Articles | Volume 11, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-489-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-489-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Fluid-mediated, brittle–ductile deformation at seismogenic depth – Part 2: Stress history and fluid pressure variations in a shear zone in a nuclear waste repository (Olkiluoto Island, Finland)
Francesca Prando
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, PL48AA Plymouth, UK
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, PL48AA Plymouth, UK
The Njord Centre, Department of Geoscience, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1048 Blindern, Norway
Mark Anderson
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, PL48AA Plymouth, UK
Barbara Marchesini
Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Italy
Jussi Mattila
Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, Finland
currently at: Rock Mechanics Consulting Finland Oy (RMCF), Vantaa, Finland
Giulio Viola
Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Italy
Related authors
No articles found.
Alberto Ceccato, Giulia Tartaglia, Marco Antonellini, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 13, 1431–1453, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's surface is commonly characterized by the occurrence of fractures, which can be mapped, and their can be geometry quantified on digital representations of the surface at different scales of observation. Here we present a series of analytical and statistical tools, which can aid the quantification of fracture spatial distribution at different scales. In doing so, we can improve our understanding of how fracture geometry and geology affect fluid flow within the fractured Earth crust.
Giulio Viola, Giovanni Musumeci, Francesco Mazzarini, Lorenzo Tavazzani, Manuel Curzi, Espen Torgersen, Roelant van der Lelij, and Luca Aldega
Solid Earth, 13, 1327–1351, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A structural-geochronological approach helps to unravel the Zuccale Fault's architecture. By mapping its internal structure and dating some of its fault rocks, we constrained a deformation history lasting 20 Myr starting at ca. 22 Ma. Such long activity is recorded by now tightly juxtaposed brittle structural facies, i.e. different types of fault rocks. Our results also have implications on the regional evolution of the northern Apennines, of which the Zuccale Fault is an important structure.
Henning Lorenz, Jan-Erik Rosberg, Christopher Juhlin, Iwona Klonowska, Rodolphe Lescoutre, George Westmeijer, Bjarne S. G. Almqvist, Mark Anderson, Stefan Bertilsson, Mark Dopson, Jens Kallmeyer, Jochem Kück, Oliver Lehnert, Luca Menegon, Christophe Pascal, Simon Rejkjær, and Nick N. W. Roberts
Sci. Dril., 30, 43–57, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-30-43-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-30-43-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides project provides insights into the deep structure and bedrock of a ca. 400 Ma old major orogen to study deformation processes that are hidden at depth from direct access in modern mountain belts. This paper describes the successful operations at the second site. It provides an overview of the retrieved geological section that differs from the expected and summarises the scientific potential of the accomplished data sets and drill core.
Leonardo Del Sole, Marco Antonellini, Roger Soliva, Gregory Ballas, Fabrizio Balsamo, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 11, 2169–2195, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2169-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2169-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the impact of deformation bands on fluid flow and diagenesis in porous sandstones in two different case studies (northern Apennines, Italy; Provence, France) by combining a variety of multiscalar mapping techniques, detailed field and microstructural observations, and stable isotope analysis. We show that deformation bands buffer and compartmentalize fluid flow and foster and localize diagenesis, recorded by carbonate cement nodules spatially associated with the bands.
Roger Soliva, Frantz Maerten, Laurent Maerten, and Jussi Mattila
Solid Earth, 10, 1141–1154, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1141-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1141-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We propose innovative parametric modeling allowing for analysis of a very large number of fault-slip numerical simulations on 3-D discrete fault network. The approach allows for the first time producing failure envelopes of large rock volumes containing faults, using variations of geological conditions such as remote stresses, cohesion, friction, and fluid pressure. This tool helps to define the most conservative fault slip hazard case or to account for potential uncertainties in the input data.
Barbara Marchesini, Paolo Stefano Garofalo, Luca Menegon, Jussi Mattila, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 10, 809–838, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-809-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-809-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We documented the role of fluids in the initial embrittlement of the Svecofennian basement and subsequent strain localization and fault evolution at the brittle–ductile transition zone. We studied the fault rocks of a deeply exhumed fault system characterized by mixed brittle–ductile deformation. Results from fluid inclusions, mineral chemistry, and geothermometry of synkinematic minerals document the ingress of distinct fluid batches and fluid pressure oscillations.
