formed.
Rainer Kind, Stefan M. Schmid, Xiaohui Yuan, Benjamin Heit, Thomas Meier, and the AlpArray and AlpArray-SWATH-D Working Groups
Solid Earth, 12, 2503–2521, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2503-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2503-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A large amount of new seismic data from the greater Alpine area have been obtained within the AlpArray and SWATH-D projects. S-to-P converted seismic phases from the Moho and from the mantle lithosphere have been processed with a newly developed method. Examples of new observations are a rapid change in Moho depth at 13° E below the Tauern Window from 60 km in the west to 40 km in the east and a second Moho trough along the boundary of the Bohemian Massif towards the Western Carpathians.
Marcel Paffrath, Wolfgang Friederich, and the AlpArray and AlpArray-SWATH D Working Groups
Solid Earth, 12, 1635–1660, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1635-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1635-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using the AlpArray seismic network, we have determined highly accurate travel times of P waves from over 370 major global earthquakes between 2015 and 2019, which shall be used for a tomography of the mantle beneath the greater Alpine region.
Comparing with theoretical travel times of a standard reference earth model, we receive very stable patterns of travel-time differences across the network which provide evidence of varying subduction behaviour along the strike of the Alpine orogen.
Vincent F. Verwater, Eline Le Breton, Mark R. Handy, Vincenzo Picotti, Azam Jozi Najafabadi, and Christian Haberland
Solid Earth, 12, 1309–1334, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Balancing along geological cross sections reveals that the Giudicarie Belt comprises two kinematic domains. The SW domain accommodated at least ~ 18 km Late Oligocene to Early Miocene shortening. Since the Middle Miocene, the SW domain experienced at least ~ 12–22 km shortening, whereas the NE domain underwent at least ~ 25–35 km. Together, these domains contributed to ~ 40–47 km of sinistral offset of the Periadriatic Fault along the Northern Giudicarie Fault since the Late Oligocene.
Azam Jozi Najafabadi, Christian Haberland, Trond Ryberg, Vincent F. Verwater, Eline Le Breton, Mark R. Handy, Michael Weber, and the AlpArray and AlpArray SWATH-D working groups
Solid Earth, 12, 1087–1109, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1087-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1087-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study achieved high-precision hypocenters of 335 earthquakes (1–4.2 ML) and 1D velocity models of the Southern and Eastern Alps. The general pattern of seismicity reflects head-on convergence of the Adriatic Indenter with the Alpine orogenic crust. The relatively deeper seismicity in the eastern Southern Alps and Giudicarie Belt indicates southward propagation of the Southern Alpine deformation front. The derived hypocenters form excellent data for further seismological studies, e.g., LET.
Ehsan Qorbani, Dimitri Zigone, Mark R. Handy, Götz Bokelmann, and AlpArray-EASI working group
Solid Earth, 11, 1947–1968, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1947-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1947-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The crustal structure of the Eastern and Southern Alps is complex. Although several seismological studies have targeted the crust, the velocity structure under this area is still not fully understood. Here we study the crustal velocity structure using seismic ambient noise tomography. Our high-resolution models image several velocity anomalies and contrasts and reveal details of the crustal structure. We discuss our new models of the crust with respect to the geologic and tectonic features.
Marcel Tesch, Johannes Stampa, Thomas Meier, Edi Kissling, György Hetényi, Wolfgang Friederich, Michael Weber, Ben Heit, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-122, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-122, 2020
Publication in SE not foreseen
F. Sodoudi, A. Brüstle, T. Meier, R. Kind, W. Friederich, and EGELADOS working group
Solid Earth, 6, 135–151, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-135-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-135-2015, 2015
A. Brüstle, W. Friederich, T. Meier, and C. Gross
Solid Earth, 5, 1027–1044, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1027-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1027-2014, 2014
W. Friederich, A. Brüstle, L. Küperkoch, T. Meier, S. Lamara, and Egelados Working Group
Solid Earth, 5, 275–297, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-275-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-275-2014, 2014
W. Friederich, L. Lambrecht, B. Stöckhert, S. Wassmann, and C. Moos
Solid Earth, 5, 141–159, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-141-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-141-2014, 2014
S. Wehling-Benatelli, D. Becker, M. Bischoff, W. Friederich, and T. Meier
Solid Earth, 4, 405–422, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-405-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-405-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject area: Tectonic plate interactions, magma genesis, and lithosphere deformation at all scales | Editorial team: Structural geology and tectonics, rock physics, experimental deformation | Discipline: Tectonics
The Mid Atlantic Appalachian Orogen Traverse: a comparison of virtual and on-location field-based capstone experiences
Chronology of thrust propagation from an updated tectono-sedimentary framework of the Miocene molasse (western Alps)
Ground-penetrating radar signature of Quaternary faulting: a study from the Mt. Pollino region, southern Apennines, Italy
U–Pb dating of middle Eocene–Pliocene multiple tectonic pulses in the Alpine foreland
Detrital zircon provenance record of the Zagros mountain building from the Neotethys obduction to the Arabia–Eurasia collision, NW Zagros fold–thrust belt, Kurdistan region of Iraq
The Subhercynian Basin: an example of an intraplate foreland basin due to a broken plate
Late to post-Variscan basement segmentation and differential exhumation along the SW Bohemian Massif, central Europe
Holocene surface-rupturing earthquakes on the Dinaric Fault System, western Slovenia
Contribution of gravity gliding in salt-bearing rift basins – a new experimental setup for simulating salt tectonics under the influence of sub-salt extension and tilting
Thick- and thin-skinned basin inversion in the Danish Central Graben, North Sea – the role of deep evaporites and basement kinematics
Complex rift patterns, a result of interacting crustal and mantle weaknesses, or multiphase rifting? Insights from analogue models
Interactions of plutons and detachments: a comparison of Aegean and Tyrrhenian granitoids
Insights from elastic thermobarometry into exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks from Syros, Greece
Stress rotation – impact and interaction of rock stiffness and faults
Structural complexities and tectonic barriers controlling recent seismic activity of the Pollino area (Calabria-Lucania, Southern Italy) – constraints from stress inversion and 3D fault model building
Late Cretaceous to Paleogene exhumation in central Europe – localized inversion vs. large-scale domal uplift
Kinematics and extent of the Piemont–Liguria Basin – implications for subduction processes in the Alps
Effects of basal drag on subduction dynamics from 2D numerical models
Hydrocarbon accumulation in basins with multiple phases of extension and inversion: examples from the Western Desert (Egypt) and the western Black Sea
Long-wavelength late-Miocene thrusting in the north Alpine foreland: implications for late orogenic processes
A reconstruction of Iberia accounting for Western Tethys–North Atlantic kinematics since the late-Permian–Triassic
The enigmatic curvature of Central Iberia and its puzzling kinematics
Control of 3-D tectonic inheritance on fold-and-thrust belts: insights from 3-D numerical models and application to the Helvetic nappe system
Plio-Quaternary tectonic evolution of the southern margin of the Alboran Basin (Western Mediterranean)
Surface deformation relating to the 2018 Lake Muir earthquake sequence, southwest Western Australia: new insight into stable continental region earthquakes
Seismic reflection data reveal the 3D structure of the newly discovered Exmouth Dyke Swarm, offshore NW Australia
Cenozoic deformation in the Tauern Window (Eastern Alps) constrained by in situ Th-Pb dating of fissure monazite
Uncertainties in break-up markers along the Iberia–Newfoundland margins illustrated by new seismic data
Tectonic inheritance controls nappe detachment, transport and stacking in the Helvetic nappe system, Switzerland: insights from thermomechanical simulations
Can subduction initiation at a transform fault be spontaneous?
The Geodynamic World Builder: a solution for complex initial conditions in numerical modeling
From mapped faults to fault-length earthquake magnitude (FLEM): a test on Italy with methodological implications
Lithosphere tearing along STEP faults and synkinematic formation of lherzolite and wehrlite in the shallow subcontinental mantle
A systematic comparison of experimental set-ups for modelling extensional tectonics
Improving subduction interface implementation in dynamic numerical models
The Bortoluzzi Mud Volcano (Ionian Sea, Italy) and its potential for tracking the seismic cycle of active faults
The Ulakhan fault surface rupture and the seismicity of the Okhotsk–North America plate boundary
Control of increased sedimentation on orogenic fold-and-thrust belt structure – insights into the evolution of the Western Alps
Anticlockwise metamorphic pressure–temperature paths and nappe stacking in the Reisa Nappe Complex in the Scandinavian Caledonides, northern Norway: evidence for weakening of lower continental crust before and during continental collision
Deformation of feldspar at greenschist facies conditions – the record of mylonitic pegmatites from the Pfunderer Mountains, Eastern Alps
Correlation between tectonic stress regimes and methane seepage on the western Svalbard margin
The impact of earthquake cycle variability on neotectonic and paleoseismic slip rate estimates
From widespread Mississippian to localized Pennsylvanian extension in central Spitsbergen, Svalbard
The influence of detachment strength on the evolving deformational energy budget of physical accretionary prisms
New insights on the early Mesozoic evolution of multiple tectonic regimes in the northeastern North China Craton from the detrital zircon provenance of sedimentary strata
The influence of upper-plate advance and erosion on overriding plate deformation in orogen syntaxes
Channel flow, tectonic overpressure, and exhumation of high-pressure rocks in the Greater Himalayas
Steven Whitmeyer, Lynn Fichter, Anita Marshall, and Hannah Liddle
Solid Earth, 12, 2803–2820, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2803-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2803-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Field trips in the Stratigraphy, Structure, Tectonics (SST) course transitioned to a virtual format in Fall 2020, due to the COVID pandemic. Virtual field experiences (VFEs) were developed in web Google Earth and were evaluated in comparison with on-location field trips via an online survey. Students recognized the value of VFEs for revisiting outcrops and noted improved accessibility for students with disabilities. Potential benefits of hybrid field experiences were also indicated.