Mirko Carlini, Giulio Viola, Jussi Mattila, and Luca Castellucci
Solid Earth, 10, 343–356, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-343-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-343-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Physical properties of layered sedimentary rocks affect nucleation and propagation of discontinuities therein. Fractures developing through sedimentary sequences characterized by the alternation of strong and weak layers are strongly deviated along their track at layers’ boundaries, and depending on the layer they cross-cut, they show very thick (strong layers) or very thin (weak layers) infills of precipitated minerals, potentially representing pathways for ore deposits and oil/water resources.
Alberto Ceccato, Luca Menegon, Giorgio Pennacchioni, and Luiz Fernando Grafulha Morales
Solid Earth, 9, 1399–1419, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1399-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1399-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Metamorphic fine-grained reaction products make continental crust rocks weaker. Microstructural processes related to the transformation of strong K-feldspar into weak aggregates of plagioclase and quartz during crustal deformation have been investigated through electron microscopy. Rheological calculations show that the occurrence of even small amounts of weak aggregates, whose deformation is mainly diffusion-assisted, would lead to a decrease in rock viscosity of several orders of magnitude.
James Gilgannon, Florian Fusseis, Luca Menegon, Klaus Regenauer-Lieb, and Jim Buckman
Solid Earth, 8, 1193–1209, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1193-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1193-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We examine rocks from the middle crust to explore how fluids circulate and influence a rock’s response to larger-scale tectonic movements. A model is developed in which fluids deep in the Earth migrate to clusters of pores generated during those movements. We document how distinct pores form in a specific order in association with local changes in how quartz deforms. The porosity evolves out of the deformation, changing the rate the rock moved under tectonic forces.
Giancarlo Molli, Luca Menegon, and Alessandro Malasoma
Solid Earth, 8, 767–788, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-767-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-767-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new case study on the role of brittle precursors in nucleating shear zone. Our studied sample shows a high-pressure, low-temperature (HP/LT) microscale ultramylonite developed by brittle precursors induced during deformation within a host HP/LT granitic mylonite. We infer that the studied structures may be considered as a small-scale example of fault structures related to stick-slip strain accommodation during subduction of continental crust.
Gustavo Viegas, Luca Menegon, and Carlos Archanjo
Solid Earth, 7, 375–396, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-375-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-375-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents microstructural and chemical data of mylonitic granitoids deformed at the brittle-ductile transition in the continental crust. Through a combination of microstructures, chemical analyses and modelling of the strength of constituent phases, we were able to show that strain localisation in shear zones may be triggered primarily by brittle failure, without the need for reaction-softening mechanisms promoted by metamorphic fluids.
H. J. Kjøll, G. Viola, L. Menegon, and B. E. Sørensen
Solid Earth, 6, 681–699, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-681-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-681-2015, 2015
Related subject area
Subject area: Tectonic plate interactions, magma genesis, and lithosphere deformation at all scales | Editorial team: Structural geology and tectonics, paleoseismology, rock physics, experimental deformation | Discipline: Structural geology
Time-dependent frictional properties of granular materials used in analogue modelling: implications for mimicking fault healing during reactivation and inversion
Large grain-size-dependent rheology contrasts of halite at low differential stress: evidence from microstructural study of naturally deformed gneissic Zechstein 2 rock salt (Kristallbrockensalz) from the northern Netherlands
Analogue modelling of the inversion of multiple extensional basins in foreland fold-and-thrust belts
A contribution to the quantification of crustal shortening and kinematics of deformation across the Western Andes ( ∼ 20–22° S)
Rift thermal inheritance in the SW Alps (France): insights from RSCM thermometry and 1D thermal numerical modelling
Role of inheritance during tectonic inversion of a rift system in a thick- to thin-skin transition: Analogue modelling and application to the Pyrenean – Biscay System
The Luangwa Rift Active Fault Database and fault reactivation along the southwestern branch of the East African Rift
Clustering has a meaning: optimization of angular similarity to detect 3D geometric anomalies in geological terrains
Shear zone evolution and the path of earthquake rupture
Mechanical compaction mechanisms in the input sediments of the Sumatra subduction complex – insights from microstructural analysis of cores from IODP Expedition 362
Detecting micro fractures: a comprehensive comparison of conventional and machine-learning-based segmentation methods
Multiscale lineament analysis and permeability heterogeneity of fractured crystalline basement blocks
Structural characterization and K–Ar illite dating of reactivated, complex and heterogeneous fault zones: lessons from the Zuccale Fault, Northern Apennines
How do differences in interpreting seismic images affect estimates of geological slip rates?