Amir Kalifi, Philippe Hervé Leloup, Philippe Sorrel, Albert Galy, François Demory, Vincenzo Spina, Bastien Huet, Frédéric Quillévéré, Frédéric Ricciardi, Daniel Michoux, Kilian Lecacheur, Romain Grime, Bernard Pittet, and Jean-Loup Rubino
Solid Earth, 12, 2735–2771, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2735-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2735-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Molasse deposits, deposited and deformed at the western Alpine front during the Miocene (23 to 5.6 Ma), record the chronology of that deformation. We combine the first precise chronostratigraphy (precision of ∼0.5 Ma) of the Miocene molasse, the reappraisal of the regional structure, and the analysis of growth deformation structures in order to document three tectonic phases and the precise chronology of thrust westward propagation during the second one involving the Belledonne basal thrust.
Maurizio Ercoli, Daniele Cirillo, Cristina Pauselli, Harry M. Jol, and Francesco Brozzetti
Solid Earth, 12, 2573–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Past strong earthquakes can produce topographic deformations, often
memorizedin Quaternary sediments, which are typically studied by paleoseismologists through trenching. Using a ground-penetrating radar (GPR), we unveiled possible buried Quaternary faulting in the Mt. Pollino seismic gap region (southern Italy). We aim to contribute to seismic hazard assessment of an area potentially prone to destructive events as well as promote our workflow in similar contexts around the world.
Luca Smeraglia, Nathan Looser, Olivier Fabbri, Flavien Choulet, Marcel Guillong, and Stefano M. Bernasconi
Solid Earth, 12, 2539–2551, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we dated fault movements at geological timescales which uplifted the sedimentary successions of the Jura Mountains from below the sea level up to Earth's surface. To do so, we applied the novel technique of U–Pb geochronology on calcite mineralizations that precipitated on fault surfaces during times of tectonic activity. Our results document a time frame of the tectonic evolution of the Jura Mountains and provide new insight into the broad geological history of the Western Alps.
Renas I. Koshnaw, Fritz Schlunegger, and Daniel F. Stockli
Solid Earth, 12, 2479–2501, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2479-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2479-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
As continental plates collide, mountain belts grow. This study investigated the provenance of rocks from the northwestern segment of the Zagros mountain belt to unravel the convergence history of the Arabian and Eurasian plates. Provenance data synthesis and field relationships suggest that the Zagros Mountains developed as a result of the oceanic crust emplacement on the Arabian continental plate, followed by the Arabia–Eurasia collision and later uplift of the broader region.
David Hindle and Jonas Kley
Solid Earth, 12, 2425–2438, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2425-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2425-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Central western Europe underwent a strange episode of lithospheric deformation, resulting in a chain of small mountains that run almost west–east across the continent and that formed in the middle of a tectonic plate, not at its edges as is usually expected. Associated with these mountains, in particular the Harz in central Germany, are marine basins contemporaneous with the mountain growth. We explain how those basins came to be as a result of the mountains bending the adjacent plate.
Andreas Eberts, Hamed Fazlikhani, Wolfgang Bauer, Harald Stollhofen, Helga de Wall, and Gerald Gabriel
Solid Earth, 12, 2277–2301, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2277-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2277-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We combine gravity anomaly and topographic data with observations from thermochronology, metamorphic grades, and the granite inventory to detect patterns of basement block segmentation and differential exhumation along the southwestern Bohemian Massif. Based on our analyses, we introduce a previously unknown tectonic structure termed Cham Fault, which, together with the Pfahl and Danube shear zones, is responsible for the exposure of different crustal levels during late to post-Variscan times.
Christoph Grützner, Simone Aschenbrenner, Petra Jamšek
Rupnik, Klaus Reicherter, Nour Saifelislam, Blaž Vičič, Marko Vrabec, Julian Welte, and Kamil Ustaszewski
Solid Earth, 12, 2211–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2211-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2211-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Several large strike-slip faults in western Slovenia are known to be active, but most of them have not produced strong earthquakes in historical times. In this study we use geomorphology, near-surface geophysics, and fault excavations to show that two of these faults had surface-rupturing earthquakes during the Holocene. Instrumental and historical seismicity data do not capture the strongest events in this area.
Michael Warsitzka, Prokop Závada, Fabian Jähne-Klingberg, and Piotr Krzywiec
Solid Earth, 12, 1987–2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1987-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1987-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A new analogue modelling approach was used to simulate the influence of tectonic extension and tilting of the basin floor on salt tectonics in rift basins. Our results show that downward salt flow and gravity gliding takes place if the flanks of the rift basin are tilted. Thus, extension occurs at the basin margins, which is compensated for by reduced extension and later by shortening in the graben centre. These outcomes improve the reconstruction of salt-related structures in rift basins.
Torsten Hundebøl Hansen, Ole Rønø Clausen, and Katrine Juul Andresen
Solid Earth, 12, 1719–1747, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1719-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1719-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We have analysed the role of deep salt layers during tectonic shortening of a group of sedimentary basins buried below the North Sea. Due to the ability of salt to flow over geological timescales, the salt layers are much weaker than the surrounding rocks during tectonic deformation. Therefore, complex structures formed mainly where salt was present in our study area. Our results align with findings from other basins and experiments, underlining the importance of salt tectonics.
Frank Zwaan, Pauline Chenin, Duncan Erratt, Gianreto Manatschal, and Guido Schreurs
Solid Earth, 12, 1473–1495, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1473-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1473-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used laboratory experiments to simulate the early evolution of rift systems, and the influence of structural weaknesses left over from previous tectonic events that can localize new deformation. We find that the orientation and type of such weaknesses can induce complex structures with different orientations during a single phase of rifting, instead of requiring multiple rifting phases. These findings provide a strong incentive to reassess the tectonic history of various natural examples.
Laurent Jolivet, Laurent Arbaret, Laetitia Le Pourhiet, Florent Cheval-Garabédian, Vincent Roche, Aurélien Rabillard, and Loïc Labrousse
Solid Earth, 12, 1357–1388, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1357-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1357-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Although viscosity of the crust largely exceeds that of magmas, we show, based on the Aegean and Tyrrhenian Miocene syn-kinematic plutons, how the intrusion of granites in extensional contexts is controlled by crustal deformation, from magmatic stage to cold mylonites. We show that a simple numerical setup with partial melting in the lower crust in an extensional context leads to the formation of metamorphic core complexes and low-angle detachments reproducing the observed evolution of plutons.
Miguel Cisneros, Jaime D. Barnes, Whitney M. Behr, Alissa J. Kotowski, Daniel F. Stockli, and Konstantinos Soukis
Solid Earth, 12, 1335–1355, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1335-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1335-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Constraining the conditions at which rocks form is crucial for understanding geologic processes. For years, the conditions under which rocks from Syros, Greece, formed have remained enigmatic; yet these rocks are fundamental for understanding processes occurring at the interface between colliding tectonic plates (subduction zones). Here, we constrain conditions under which these rocks formed and show they were transported to the surface adjacent to the down-going (subducting) tectonic plate.
Karsten Reiter
Solid Earth, 12, 1287–1307, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1287-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1287-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The influence and interaction of elastic material properties (Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio), density and low-friction faults on the resulting far-field stress pattern in the Earth's crust is tested with generic models. A Young's modulus contrast can lead to a significant stress rotation. Discontinuities with low friction in homogeneous models change the stress pattern only slightly, away from the fault. In addition, active discontinuities are able to compensate stress rotation.