Progressive veining during peridotite carbonation: insights from listvenites in Hole BT1B, Samail ophiolite (Oman)
Tectonic evolution of the Indio Hills segment of the San Andreas fault in southern California, southwestern USA
Structural diagenesis in ultra-deep tight sandstones in the Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, China
Variscan structures and their control on latest to post-Variscan basin architecture: insights from the westernmost Bohemian Massif and southeastern Germany
Multi-disciplinary characterizations of the BedrettoLab – a new underground geoscience research facility
Biotite supports long-range diffusive transport in dissolution–precipitation creep in halite through small porosity fluctuations
De-risking the energy transition by quantifying the uncertainties in fault stability
Virtual field trip to the Esla Nappe (Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain): delivering traditional geological mapping skills remotely using real data
Marine forearc structure of eastern Java and its role in the 1994 Java tsunami earthquake
Roughness of fracture surfaces in numerical models and laboratory experiments
Impact of basement thrust faults on low-angle normal faults and rift basin evolution: a case study in the Enping sag, Pearl River Basin
Evidence for and significance of the Late Cretaceous Asteroussia event in the Gondwanan Ios basement terranes
Investigating spatial heterogeneity within fracture networks using hierarchical clustering and graph distance metrics
Dating folding beyond folding, from layer-parallel shortening to fold tightening, using mesostructures: lessons from the Apennines, Pyrenees, and Rocky Mountains
Deformation-enhanced diagenesis and bacterial proliferation in the Nankai accretionary prism
Rheological stratification in impure rock salt during long-term creep: morphology, microstructure, and numerical models of multilayer folds in the Ocnele Mari salt mine, Romania
Geodynamic and seismotectonic model of a long-lived transverse structure: The Schio-Vicenza Fault System (NE Italy)
Neogene kinematics of the Giudicarie Belt and eastern Southern Alpine orogenic front (northern Italy)
Fault interpretation uncertainties using seismic data, and the effects on fault seal analysis: a case study from the Horda Platform, with implications for CO2 storage
Reply to Norini and Groppelli's comment on “Estimating the depth and evolution of intrusions at resurgent calderas: Los Humeros (Mexico)” by Urbani et al. (2020)
Emplacement of “exotic” Zechstein slivers along the inverted Sontra Graben (northern Hessen, Germany): clues from balanced cross sections and geometrical forward modeling
Kinematics of subduction in the Ibero-Armorican arc constrained by 3D microstructural analysis of garnet and pseudomorphed lawsonite porphyroblasts from Île de Groix (Variscan belt)
Frictional properties and microstructural evolution of dry and wet calcite–dolomite gouges
Experimental evidence that viscous shear zones generate periodic pore sheets
Influence of inherited structural domains and their particular strain distributions on the Roer Valley graben evolution from inversion to extension
The Piuquencillo fault system: a long-lived, Andean-transverse fault system and its relationship with magmatic and hydrothermal activity
Extensional reactivation of the Penninic frontal thrust 3 Myr ago as evidenced by U–Pb dating on calcite in fault zone cataclasite
Distribution, microphysical properties, and tectonic controls of deformation bands in the Miocene subduction wedge (Whakataki Formation) of the Hikurangi subduction zone
Analysis of deformation bands associated with the Trachyte Mesa intrusion, Henry Mountains, Utah: implications for reservoir connectivity and fluid flow around sill intrusions
Characterization of discontinuities in potential reservoir rocks for geothermal applications in the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan area (Germany)
On a new robust workflow for the statistical and spatial analysis of fracture data collected with scanlines (or the importance of stationarity)
Micro- and nano-porosity of the active Alpine Fault zone, New Zealand
Unraveling the origins and P-T-t evolution of the allochthonous Sobrado unit (Órdenes Complex, NW Spain) using combined U–Pb titanite, monazite and zircon geochronology and rare-earth element (REE) geochemistry
Fracture attribute scaling and connectivity in the Devonian Orcadian Basin with implications for geologically equivalent sub-surface fractured reservoirs
Structural control on fluid flow and shallow diagenesis: insights from calcite cementation along deformation bands in porous sandstones
The growth of faults and fracture networks in a mechanically evolving, mechanically stratified rock mass: a case study from Spireslack Surface Coal Mine, Scotland
Michael Rudolf, Matthias Rosenau, and Onno Oncken
Solid Earth, 14, 311–331, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Analogue models of tectonic processes rely on the reproduction of their geometry, kinematics and dynamics. An important property is fault behaviour, which is linked to the frictional characteristics of the fault gouge. This is represented by granular materials, such as quartz sand. In our study we investigate the time-dependent frictional properties of various analogue materials and highlight their impact on the suitability of these materials for analogue models focusing on fault reactivation.