Daniele Cirillo, Cristina Totaro, Giusy Lavecchia, Barbara Orecchio, Rita de Nardis, Debora Presti, Federica Ferrarini, Simone Bello, and Francesco Brozzetti
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-76, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-76, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for SE
Short summary
Short summary
The Pollino region is a highly seismic area of Italy. Increasing the geological knowledge on areas like this contributes reducing risk and saving lives. We reconstruct the 3D model of the faults which generated the 2010–2014 seismicity integrating geological and seismological data. Appropriate relationships based on the dimensions of the activated faults, suggest that they did not fully discharge their seismic potential and could release further significant earthquakes in the near future.
Hilmar von Eynatten, Jonas Kley, István Dunkl, Veit-Enno Hoffmann, and Annemarie Simon
Solid Earth, 12, 935–958, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-935-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-935-2021, 2021
Eline Le Breton, Sascha Brune, Kamil Ustaszewski, Sabin Zahirovic, Maria Seton, and R. Dietmar Müller
Solid Earth, 12, 885–913, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-885-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-885-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The former Piemont–Liguria Ocean, which separated Europe from Africa–Adria in the Jurassic, opened as an arm of the central Atlantic. Using plate reconstructions and geodynamic modeling, we show that the ocean reached only 250 km width between Europe and Adria. Moreover, at least 65 % of the lithosphere subducted into the mantle and/or incorporated into the Alps during convergence in Cretaceous and Cenozoic times comprised highly thinned continental crust, while only 35 % was truly oceanic.
Lior Suchoy, Saskia Goes, Benjamin Maunder, Fanny Garel, and Rhodri Davies
Solid Earth, 12, 79–93, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-79-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-79-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use 2D numerical models to highlight the role of basal drag in subduction force balance. We show that basal drag can significantly affect velocities and evolution in our simulations and suggest an explanation as to why there are no trends in plate velocities with age in the Cenozoic subduction record (which we extracted from recent reconstruction using GPlates). The insights into the role of basal drag will help set up global models of plate dynamics or specific regional subduction models.
William Bosworth and Gábor Tari
Solid Earth, 12, 59–77, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-59-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-59-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Many of the world's hydrocarbon resources are found in rifted sedimentary basins. Some rifts experience multiple phases of extension and inversion. This results in complicated oil and gas generation, migration, and entrapment histories. We present examples of basins in the Western Desert of Egypt and the western Black Sea that were inverted multiple times, sometimes separated by additional phases of extension. We then discuss how these complex deformation histories impact exploration campaigns.
Samuel Mock, Christoph von Hagke, Fritz Schlunegger, István Dunkl, and Marco Herwegh
Solid Earth, 11, 1823–1847, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1823-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1823-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on thermochronological data, we infer thrusting along-strike the northern rim of the Central Alps between 12–4 Ma. While the lithology influences the pattern of thrusting at the local scale, we observe that thrusting in the foreland is a long-wavelength feature occurring between Lake Geneva and Salzburg. This coincides with the geometry and dynamics of the attached lithospheric slab at depth. Thus, thrusting in the foreland is at least partly linked to changes in slab dynamics.
Paul Angrand, Frédéric Mouthereau, Emmanuel Masini, and Riccardo Asti
Solid Earth, 11, 1313–1332, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1313-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1313-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We study the Iberian plate motion, from the late Permian to middle Cretaceous. During this time interval, two oceanic systems opened. Geological evidence shows that the Iberian domain preserved the propagation of these two rift systems well. We use geological evidence and pre-existing kinematic models to propose a coherent kinematic model of Iberia that considers both the Neotethyan and Atlantic evolutions. Our model shows that the Europe–Iberia plate boundary was made of two rift systems.
Daniel Pastor-Galán, Gabriel Gutiérrez-Alonso, and Arlo B. Weil
Solid Earth, 11, 1247–1273, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1247-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1247-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Pangea was assembled during Devonian to early Permian times and resulted in a large-scale and winding orogeny that today transects Europe, northwestern Africa, and eastern North America. This orogen is characterized by an
Sshape corrugated geometry in Iberia. This paper presents the advances and milestones in our understanding of the geometry and kinematics of the Central Iberian curve from the last decade with particular attention paid to structural and paleomagnetic studies.
Richard Spitz, Arthur Bauville, Jean-Luc Epard, Boris J. P. Kaus, Anton A. Popov, and Stefan M. Schmalholz
Solid Earth, 11, 999–1026, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-999-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-999-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We apply three-dimensional (3D) thermo-mechanical numerical simulations of the shortening of the upper crustal region of a passive margin in order to investigate the control of 3D laterally variable inherited structures on fold-and-thrust belt evolution and associated nappe formation. The model is applied to the Helvetic nappe system of the Swiss Alps. Our results show a 3D reconstruction of the first-order tectonic evolution showing the fundamental importance of inherited geological structures.
Manfred Lafosse, Elia d'Acremont, Alain Rabaute, Ferran Estrada, Martin Jollivet-Castelot, Juan Tomas Vazquez, Jesus Galindo-Zaldivar, Gemma Ercilla, Belen Alonso, Jeroen Smit, Abdellah Ammar, and Christian Gorini
Solid Earth, 11, 741–765, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-741-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-741-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Alboran Sea is one of the most active region of the Mediterranean Sea. There, the basin architecture records the effect of the Africa–Eurasia plates convergence. We evidence a Pliocene transpression and a more recent Pleistocene tectonic reorganization. We propose that main driving force of the deformation is the Africa–Eurasia convergence, rather than other geodynamical processes. It highlights the evolution and the geometry of the present-day Africa–Eurasia plate boundary.
Dan J. Clark, Sarah Brennand, Gregory Brenn, Matthew C. Garthwaite, Jesse Dimech, Trevor I. Allen, and Sean Standen
Solid Earth, 11, 691–717, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-691-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-691-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A magnitude 5.3 reverse-faulting earthquake in September 2018 near Lake Muir in southwest Western Australia was followed after 2 months by a collocated magnitude 5.2 strike-slip event. The first event produced a ~ 5 km long and up to 0.5 m high west-facing surface rupture, and the second triggered event deformed but did not rupture the surface. The earthquake sequence was the ninth to have produced surface rupture in Australia. None of these show evidence for prior Quaternary surface rupture.
Craig Magee and Christopher Aiden-Lee Jackson
Solid Earth, 11, 579–606, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-579-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-579-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Injection of vertical sheets of magma (dyke swarms) controls tectonic and volcanic processes on Earth and other planets. Yet we know little of the 3D structure of dyke swarms. We use seismic reflection data, which provides ultrasound-like images of Earth's subsurface, to study a dyke swarm in 3D for the first time. We show that (1) dyke injection occurred in the Late Jurassic, (2) our data support previous models of dyke shape, and (3) seismic data provides a new way to view and study dykes.
Emmanuelle Ricchi, Christian A. Bergemann, Edwin Gnos, Alfons Berger, Daniela Rubatto, Martin J. Whitehouse, and Franz Walter
Solid Earth, 11, 437–467, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-437-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-437-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates Cenozoic deformation during cooling and exhumation of the Tauern metamorphic and structural dome, Eastern Alps, through Th–Pb dating of fissure monazite-(Ce). Fissure (or hydrothermal) monazite-(Ce) typically crystallizes in a temperature range of 400–200 °C. Three major episodes of monazite growth occurred at approximately 21, 17, and 12 Ma, corroborating previous crystallization and cooling ages.
Annabel Causer, Lucía Pérez-Díaz, Jürgen Adam, and Graeme Eagles
Solid Earth, 11, 397–417, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-397-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-397-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Here we discuss the validity of so-called “break-up” markers along the Newfoundland margin, challenging their perceived suitability for plate kinematic reconstructions of the southern North Atlantic. We do this on the basis of newly available seismic transects across the Southern Newfoundland Basin. Our new data contradicts current interpretations of the extent of oceanic lithosphere and illustrates the need for a differently constraining the plate kinematics of the Iberian plate pre M0 times.
Dániel Kiss, Thibault Duretz, and Stefan Markus Schmalholz
Solid Earth, 11, 287–305, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-287-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-287-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we investigate the physical mechanisms of tectonic nappe formation by high-resolution numerical modeling. Tectonic nappes are key structural features of many mountain chains which are packets of rocks displaced, sometimes even up to 100 km, from their original position. However, the physical mechanisms involved are not fully understood. We solve numerical equations of fluid and solid dynamics to improve our knowledge. The results are compared with data from the Helvetic Alps.
Diane Arcay, Serge Lallemand, Sarah Abecassis, and Fanny Garel
Solid Earth, 11, 37–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-37-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-37-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new exploration of the concept of
spontaneouslithospheric collapse at a transform fault (TF) by performing a large study of conditions allowing instability of the thicker plate using 2-D thermomechanical simulations. Spontaneous subduction is modelled only if extreme mechanical conditions are assumed. We conclude that spontaneous collapse of the thick older plate at a TF evolving into mature subduction is an unlikely process of subduction initiation at modern Earth conditions.