Jessica Barabasch, Joyce Schmatz, Jop Klaver, Alexander Schwedt, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 14, 271–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed Zechstein salt with microscopes and observed specific microstructures that indicate much faster deformation in rock salt with fine halite grains when compared to salt with larger grains. This is important because people build large cavities in the subsurface salt for energy storage or want to deposit radioactive waste inside it. When engineers and scientists use grain-size data and equations that include this mechanism, it will help to make better predictions in geological models.
Nicolás Molnar and Susanne Buiter
Solid Earth, 14, 213–235, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Progression of orogenic wedges over pre-existing extensional structures is common in nature, but deciphering the spatio-temporal evolution of deformation from the geological record remains challenging. Our laboratory experiments provide insights on how horizontal stresses are transferred across a heterogeneous crust, constrain which pre-shortening conditions can either favour or hinder the reactivatation of extensional structures, and explain what implications they have on critical taper theory.
Tania Habel, Martine Simoes, Robin Lacassin, Daniel Carrizo, and German Aguilar
Solid Earth, 14, 17–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-17-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-17-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Central Andes are one of the most emblematic reliefs on Earth, but their western flank remains understudied. Here we explore two rare key sites in the hostile conditions of the Atacama desert to build cross-sections, quantify crustal shortening, and discuss the timing of this deformation at ∼20–22°S. We propose that the structures of the Western Andes accommodated significant crustal shortening here, but only during the earliest stages of mountain building.
Naïm Célini, Frédéric Mouthereau, Abdeltif Lahfid, Claude Gout, and Jean-Paul Callot
Solid Earth, 14, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the peak temperature of sedimentary rocks of the SW Alps (France), using Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material. This method provides an estimate of the peak temperature achieved by organic-rich rocks. To determine the timing and the tectonic context of the origin of these temperatures we use 1D thermal modelling. We find that the high temperatures up to 300 °C were achieved during precollisional extensional events, not during tectonic burial in the Western Alps.
Jordi Miró, Oriol Ferrer, Josep Anton Muñoz, and Gianreto Manastchal
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1175, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1175, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using the Asturian – Basque-Cantabrian System and analogue (sandbox) models, this work focuses on the linkage between basement-controlled and salt-decoupled domains, and how deformation is accommodated in between both during extension and subsequent inversion. Analogue models show significant structural variability in the transitional domain, with oblique structures that can be strongly modified by syn-contractional sedimentation. Experimental results are consistent with the case study.
Luke N. J. Wedmore, Tess Turner, Juliet Biggs, Jack N. Williams, Henry M. Sichingabula, Christine Kabumbu, and Kawawa Banda
Solid Earth, 13, 1731–1753, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mapping and compiling the attributes of faults capable of hosting earthquakes are important for the next generation of seismic hazard assessment. We document 18 active faults in the Luangwa Rift, Zambia, in an active fault database. These faults are between 9 and 207 km long offset Quaternary sediments, have scarps up to ~30 m high, and are capable of hosting earthquakes from Mw 5.8 to 8.1. We associate the Molaza Fault with surface ruptures from two unattributed M 6+ 20th century earthquakes.
Michał P. Michalak, Lesław Teper, Florian Wellmann, Jerzy Żaba, Krzysztof Gaidzik, Marcin Kostur, Yuriy P. Maystrenko, and Paulina Leonowicz
Solid Earth, 13, 1697–1720, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1697-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1697-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
When characterizing geological/geophysical surfaces, various geometric attributes are calculated, such as dip angle (1D) or dip direction (2D). However, the boundaries between specific values may be subjective and without optimization significance, resulting from using default color palletes. This study proposes minimizing cosine distance among within-cluster observations to detect 3D anomalies. Our results suggest that the method holds promise for identification of megacylinders or megacones.
Erik M. Young, Christie D. Rowe, and James D. Kirkpatrick
Solid Earth, 13, 1607–1629, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1607-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1607-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Studying how earthquakes spread deep within the faults they originate from is crucial to improving our understanding of the earthquake process. We mapped preserved ancient earthquake surfaces that are now exposed in South Africa and studied their relationship with the shape and type of rocks surrounding them. We determined that these surfaces are not random and are instead associated with specific kinds of rocks and that their shape is linked to the evolution of the faults in which they occur.
Sivaji Lahiri, Kitty L. Milliken, Peter Vrolijk, Guillaume Desbois, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 13, 1513–1539, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1513-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1513-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the mechanism of mechanical compaction is important. Previous studies on mechanical compaction were mostly done by performing experiments. Studies on natural rocks are rare due to compositional heterogeneity of the sedimentary succession with depth. Due to remarkable similarity in composition and grain size, the Sumatra subduction complex provides a unique opportunity to study the micromechanism of mechanical compaction on natural samples.
Dongwon Lee, Nikolaos Karadimitriou, Matthias Ruf, and Holger Steeb
Solid Earth, 13, 1475–1494, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1475-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1475-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research article focuses on filtering and segmentation methods employed in high-resolution µXRCT studies for crystalline rocks, bearing fractures, or fracture networks, of very small aperture. Specifically, we focus on the identification of artificially induced (via quenching) fractures in Carrara marble samples. Results from the same dataset from all five different methods adopted were produced and compared with each other in terms of their output quality and time efficiency.
Alberto Ceccato, Giulia Tartaglia, Marco Antonellini, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 13, 1431–1453, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's surface is commonly characterized by the occurrence of fractures, which can be mapped, and their can be geometry quantified on digital representations of the surface at different scales of observation. Here we present a series of analytical and statistical tools, which can aid the quantification of fracture spatial distribution at different scales. In doing so, we can improve our understanding of how fracture geometry and geology affect fluid flow within the fractured Earth crust.
Giulio Viola, Giovanni Musumeci, Francesco Mazzarini, Lorenzo Tavazzani, Manuel Curzi, Espen Torgersen, Roelant van der Lelij, and Luca Aldega
Solid Earth, 13, 1327–1351, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A structural-geochronological approach helps to unravel the Zuccale Fault's architecture. By mapping its internal structure and dating some of its fault rocks, we constrained a deformation history lasting 20 Myr starting at ca. 22 Ma. Such long activity is recorded by now tightly juxtaposed brittle structural facies, i.e. different types of fault rocks. Our results also have implications on the regional evolution of the northern Apennines, of which the Zuccale Fault is an important structure.
Wan-Lin Hu
Solid Earth, 13, 1281–1290, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1281-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1281-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Having a seismic image is generally expected to enable us to better determine fault geometry and thus estimate geological slip rates accurately. However, the process of interpreting seismic images may introduce unintended uncertainties, which have not yet been widely discussed. Here, a case of a shear fault-bend fold in the frontal Himalaya is used to demonstrate how differences in interpretations can affect the following estimates of slip rates and dependent conclusions.
Manuel D. Menzel, Janos L. Urai, Estibalitz Ukar, Thierry Decrausaz, and Marguerite Godard
Solid Earth, 13, 1191–1218, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1191-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1191-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mantle rocks can bind large quantities of carbon by reaction with CO2, but this capacity requires fluid pathways not to be clogged by carbonate. We studied mantle rocks from Oman to understand the mechanisms allowing their transformation into carbonate and quartz. Using advanced imaging techniques, we show that abundant veins were essential fluid pathways driving the reaction. Our results show that tectonic stress was important for fracture opening and a key ingredient for carbon fixation.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl, Steffen G. Bergh, and Arthur G. Sylvester
Solid Earth, 13, 1169–1190, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The San Andreas fault is a major active fault associated with ongoing earthquake sequences in southern California. The present study investigates the development of the Indio Hills area in the Coachella Valley along the main San Andreas fault and the Indio Hills fault. The Indio Hills area is located near an area with high ongoing earthquake activity (Brawley seismic zone), and, therefore, its recent tectonic evolution has implications for earthquake prediction.