Menno Fraters, Cedric Thieulot, Arie van den Berg, and Wim Spakman
Solid Earth, 10, 1785–1807, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1785-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1785-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Three-dimensional numerical modelling of geodynamic processes may benefit strongly from using realistic 3-D starting models that approximate, e.g. natural subduction settings in the geological past or at present. To this end, we developed the Geodynamic World Builder (GWB), which enables relatively straightforward parameterization of complex 3-D geometric structures associated with geodynamic processes. The GWB is an open-source community code designed to easily interface with geodynamic codes.
Fabio Trippetta, Patrizio Petricca, Andrea Billi, Cristiano Collettini, Marco Cuffaro, Anna Maria Lombardi, Davide Scrocca, Giancarlo Ventura, Andrea Morgante, and Carlo Doglioni
Solid Earth, 10, 1555–1579, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1555-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1555-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Considering all mapped faults in Italy, empirical scaling laws between fault dimensions and earthquake magnitude are used at the national scale. Results are compared with earthquake catalogues. The consistency between our results and the catalogues gives credibility to the method. Some large differences between the two datasets suggest the validation of this experiment elsewhere.
Károly Hidas, Carlos J. Garrido, Guillermo Booth-Rea, Claudio Marchesi, Jean-Louis Bodinier, Jean-Marie Dautria, Amina Louni-Hacini, and Abla Azzouni-Sekkal
Solid Earth, 10, 1099–1121, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1099-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1099-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Subduction-transform edge propagator (STEP) faults are the locus of continual lithospheric tearing at the edges of subducted slabs, resulting in sharp changes in the lithospheric thickness and triggering lateral and/or near-vertical mantle flow. Here, we study upper mantle rocks recovered from a STEP fault context by < 4 Ma alkali volcanism. We reconstruct how the microstructure developed during deformation and coupled melt–rock interaction, which are promoted by lithospheric tearing at depth.
Frank Zwaan, Guido Schreurs, and Susanne J. H. Buiter
Solid Earth, 10, 1063–1097, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1063-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1063-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This work was inspired by an effort to numerically reproduce laboratory models of extension tectonics. We tested various set-ups to find a suitable analogue model and in the process systematically charted the impact of set-ups and boundary conditions on model results, a topic poorly described in existing scientific literature. We hope that our model results and the discussion on which specific tectonic settings they could represent may serve as a guide for future (analogue) modeling studies.
Dan Sandiford and Louis Moresi
Solid Earth, 10, 969–985, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-969-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-969-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates approaches to implementing plate boundaries within a fluid dynamic framework, targeted at the evolution of subduction over many millions of years.
Marco Cuffaro, Andrea Billi, Sabina Bigi, Alessandro Bosman, Cinzia G. Caruso, Alessia Conti, Andrea Corbo, Antonio Costanza, Giuseppe D'Anna, Carlo Doglioni, Paolo Esestime, Gioacchino Fertitta, Luca Gasperini, Francesco Italiano, Gianluca Lazzaro, Marco Ligi, Manfredi Longo, Eleonora Martorelli, Lorenzo Petracchini, Patrizio Petricca, Alina Polonia, and Tiziana Sgroi
Solid Earth, 10, 741–763, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-741-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-741-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Ionian Sea in southern Italy is at the center of active convergence between the Eurasian and African plates, with many known
Mw > 7.0 earthquakes. Here, a recently discovered mud volcano (called the Bortoluzzi Mud Volcano or BMV) was surveyed during the Seismofaults 2017 cruise (May 2017). The BMV is the active emergence of crustal fluids probably squeezed up during the seismic cycle. As such, the BMV may potentially be used to track the seismic cycle of active faults.
David Hindle, Boris Sedov, Susanne Lindauer, and Kevin Mackey
Solid Earth, 10, 561–580, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-561-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-561-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
On one of the least studied boundaries between tectonic plates (North America–Okhotsk in northeastern Russia), which moves very similarly to the famous San Andreas fault in California, we have found the traces of earthquakes from the recent past, but before the time of historical records. This makes us a little more sure that the fault is still the place where movement between the plates takes place, and when it happens again, there could be dangerous earthquakes.
Zoltán Erdős, Ritske S. Huismans, and Peter van der Beek
Solid Earth, 10, 391–404, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-391-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-391-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We used a 2-D thermomechanical code to simulate the evolution of an orogen. Our aim was to study the interaction between tectonic and surface processes in orogenic forelands. We found that an increase in the sediment input to the foreland results in prolonged activity of the active frontal thrust. Such a scenario could occur naturally as a result of increasing relief in the orogenic hinterland or a change in climatic conditions. We compare our results with observations from the Alps.
Carly Faber, Holger Stünitz, Deta Gasser, Petr Jeřábek, Katrin Kraus, Fernando Corfu, Erling K. Ravna, and Jiří Konopásek
Solid Earth, 10, 117–148, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-117-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-117-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Caledonian mountains formed when Baltica and Laurentia collided around 450–400 million years ago. This work describes the history of the rocks and the dynamics of that continental collision through space and time using field mapping, estimated pressures and temperatures, and age dating on rocks from northern Norway. The rocks preserve continental collision between 440–430 million years ago, and an unusual pressure–temperature evolution suggests unusual tectonic activity prior to collision.
Felix Hentschel, Claudia A. Trepmann, and Emilie Janots
Solid Earth, 10, 95–116, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-95-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-95-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We used microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction to analyse the deformation behaviour of feldspar at greenschist facies conditions in mylonitic pegmatites of the Austroalpine basement. There are strong uncertainties about feldspar deformation, mainly because of the varying contributions of different deformation processes. We observed that deformation is mainly the result of coupled fracturing and dislocation glide, followed by growth and granular flow.
Andreia Plaza-Faverola and Marie Keiding
Solid Earth, 10, 79–94, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-79-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-79-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Vast amounts of methane are released to the oceans at continental margins (seepage). The mechanisms controlling when and how much methane is released are not fully understood. In the Fram Strait seepage may be affected by complex tectonic processes. We modelled the stress generated on the sediments exclusively due to the opening of the mid-ocean ridges and found that changes in the stress field may be controlling when and where seepage occurs, which has implications for seepage reconstruction.
Richard Styron
Solid Earth, 10, 15–25, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-15-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-15-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Successive earthquakes on a single fault are not perfectly periodic in time. There is some natural random variability. This leads to variations in estimated fault slip rates over short timescales though the longer-term mean slip rate stays constant, which may cause problems when comparing slip rates at different timescales. This paper is the first to quantify these effects, demonstrating substantial variation in slip rates over a few to tens of earthquakes, but much less at longer timescales.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl and Jhon M. Muñoz-Barrera
Solid Earth, 9, 1535–1558, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1535-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1535-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This research is dedicated to the study of poorly understood coal-bearing Mississippian (ca. 360–325 Ma) sedimentary rocks in central Spitsbergen. Our results suggest that these rocks were deposited during a period of widespread extension involving multiple fault trends, including faults striking subparallel to the extension direction, while overlying Pennsylvanian rocks (ca. 325–300 Ma) were deposited during extension localized along fewer, larger faults.
Jessica McBeck, Michele Cooke, Pauline Souloumiac, Bertrand Maillot, and Baptiste Mary
Solid Earth, 9, 1421–1436, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1421-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1421-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In order to assess the influence of deformational processes within accretionary prisms, we track the evolution of the energy budget. We track the consumption of energy stored in internal deformation of the host rock, energy expended in frictional slip, energy used in uplift against gravity and total energy input. We find that the energy used in internal deformation is < 1% of the total and that the energy expended in frictional slip is the largest portion of the budget.
Yi Ni Wang, Wen Liang Xu, Feng Wang, and Xiao Bo Li
Solid Earth, 9, 1375–1397, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1375-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1375-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Early Triassic sediments in the northeastern North Chian Craton resulted from the subduction of the Paleo-Asian oceanic plate and collision between the North China and Yangtze cratons. Late Triassic sediments resulted from the final closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean in the Middle Triassic and exhumation of the Su–Lu Orogenic Belt. Early Jurassic change in provenance was related to the uplift of the Xing'an–Mongolia Orogenic Belt and the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.
Matthias Nettesheim, Todd A. Ehlers, David M. Whipp, and Alexander Koptev
Solid Earth, 9, 1207–1224, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1207-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1207-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this modeling study, we investigate rock uplift at plate corners (syntaxes). These are characterized by a unique bent geometry at subduction zones and exhibit some of the world's highest rock uplift rates. We find that the style of deformation changes above the plate's bent section and that active subduction is necessary to generate an isolated region of rapid uplift. Strong erosion there localizes uplift on even smaller scales, suggesting both tectonic and surface processes are important.