Jin Lai, Dong Li, Yong Ai, Hongkun Liu, Deyang Cai, Kangjun Chen, Yuqiang Xie, and Guiwen Wang
Solid Earth, 13, 975–1002, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-975-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-975-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
(1) Structural diagenesis analysis is performed on the ultra-deep tight sandstone. (2) Fracture and intergranular pores are related to the low in situ stress magnitudes. (3) Dissolution is associated with the presence of fracture.
Hamed Fazlikhani, Wolfgang Bauer, and Harald Stollhofen
Solid Earth, 13, 393–416, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Interpretation of newly acquired FRANKEN 2D seismic survey data in southeeastern Germany shows that upper Paleozoic low-grade metasedimentary rocks and possible nappe units are transported by Variscan shear zones to ca. 65 km west of the Franconian Fault System (FFS). We show that the locations of post-Variscan upper Carboniferous–Permian normal faults and associated graben and half-graben basins are controlled by the geometry of underlying Variscan shear zones.
Xiaodong Ma, Marian Hertrich, Florian Amann, Kai Bröker, Nima Gholizadeh Doonechaly, Valentin Gischig, Rebecca Hochreutener, Philipp Kästli, Hannes Krietsch, Michèle Marti, Barbara Nägeli, Morteza Nejati, Anne Obermann, Katrin Plenkers, Antonio P. Rinaldi, Alexis Shakas, Linus Villiger, Quinn Wenning, Alba Zappone, Falko Bethmann, Raymi Castilla, Francisco Seberto, Peter Meier, Thomas Driesner, Simon Loew, Hansruedi Maurer, Martin O. Saar, Stefan Wiemer, and Domenico Giardini
Solid Earth, 13, 301–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Questions on issues such as anthropogenic earthquakes and deep geothermal energy developments require a better understanding of the fractured rock. Experiments conducted at reduced scales but with higher-resolution observations can shed some light. To this end, the BedrettoLab was recently established in an existing tunnel in Ticino, Switzerland, with preliminary efforts to characterize realistic rock mass behavior at the hectometer scale.
Berit Schwichtenberg, Florian Fusseis, Ian B. Butler, and Edward Andò
Solid Earth, 13, 41–64, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-41-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-41-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Hydraulic rock properties such as porosity and permeability are relevant factors that have an impact on groundwater resources, geological repositories and fossil fuel reservoirs. We investigate the influence of chemical compaction upon the porosity evolution in salt–biotite mixtures and related transport length scales by conducting laboratory experiments in combination with 4-D analysis. Our observations invite a renewed discussion of the effect of sheet silicates on chemical compaction.
David Healy and Stephen Paul Hicks
Solid Earth, 13, 15–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-15-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-15-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The energy transition requires operations in faulted rocks. To manage the technical challenges and public concern over possible induced earthquakes, we need to quantify the risks. We calculate the probability of fault slip based on uncertain inputs, stresses, fluid pressures, and the mechanical properties of rocks in fault zones. Our examples highlight the specific gaps in our knowledge. Citizen science projects could produce useful data and include the public in the discussions about hazards.
Manuel I. de Paz-Álvarez, Thomas G. Blenkinsop, David M. Buchs, George E. Gibbons, and Lesley Cherns
Solid Earth, 13, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a virtual geological mapping course implemented in response to travelling and social restrictions derived from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The course was designed to replicate a physical mapping exercise as closely as possible with the aid of real field data and photographs collected by the authors during previous years in the Cantabrian Zone (NW Spain). The course is delivered through Google Earth via a KMZ file with outcrop descriptions and links to GitHub-hosted photographs.