Fernando O. Marques, Nibir Mandal, Subhajit Ghosh, Giorgio Ranalli, and Santanu Bose
Solid Earth, 9, 1061–1078, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1061-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1061-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We couple Himalayan tectonics to numerical simulations to show how upward-tapering channel (UTC) flow can be used to explain the evidence. The simulations predict high tectonic overpressure (TOP > 2), which increases exponentially with a decrease in UTC mouth width, and with increase in velocity and channel viscosity. The highest TOP occurs at depths < −60 km, which, combined with the flow in the UTC, forces high-pressure rocks to exhume along the channel’s hanging wall, as in the Himalayas.
Cited articles
Agard, P. and Handy, M. R.: Ocean subduction dynamics in the Alps, in:
Shedding Light on the European Alps, edited by: McCarthy, A. and Müntener, O.,
Guest Editors, Elements, 17, 9–16, https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.17.1.9, 2021.
Argand, E.: Des Alpes et de l'Afrique: Bulletin de la Société
Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 55, 233–236, 1924.
Artemieva, I.: The Lithosphere: An Interdisciplinary Approach, Cambridge
University Press Monograph, 794 pp., ISBN 9780521843966, 2011.
Babuska, V., Plomerova, J., and Granet, M.: The deep lithosphere in the
Alps: a model inferred from P residuals, Tectonophysics, 176, 137–165,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90263-8, 1990.
Baran, R., Friedrich, A. M., and Schlunegger, F.: The late Miocene to
Holocene erosion pattern of the Alpine foreland basin reflects Eurasian slab
unloading beneath the western Alps rather than global climate change,
Lithosphere, 6, 124–131, https://doi.org/10.1130/L307.1, 2014.
Beccaluva, L., Bianchini, G., Bonadiman, C., Coltorti, M., Milani, L.,
Salvini, L., Siena, F., and Tassinari, R.: Intraplate lithospheric and
sublithospheric components in the Adriatic domain: Nephelinite to tholeiite
magma generation in the Paleogene Veneto volcanic province, southern Alps,
Geological Society of America Special Paper, 418, 131–152,
https://doi.org/10.1130/2007.2418(07), 2007.
Bigi, G., Castellarin, A., Catalano, R., Coli, M., Cosentino, D., Dal Piaz,
G.V., Lentini, F., Parotto, M., Patacca, E., Praturlon, A., Salvini, F.,
Sartori, R., Scandone, P., and Vai, G.: Synthetic structural kinematic map
of Italy, Sheets 1 and 2, C.N.R., Progetto Finalizzato Geodinamica, SELCA
Firenze, 1989.
Bijwaard, H. and Spakman, W.: Non-linear global P-wave tomography by
iterated linearized inversion, Geophys. J. Int., 141, 71–82,
doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2000.00053.x, 2000.
Brenker, F. E. and Brey, G. P.: Reconstruction of the exhumation path of the
Alpe Arami garnet-peridotite from depths exceeding 160 km, J. Metamorphic
Geol., 15, 581–592, doi/abs/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1997.tb00637.x, 1997.
Brückl, E., Bleibinhaus, F., Gosar, A., Grad M.,
Guterch, A., Hrubcová, P.G., Keller, R., Majdanski, M., Sumanovac, F., Tiira, T., Yliniemi, J., Hegedus, E., and Thybo, H.: Crustal
structure due to collisional and escape tectonics in the Eastern Alps region
based on profiles Alp01 and Alp02 from the ALP 2002 seismic experiment, J.
Geophys. Res., 112, B06308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004687, 2007.
Cammarano, F., Goes, S., Vacher, P., and Giardini, D.: Inferring
upper-mantle temperatures from seismic velocities, Physics of the Earth and
Planetary Interiors, 138, 197–222, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(03)00156-0, 2003.
Cassano, E., Anelli, L., Fichera, R., and Cappelli, V: Pianura Padana:
Interpretazione integrate di dati Geofisici e geologici, 73∘
Congresso Società Geologica Italiana, Roma, AGIP, 27 pp, 1986.
Chopin, C.: Coesite and pure pyrope in high-grade blueschists of the Western
Alps: a first record and some consequences, Contr. Mineral. and Petrol., 86,
107–118, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00381838, 1984.
Cederbom, C. E., van der Beek, P., Schlunegger, F., Sinclair, H. D., and
Oncken, O.: Rapid extensive erosion of the North Alpine foreland basin at
5-4 Ma, Basin Research, 23, 528–550, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2011.00501.x,
2011.
Dando, B. D. E., Stuart, G. W., Houseman, G. A., Hegedüs, E.,
Brückl, E., and Radovanovic, S.: Teleseismic tomography
of the mantle in the Carpathian–Pannonian region of central Europe,
Geophys. J. Int., 186, 11–31, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365246X.2011.04998.x, 2011.
Davies, J. H. and von Blanckenburg, F.: Slab breakoff: A model of lithospheric detachment and its test in the magmatism and deformation of collisional orogens, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 129, 85–102, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(94)00237-S, 1995.
Diehl, T., Husen, S., Kissling, E., and Deichmann, N.: High-resolution 3-D P-wave model of the Alpine crust, Geophys. J. Int., 179, 1133–1147, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365246X.2009.04331.x, 2009.
Faccenna, C., Piromallo, C., Crespo-Blanc, A., Jolivet, L., and Rossetti,
F.: Lateral slab deformation and the origin of the western Mediterranean
arcs, Tectonics, 23, TC1012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002TC001488, 2004.
Favaro S., Handy, M. R., Scharf, A., and Schuster, R.: Changing patterns of
exhumation and denudation in front of an advancing crustal indenter, Tauern
Window (Eastern Alps), Tectonics, 36, 1053–1071, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016TC004448,
2017.
Foulger, G. R., Panza, G. F., Artemieva, I. M., Bastow, I. D., Cammarano,
F., Evans, J. R., Hamilton, W. B., Julian, B. R., Lustrino, M., Thybo, H.,
and Yanovskaya, T. B.: Caveats on tomographic images, Terra Nova, 25,
259–281, https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12041, 2013.
Fox, M., Herman, F., Kissling, E., and Willet, S. D.: Rapid exhumation in the
Western Alps driven by slab detachment and glacial erosion, Geology, 43, 5, 379–382
https://doi.org/10.1130/G36411.1, 2015.
Fox, M., Herman F., Willett, S. D., and Schmid, S. M.: The exhumation history
of the European Alps inferred from linear inversion of thermochronometric
data, American Journal of Science, 316, 505–541, https://doi.org/10.2475/06.2016.01,
2016.
Franke, W.: The Mid-European segment of the Variscides: tectonostratigraphic
units, terrane boundaries and plate tectonics evolution, Geological Society,
London, Special Publications, 179, 35–61, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL, 2000.
Franke, W., Cock, L. R. M., and Torsvik, T. H.: The Palaeozoic Variscan oceans
revisited, Gondwana Research, 48, 257–284,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2017.03.005, 2017.
Fügenschuh, B., Seward, D., and Mancktelow, N. S.: Exhumation in a
convergent orogen: the western Tauern Window, Terra Nova, 9, 213–217, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1997.tb00015.x, 1997
Geissler, W. H., Sodoudi, F., and Kind, R.: Thickness of the central and
eastern European lithosphere as seen by S receiver functions, Geophys. J. Int., 181, 604–634, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04548.x,
2010.
Genser, J., Cloetingh, S. A. L., and Neubauer, F.: Late orogenic rebound and
oblique Alpine convergence: New constraints from subsidence analysis of the
Austrian Molasse basin, Glob. Planet. Change, 58, 214–223,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.03.010, 2007.
Giacomuzzi, G., Chiarabba, C., and De Gori, P.: Linking the Alps and
Apennines subduction systems: New constraints revealed by high-resolution
teleseismic tomography, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 301, 531–543,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.11.033, 2011.
Giacomuzzi, G., Civalleri, M., DeGori, P., and Chiarabba, C.: A 3D Vs model
of the upper mantle beneath Italy: Insight on the geodynamics of central
Mediterranean, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 335, 105–120,
doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.05.004, 2012.
Goes, S., Govers, R., and Vacher, P.: Shallow mantle temperatures under
Europe from P and S wave tomography, J. Geophys. Res., 105,
11153–11169, doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900300, 2000.
Grad, M., Tiira, T., and ESC Working Group: The Moho depth map of the
European Plate, Geophys. J. Int., 176, 279–292, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03919.x, 2009.
Grenerczy, G., Sella, G., Stein, S., and Kenyeres, A.: Tectonic implications of
the GPS velocity field in the northern Adriatic region, Geophs. Res. Lett., 32, L16311, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022947, 2005.
Grunert, P., Hinsch, R., Sachsenhofer, R. F., Bechtel, A., Ćorić,
S., Harzhauser, M., Piller, W.E., and Sperl, H.: Early Burdigalian infill of
the Puchkirchen Trough (North Alpine Foreland Basin, Central Paratethys):
Facies development and sequence stratigraphy, Mar. Petrol. Geol.,
39, 164–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2012.08.009, 2013.
Hammond, J. O. S.: Constraining melt geometries beneath the Afar Depression,
Ethiopia from teleseismic receiver functions: The anisotropic H-κ
stacking technique, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 15, 1316–1332,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GC005186, 2014
Handy, M. R., Ustaszewski, K., and Kissling, E.: Reconstructing the
Alps–Carpathians–Dinarides as a key to understanding switches in
subduction polarity, slab gaps and surface motion, Int. J. Earth Sci. (Geol.
Rundsch.), 104, 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-014-1060-3, 2015.
Hetényi, G. Molinari, I., Clinton, J., Bokelmann, G., Bondár, I.,
Crawford, W.C., Dessa, J.X., Doubre, C., Friederich, W., Fuchs, F.,
Giardini, D., Gráczer, Z., Handy, M.R., Herak, M., Jia, Y., Kissling,
E., Kopp, H., Korn, M., Margheriti, L., Meier, T., Mucciarelli, M., Paul,
A., Pesaresi, D., Piromallo, C., Plenefisch, Th., Plomerová, J., Ritter,
J., Ruümpker, G., Šipka, V., Spallarossa, D., Thomas,
Ch., Tilmann, F., Wassermann, J., Weber, M., Wéber, Z., Wesztergom, V.,
Živčić, M., and AlpArray Seismic Network Team , AlpArray OBS
Cruise Crew, AlpArray Working Group: The AlpArray Seismic Network: A
large-scale European experiment to image the Alpine orogen, Surv. Geophys., 39, 1009–1033, doi.org/10.1007/s10712-018-9472-4, 2018.
Hinsch, R.: Laterally varying structure and kinematics of the Molasse fold
and thrust belt of the Central Eastern Alps: Implications for exploration,
AAPG Bull., 97, 1805–1831, https://doi.org/10.1306/04081312129, 2013.
Horváth, F., Bada, G., Szafian, P., Tari, G., Adam, A., and Cloetingh,
S.: Formation and deformation of the Pannonian Basin: constraints from
observational data, in: European
Lithosphere Dynamics, edited by: Gee, D. G. and Stephenson, R. A., , Geological Society London Memoirs, 32, 191–206,
doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2006.032.01.11, 2006.
Jolivet, L., Faccenna, C., and Piromallo, C.: From mantle to crust:
Stretching the Mediterranean, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
285, 1–2, 198-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.017, 2009.
Jones, A., G., Plomerova, J., Korja, T., Sodoudi, F., and Spakman, W.:
Europe from the bottom up: A statistical examination of the central and
northern European lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary from comparing
seismological and electromagnetic observations, Lithos, 120, 14–29,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2010.07.013, 2010.
Jordan, T. H.: The Continental Tectosphere, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 13, 3, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG013i003p00001, 1975.
Jordan, T. H.: Continents as a chemical boundary layer, Phil. Trans. R. Soc.
Lond. A, 301, 359–373, 1981.
Karato, S. and Jung, H.: Water, partial melting and the origin of the
seismic low velocity and high attenuation zone in the upper mantle, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 157, 193–207, 1998.
Karousová, H., Babuška, V., and Plomerová, J.: Upper-mantle
structure beneath the southern Bohemian Massif and its surroundings imaged
by high-resolution tomography, Geophys. J. Int., 194, 1203–1215,
https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt159, 2013.
Kastelic, V., Vrabec, M., Cunningham, D., and Gosar, A.: Neo-Alpine
structural evolution and present-day tectonic activity of the eastern
Southern Alps: The case of the Ravne Fault, NW Slovenia, J.
Struct. Geol., 30, 963–975, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2008.03.009, 2008.
Kästle, E.D., Rosenberg, C., Boschi, L., Bellahsen, N., Meier, T.,
El-Sharkawy, A.: Slab break-offs in the Alpine subduction zone, Int. J.
Earth Sci. (Geol Rundsch), 109, 587–603,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-020-01821-z, 2020.
Kind, R., Schmid, S. M., Yuan, X., Heit, B., Meier, T., and the AlpArray and AlpArray-SWATH-D Working Groups: Moho and uppermost mantle structure in the greater Alpine area from S-to-P converted waves, Solid Earth Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-33, in review, 2021.
Király, Á., Faccenna, C., and Funiciello, F.: Subduction zones
interaction around the Adria microplate and the origin of the Apenninic arc:
Tectonics, 37, 3941–3953, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC00521, 2018.
Kissling, E. and Schlunegger, F.: Rollback orogeny model for the evolution
of the Swiss Alps, Tectonics, 37, 1097–1115, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004762, 2018.
Kissling, E., Schmid, S. M., Lippitsch, R., Ansorge, J., and Fügenschuh,
B.: Lithosphere structure and tectonic evolution of the Alpine arc: new
evidence from high-resolution teleseismic tomography, Geological Society of
London Memoirs, 32, 129–145, doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2006.032.01.08, 2006.
Koulakov, I., Kaban, M., Tesauro, M., and Cloetingh, S.: P-and S-velocity
anomalies in the upper mantle beneath Europe from tomographic inversion of
ISC data, Geophys. J. Int., 179, 345–366, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04279.x, 2009.
Kuhlemann, J. and Kempf, O.: Post-Eocene evolution of the North Alpine
Foreland Basin and its response to Alpine tectonics, Sedimentary Geology,
152, 45–78, doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00285-8, 2002.
Kurz, W., Handler, R., and Bertoldi, C.: Tracing the exhumation of the
Eclogite Zone (Tauern Window, Eastern Alps) by 40Ar/39Ar dating of white
mica in eclogites, Swiss J. Geosci. 101, Supplement 1, S191–S206,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-008-1281-1, 2008.
Le Breton, E., Brune, S., Ustaszewski, K., Zahirovic, S., Seton, M., and Müller, R. D.: Kinematics and extent of the Piemont–Liguria Basin – implications for subduction processes in the Alps, Solid Earth, 12, 885–913, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-885-2021, 2021.
Lippitsch, R., Kissling, E., and Ansorge, J.: Upper mantle structure beneath
the Alpine orogen from high-resolution teleseismic tomography, J. Geophys.
Res., 108, 2376, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB002016, 2003.
Lyu, C., Pedersen, H.A., Paul, A., Zhao, L., Solarino, S., and CIFALPS
Working Group: Shear wave velocities in the upper mantle of theWestern Alps:
new constraints using array analysis of seismic surface waves, Geophys. J.
Int., 210, 321–331, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx166, 2017.
Macera, P., Gasperini, D., Piromallo, C., Blichert-Toft, J., Bosch, D., Del
Moro, A., and Martin, S.: Geodynamic implications of deep mantle upwelling
in the source of Tertiary volcanics from the Veneto region (South-Eastern
Alps), J. Geodynam., 36, 563–590, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2003.08.004,
2003.
Macera, P., Gasperini, D., Ranalli, G., and Mahatsente, R.: Slab detachment
and mantle plume upwelling in subduction zones: an example from the Italian
South-Eastern Alps, J. Geodynam., 45, 32–48,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2007.03.004, 2008.
Maffione, M., Speranza, F., Faccenna, C., Cascella, A., Vignaroli, G., and
Sagnotti, L.: A synchronous Alpine and Corsica-Sardinia rotation, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B03104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005214, 2008.
Magni, V. and Király, Á.: Delamination, in: Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Elsevier, 1–7, B9780124095489096000, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09515-4, 2020.
Malusà, M. G., Frezzotti, M. L., Ferrando, S., Brandmayr, E., Romanelli,
F., and Panza, G. F.: Active carbon sequestration in the Alpine mantle wedge
and implications for long-term climate trends, Sci. Rep., 8,
1–8, 2018.
Malusà, M. G., Guillot, S., Zhao, L., Paul, A., Solarino, S., Dumont,
T., Schwartz, S., Aubert, C., Baccheschi, P., Eva, E., Lu, Y., Lyu, C.,
Pondrelli, S., Salimbeni, S., Sun, W., and Yuan, H.: The deep structure of
the Alps based on the CIFALPS seismic experiment: A synthesis, Geochem.
Geophys. Geosys., 22, e2020GC009466.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GC009466, 2021.
Márton, E., Grabowski, J., Tokarski, A. K., and Túnyi, I.:
Palaeomagnetic results from the fold and thrust belt of the Western
Carpathians: an overview, Geological Society, London, Special Publications,
425, 7–36, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP425.1, 2015.
Matenco, L. and Radivojević, D.: On the formation and evolution of the
Pannonian Basin: Constraints derived from the structure of the junction area
between the Carpathians and Dinarides, Tectonics, 31, TC6007,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012TC003206, 2012.