Yueyang Xia, Jacob Geersen, Dirk Klaeschen, Bo Ma, Dietrich Lange, Michael Riedel, Michael Schnabel, and Heidrun Kopp
Solid Earth, 12, 2467–2477, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2467-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2467-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The 2 June 1994 Java tsunami earthquake ruptured in a seismically quiet subduction zone and generated a larger-than-expected tsunami. Here, we re-process a seismic line across the rupture area. We show that a subducting seamount is located up-dip of the mainshock in a region that did not rupture during the earthquake. Seamount subduction modulates the topography of the marine forearc and acts as a seismic barrier in the 1994 earthquake rupture.
Steffen Abe and Hagen Deckert
Solid Earth, 12, 2407–2424, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2407-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2407-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use numerical simulations and laboratory experiments on rock samples to investigate how stress conditions influence the geometry and roughness of fracture surfaces. The roughness of the surfaces was analyzed in terms of absolute roughness and scaling properties. The results show that the surfaces are self-affine but with different scaling properties between the numerical models and the real rock samples. Results suggest that stress conditions have little influence on the surface roughness.
Chao Deng, Rixiang Zhu, Jianhui Han, Yu Shu, Yuxiang Wu, Kefeng Hou, and Wei Long
Solid Earth, 12, 2327–2350, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2327-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2327-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses seismic reflection data to interpret the geometric relationship and evolution of intra-basement and rift-related structures in the Enping sag in the northern South China Sea. Our observations suggest the primary control of pre-existing thrust faults is the formation of low-angle normal faults, with possible help from low-friction materials, and the significant role of pre-existing basement thrust faults in fault geometry, paleotopography, and syn-rift stratigraphy of rift basins.
Sonia Yeung, Marnie Forster, Emmanuel Skourtsos, and Gordon Lister
Solid Earth, 12, 2255–2275, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2255-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2255-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We do not know when the ancient Tethys Ocean lithosphere began to founder, but one clue can be found in subduction accreted tectonic slices, including Gondwanan basement terranes on the island of Ios, Cyclades, Greece. We propose a 250–300 km southwards jump of the subduction megathrust with a period of flat-slab subduction followed by slab break-off. The initiation and its subsequent rollback of a new subduction zone would explain the onset of Oligo–Miocene extension and accompanying magmatism.
Rahul Prabhakaran, Giovanni Bertotti, Janos Urai, and David Smeulders
Solid Earth, 12, 2159–2209, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2159-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2159-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Rock fractures are organized as networks with spatially varying arrangements. Due to networks' influence on bulk rock behaviour, it is important to quantify network spatial variation. We utilize an approach where fracture networks are treated as spatial graphs. By combining graph similarity measures with clustering techniques, spatial clusters within large-scale fracture networks are identified and organized hierarchically. The method is validated on a dataset with nearly 300 000 fractures.
Olivier Lacombe, Nicolas E. Beaudoin, Guilhem Hoareau, Aurélie Labeur, Christophe Pecheyran, and Jean-Paul Callot
Solid Earth, 12, 2145–2157, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2145-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2145-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper aims to illustrate how the timing and duration of contractional deformation associated with folding in orogenic forelands can be constrained by the dating of brittle mesostructures observed in folded strata. The study combines new and already published absolute ages of fractures to provide, for the first time, an educated discussion about the factors controlling the duration of the sequence of deformation encompassing layer-parallel shortening, fold growth, and late fold tightening.
Vincent Famin, Hugues Raimbourg, Muriel Andreani, and Anne-Marie Boullier
Solid Earth, 12, 2067–2085, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sediments accumulated in accretionary prisms are deformed by the compression imposed by plate subduction. Here we show that deformation of the sediments transforms some minerals in them. We suggest that these mineral transformations are due to the proliferation of microorganisms boosted by deformation. Deformation-enhanced microbial proliferation may change our view of sedimentary and tectonic processes in subduction zones.
Marta Adamuszek, Dan M. Tămaş, Jessica Barabasch, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 12, 2041–2065, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2041-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2041-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse folded multilayer sequences in the Ocnele Mari salt mine (Romania) to gain insight into the long-term rheological behaviour of rock salt. Our results indicate the large role of even a small number of impurities in the rock salt for its effective mechanical behaviour. We demonstrate how the development of folds that occur at various scales can be used to constrain the viscosity ratio in the deformed multilayer sequence.