Matte, P.: Tectonics and plate tectonics model for the Variscan belt of
Europe, Tectonophysics, 126, 329–332,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(86)90237-4,
1986.
Mazur, S., Aleksandrowski, P., Gągała, Ł., Krzywiec, P., Żaba,
J., Gaidzik, K., and Sikora, R.: Late Palaeozoic strike-slip tectonics
versus oroclinal bending at the SW outskirts of Baltica: case of the
Variscan belt's eastern end in Poland, Int. J. Earth
Sci., 109, 1133–1160, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-019-01814-7, 2020.
Mey, J., Scherler, D., Wickert, A. D., Egholm, D. L., Tesauro, M.,
Schildgen, T. F., and Strecker M. R.: Glacial isostatic uplift of the
European Alps, Nat. Commun., 7, 13382, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13382,
2016.
Mitchell, B. J.: Anelastic structure and evolution of the continental crust
and upper mantle from seismic surface wave attenuation, Rev. Geophys., 33, 441–462, https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG02074
Mitterbauer, U., Behm, M., Brückl, E., Lippitsch, R.,
Guterch, A., Keller, G. R., Koslovskaya, E., Rumpfhuber, E. M., and
Šumanovac, F.: Shape and origin of the East-Alpine slab constrained by
the ALPASS teleseismic model, Tectonophysics 510, 195–206,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2011.07.001, 2011.
Molli, G., Crispini, L., Mosca, P., Piana, P., and Federico, L.: Geology of
the Western Alps-Northern Apennine junction area: a regional review, Journal
of the Virtual Explorer, 36, 1–49, https://doi.org/10.3809/jvirtex.2010.00215, 2010.
Molli, G., Brogi, A., Caggianelli, A., Capezzuoli, E., Liotta, D., Spina,
A., and Zibra, I.: Late Palaeozoic tectonics in Central Mediterranean: a
reappraisal, Swiss J Geosci, 113, 23, 1-32, https://doi.org/10.1186/s00015-020-00375-1, 2020.
Munzerová, H., Plomerová, J., and Kissling, E.: Novel anisotropic
teleseismic body-wave tomography code AniTomo to illuminate heterogeneous
anisotropic upper mantle: Part I – Theory and inversion tuning with
realistic synthetic data, Geophys. J. Int., 215, 524–545, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy296, 2018.
Müntener, O., Ulmer, P., and Blundy, J. D.: Superhydrous Arc Magmas in the
Alpine Context, Elements, in: Shedding Light on the European Alps, McCarthy,
A. and Müntener, O., Guest Editors, Elements, 17, 35–40, https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.17.1.35, 2021.
Nagel, T. J., Herwartz, D., Rexroth, S., Münker, C.,
Froitzheim, N., and Kurz, W.: Lu-Hf dating, petrography, and tectonic
implications of the youngest Alpine eclogites (Tauern Window, Austria),
Lithos, 170, 179–190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.02.008, 2013.
Nussbaum, C.: Neogene tectonics and thermal maturity of sediments of the
easternmost Southern Alps (Friuli are, Italy), unpublished PhD thesis
Université de Neuchâtel, Switzerland, 2000.
Paffrath, M., Friederich, W., and the AlpArray and AlpArray-SWATH D Working Groups: Teleseismic P waves at the AlpArray seismic network: wave fronts, absolute travel times and travel-time residuals, Solid Earth, 12, 1635–1660, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1635-2021, 2021a.
Paffrath, M., Friederich, W., and the AlpArray and AlpArray-Swath D working group: Imaging structure and geometry of slabs in the greater Alpine area – a P-wave travel-time tomography using AlpArray Seismic Network data, Solid Earth, 12, 2671–2702,
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2671-2021, 2021b.
Perry, H. K. C., Jaupart, C., Mareschal, J.-C., and Shapiro, N. M.: Upper
mantle velocity-temperature conversion and composition determined from
seismic refraction and heat flow, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B07301,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003921, 2006.
Pfiffner, O. A., Lehner, P., Heitzmann, P., Mueller, St., and Steck, A.
(Eds.): Deep Structure of the Swiss Alps: Results of NRP 20: Birkhäuser
et al., Basel, 460 pp., ISBN 3-7643 5254 X, 1997.
Pfiffner, O. A. and Hitz, L.: Geologic interpretation of the seismic
profiles in the Eastern Traverse (lines E1-E3, E7-E9): eastern Alps,
Chapter 9 in Pfiffner et al. (Eds.) Deep Structure of the Alps: Results of
NRP 20, Birkhäuser et al., Basel, 73–100, 1997.
Picotti, V. and Pazzaglia, F. J.: A new active tectonic model for the
construction of the Northern Apennines mountain front near Bologna (Italy),
J. Geophys. Res., 113, B08412, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005307, 2008.
Piromallo, C. and Morelli, A.: P wave tomography of the mantle under the
Alpine-Mediterranean area, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 2065,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB001757, 2003.
Pomella, H., Klötzli, U., Scholger, R., Stipp, M., and Fügenschuh,
B.: The Northern Giudicarie and the Meran-Mauls fault (Alps, Northern Italy)
in the light of new paleomagnetic and geochronological data from boudinaged
Eo-Oligocene tonalites, Int. J. Earth Sci., 100, 1827–1850,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-010-0612-4, 2011.
Qorbani, E., Bianchi, I., and Bokelmann, G.: Slab detachment under the
Eastern Alps seen by seismic anisotropy, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 409, 96–108, doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.10.049, 2015.
Ratschbacher, L., Frisch, W., Linzer, H.-G., and Merle, O.: Lateral
extrusion in the Eastern Alps, part 2: Structural analysis, Tectonics,
10, 257–271 https://doi.org/10.1029/90TC0 2623, 1991.
Ratschbacher, L., Dingeldey, C., Miller, C., Hacker, B. R., and McWilliams,
M. O.: Formation, subduction, and exhumation of Penninic oceanic crust in
the Eastern Alps: Time constraints from 40 Ar/39 Ar geochronology,
Tectonophysics, 394, 155–170,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.08.003, 2004.
Rawlinson, N. and Sambridge, M.: The Fast Marching Method: An Effective
Tool for Tomographic Imaging and Tracking Multiple Phases in Complex Layered
Media, Exploration Geophysics, 36, 341–350, https://doi.org/10.1071/EG05341, 2005.
Rawlinson, N., Reading, A. M., and Kennett, B. L. N.: Lithospheric structure
of Tasmania from a novel form of teleseismic tomography, J. Geophys. Res.,
111, B02301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003803, 2006.
Rosenberg, C. L.: Shear zones and magma ascent: A model based on a review of
the Tertiary magmatism in the Alps, Tectonics, 23, TC3002,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003TC001526, 2004.
Rosenberg, C. L. and Kissling, E.: Three-dimensional insight into
Central-Alpine collision: Lower plate or upper-plate indentation?, Geology,
41, 1219–122, https://doi.org/10.1130/G34584.1, 2013.
Rosenberg, C. L., Schneider, S., Scharf, A., Bertrand, A., Hammerschmidt,
K., Rabaute, A., and Brun, J.-P.: Relating collisional kinematics to
exhumation processes in the Eastern Alps, Earth-Sci. Rev., 176,
311–344, doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.10.013, 2018.
Scharf, A., Handy, M. R., Favaro, S., Schmid, S. M., and Bertrand, A.: Modes
of orogen-parallel stretching and extensional exhumation in response to
microplate indentation and roll-back subduction (Tauern Window, Eastern
Alps), Int. J. Earth Sci., 102, 1627-1654,
doi.10.1007/s00531-013-0894-4, 2013.
Schefer, S., Cvetković, V., Fügenschuh, B., Kounov,
A., Ovtcharova, M., Schaltegger, U., Schmid, S. M.: Cenozoic granitoids in
the Dinarides of southern Serbia: age of intrusion, isotope geochemistry,
exhumation history and significance for the geodynamic evolution of the
Balkan Peninsula, Int. J. Earth Sci. 100, 1181–1206,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-010-0599-x, 2011.
Schertl, H.-P., Schreyer, W., and Chopin, C.: The pyrope-coesite rocks and
their country rocks at Parigi, Dora Maira Massif, Western Alps: detailed
petrography, mineral chemistry and PT-path, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 108,
1–21, 1991.
Schmid, S. M., Pfiffner, O. A., Froitzheim, N., Schönborn, G., and
Kissling, E.: Geophysical-geological transect and tectonic evolution of the
Swiss-Italian Alps, Tectonics, 15, 1036–1064, doi.10.1029/96TC00433, 1996.
Schmid, S. M., Fügenschuh, B., Kissling, E., and Schuster, R.: Tectonic
map and overall architecture of the Alpine orogen, Eclogae Geologicae
Helvetiae, 97, 93–117, doi.org/10.1007/s00015-004-1113-x, 2004.
Schmid, S. M., Bernoulli, D., Fügenschuh, B., Matenco, L., Schefer, S.,
Schuster, R., Tischler, M., and Ustaszewski, K.: The
Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic orogenic system: correlation and evolution of
tectonic units, Swiss J. Geosci., 101, 139–183,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-008-1247-3, 2008.
Schmid, S. M., Scharf, A., Handy, M. R., and Rosenberg, C. L.: The Tauern
Window (Eastern Alps, Austria): a new tectonic map, with cross-sections and
a tectonometamorphic synthesis, Swiss J. Geosci., 106, 1–32,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-013-0123-y, 2013.
Schmid, S. M., Kissling, E., Diehl, T., van Hinsbergen D. J. J., and Molli,
G.: Ivrea mantle wedge, arc of the Western Alps, and kinematic evolution of
the Alps–Apennines orogenic system, Swiss J. Geosci., 110,
581–612, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-016-0237-0, 2017.
Schönborn, G.: Alpine tectonics and kinematic models of the central
Southern Alps, Mem. Sci. Geol. Padova, 44, 229–393, 1992.
Schönborn, G.: Balancing cross sections with kinematic constraints: The
Dolomites (northern Italy), Tectonics 18, 527–545,
doi.org/10.1029/1998TC900018, 1999.
Schulmann, K., Lexa, O., Vojtech J., Lardeaux, J. M., and Edel, J. B.:
Anatomy of a diffuse cryptic suture zone: An example from the Bohemian
Massif, European Variscides, Geology, 42, 275–278, https://doi.org/10.1130/G35290.1,
2014.
Seghedi, I. and Downes, H.: Geochemistry and tectonic development of
Cenozoic magmatism in the Carpathian–Pannonian region, Gondwana Research,
20, 655–672, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2011.06.009, 2011.
Seghedi, I., Ersoy, Y. E., and Helvacı, C.: Miocene–Quaternary volcanism
and geodynamic evolution in the Pannonian Basin and the Menderes Massif: A
comparative study, Lithos, 180, 25–42,
doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.08.017, 2013.
Serpelloni, E., Vannucci, G., Anderlini, L., and Bennett, R. A.: Kinematics,
seismotectonics and seismic potential of the eastern sector of the European
Alps from GPS and seismic deformation data, Tectonophysics, 688, 157–181,
doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.09.026, 2016.
Serretti, P. and Morelli, A.: Seismic rays and traveltime tomography
of strongly heterogeneous mantle structure: application to the Central
Mediterranean, Geophys. J. Int., 187, 1708–1724, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05242.x, 2011.
Shito, A., Karato, S., Matsukage, K., N., and Nishihara Y.: Towards Mapping
the Three-Dimensional Distribution of Water in the Upper Mantle from
Velocity and Attenuation Tomography, Geophysical Monograph, 168, 225–236,
https://doi.org/10.1029/168GM17, 2006.
Singer, J., Diehl, T., Husen, S., Kissling, E., and Duretz, T.: Alpine
lithosphere slab rollback causing lower crustal seismicity in northern
foreland, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 397, 42–56,
doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.04.002, 2014.
Smye, A. J., Bickle, M. J., Holland, T. J. B., Parrish, R. R., and Condon,
D. J.: Rapid formation and exhumation of the youngest Alpine eclogites: A
thermal conundrum to Barrovian metamorphism, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 306, 193–204, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.03.037,
2011.
Spakman, W. and Wortel, M. J. R.: Tomographic View on Western Mediterranean
Geodynamics, in: The TRANSMED Atlas, The Mediterranean Region from Crust to
Mantle, edited by: Cavazza, W., Roure, F. M., Stampfli, G. M., and Ziegler, P. A., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 31–52,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18919-7_2, 2004.
Speranza, F., Villa, I. M., Sagnotti, L., Florindo, F., Cosentino, D.,
Cipollari, P., and Mattei, M.: Age of the Corsica–Sardinia rotation and
Liguro–Provençal Basin spreading: new paleomagnetic and Ar/Ar evidence,
Tectonophysics, 231–251, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00031-8,
2002.
Stipčević, J., Tkalčić, H., Herak, M., Markušić, S.,
and Herak, D.: Crustal and uppermost mantle structure beneath the External
Dinarides, Croatia, determined from teleseismic receiver functions,
Geophys. J. Int., 185, 1103–1119.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2011.05004.x, 2011.
Stipčević, J., Herak, M., Molinari, I., Dasović, I.,
Tkalčić, H., and Gosar, A.: Crustal thickness beneath the Dinarides
and surrounding areas from receiver functions, Tectonics, 37,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019TC005872, 2020.
Sun, W., Zhao, L., Malusà, M. G., Guillot, S., and Fu, L.-Y.: 3-D Pn
tomography reveals continental subduction at the boundaries of the Adriatic
microplate in the absence of a precursor oceanic slab, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 510, 131–141, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.01.012
Tesauro, M., Kaban, M. K., and Cloetingh, S. A. P. L.: EuCRUST-07: A new
reference model for the European crust, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L05313, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007/g032244, 2008.
Ustaszewski, K., Schmid, S. M., Fügenschuh, B., Tischler,
M., Kissling, E., and Spakman, W.: A map-view restoration of the
Alpine–Carpathian–Dinaridic system for the Early Miocene, Swiss J.
Geosci., 101, 273–294, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-008-1288-7, 2008.
Verwater, V. F., Le Breton, E., Handy, M. R., Picotti, V., Jozi Najafabadi, A., and Haberland, C.: Neogene kinematics of the Giudicarie Belt and eastern Southern Alpine orogenic front (northern Italy), Solid Earth, 12, 1309–1334, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, 2021.
van der Meer, D. G., Spakman, W., van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., Amaru, M. L.,
and Torsvik, T. H.: Towards absolute plate motions constrained by
lower-mantle slab remnants, Nat. Geosci., 3, 36–40, 2010.
van der Meer, D. G., van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., and Spakman, W.: Atlas of the
underworld: Slab remnants in the mantle, their sinking history, and a new
outlook on lower mantle viscosity, Tectonophysics, 723, 309–448,
doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.10.004, 2018.
van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., Torsvik, T. H., Schmid, S. M, Matenco, L. C.,
Maffione, M., Vissers, R. L .M., Gürer, D., and Spakman,
W.: Orogenic architecture of the Mediterranean region and kinematic
reconstruction of its tectonic evolution since the Triassic, Gondwana
Research, 81, 79–229, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.009, 2020.
von Blanckenburg, F. and Davies, J. H.: Slab breakoff: A model for
syncollisional magmatism and tectonics in the Alps, Tectonics, 14, 120–131,
https://doi.org/10.1029/94TC0205, 1995.
Wortel, M. J. R. and Spakman, W.: Subduction and Slab Detachment in the
Mediterranean-Carpathian Region, Science, 290, 1910–1917, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5498.1910, 2000.
Zahorec, P., Papčo, J., Pašteka, R., Bielik, M., Bonvalot, S., Braitenberg, C., Ebbing, J., Gabriel, G., Gosar, A., Grand, A., Götze, H.-J., Hetényi, G., Holzrichter, N., Kissling, E., Marti, U., Meurers, B., Mrlina, J., Nogová, E., Pastorutti, A., Salaun, C., Scarponi, M., Sebera, J., Seoane, L., Skiba, P., Szűcs, E., and Varga, M.: The first pan-Alpine surface-gravity database, a modern compilation that crosses frontiers, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2165–2209, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2165-2021, 2021.
Zhao, L., Paul, A., Guillot, S., Solarino, S., Malusá, M., Zheng, T.,
Aubert, C., Dumont, T., Schwartz, S., Zhu, R., and Wang, Q.: First seismic
evidence for continental subduction beneath the Western Alps, Geology, 43, 815–818, https://doi.org/10.1130/G36833.1, 2015.
Zhao, L., Paul, A., Guillot, S., Solarino, S., Malusà, M.G., Zheng, T., Aubert, C., Salimbeni, S., Dumont, T., Schwartz, S., Zhu, R. and Wang, Q.: Continuity of the
Alpine slab unraveled by high-resolution P wave tomography, J. Geophys. Res., Solid Earth, 121, 8720–8737,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jb013310, 2016.
Download
The requested paper has a corresponding corrigendum published. Please read the corrigendum first before downloading the article.
- Article
(78322 KB) - Full-text XML
Short summary
New images from the multi-national AlpArray experiment illuminate the Alps from below. They indicate thick European mantle descending beneath the Alps and forming blobs that are mostly detached from the Alps above. In contrast, the Adriatic mantle in the Alps is much thinner. This difference helps explain the rugged mountains and the abundance of subducted and exhumed units at the core of the Alps. The blobs are stretched remnants of old ocean and its margins that reach down to at least 410 km.
New images from the multi-national AlpArray experiment illuminate the Alps from below. They...