Dario Zampieri, Paola Vannoli, and Pierfrancesco Burrato
Solid Earth, 12, 1967–1986, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1967-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1967-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The long-lived Schio-Vicenza Fault System is a major shear zone cross-cutting the foreland and the thrust belt of the eastern southern Alps. We review 150 years of scientific works and explain its activity and kinematics, characterized by sinistral and dextral transcurrent motion along its southern and northern sections, respectively, by a geodynamic model that has the Adria indenter as the main actor and coherently reconciles the available geological and geophysical evidence collected so far.
Vincent F. Verwater, Eline Le Breton, Mark R. Handy, Vincenzo Picotti, Azam Jozi Najafabadi, and Christian Haberland
Solid Earth, 12, 1309–1334, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Balancing along geological cross sections reveals that the Giudicarie Belt comprises two kinematic domains. The SW domain accommodated at least ~ 18 km Late Oligocene to Early Miocene shortening. Since the Middle Miocene, the SW domain experienced at least ~ 12–22 km shortening, whereas the NE domain underwent at least ~ 25–35 km. Together, these domains contributed to ~ 40–47 km of sinistral offset of the Periadriatic Fault along the Northern Giudicarie Fault since the Late Oligocene.
Emma A. H. Michie, Mark J. Mulrooney, and Alvar Braathen
Solid Earth, 12, 1259–1286, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1259-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1259-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Generating an accurate model of the subsurface is crucial when assessing a site for CO2 storage, particularly for a fault-bound storage site that may act as a seal or could reactivate upon CO2 injection. However, we have shown how picking strategy, i.e. line spacing, chosen to create the model significantly influences any subsequent fault analyses but is surprisingly rarely discussed. This analysis has been performed on the Vette Fault bounding the Smeaheia potential CO2 storage site.
Stefano Urbani, Guido Giordano, Federico Lucci, Federico Rossetti, and Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez
Solid Earth, 12, 1111–1124, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1111-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1111-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Structural studies in active calderas have a key role in the exploration of geothermal systems. We reply in detail to the points raised by the comment of Norini and Groppelli (2020), strengthening the relevance of our structural fieldwork for geothermal exploration and exploitation in active caldera geothermal systems including the Los Humeros caldera.
Jakob Bolz and Jonas Kley
Solid Earth, 12, 1005–1024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1005-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1005-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To assess the role smaller graben structures near the southern edge of the Central European Basin System play in the basin’s overall deformational history, we take advantage of a feature found on some of these structures, where slivers from older rock units appear along the graben's main fault, surrounded on both sides by younger strata. The implications for the geometry of the fault provide a substantially improved estimate for the magnitude of normal and thrust motion along the fault system.
Domingo G. A. M. Aerden, Alejandro Ruiz-Fuentes, Mohammad Sayab, and Aidan Forde
Solid Earth, 12, 971–992, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-971-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-971-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the geometry of foliations and microfolds preserved within metamorphic garnet crystals using X-ray tomography. The studied rocks are blueschists from Ile de Groix formed during Late Devonian subduction of Gondwana under Armorica. Several sets of differently oriented microfabrics were found recording variations in the direction of subduction. Comparison with similar data for Iberia supports that Iberia rotated only 10–20° during the Cretaceous opening of the North Atlantic.
Matteo Demurtas, Steven A.F. Smith, Elena Spagnuolo, and Giulio Di Toro
Solid Earth, 12, 595–612, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-595-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-595-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We performed shear experiments on calcite–dolomite gouge mixtures to better understand the behaviour of carbonates during sub-seismic to seismic deformation in the shallow crust. The development of a foliation in the gouge was only restricted to coseismic sliding, whereas fluidisation occurred over a wide range of slip velocities (sub-seismic to coseismic) in the presence of water. These observations will contribute to a better interpretation of the rock record.
James Gilgannon, Marius Waldvogel, Thomas Poulet, Florian Fusseis, Alfons Berger, Auke Barnhoorn, and Marco Herwegh
Solid Earth, 12, 405–420, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-405-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-405-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using experiments that simulate deep tectonic interfaces, known as viscous shear zones, we found that these zones spontaneously develop periodic sheets of small pores. The presence of porous layers in deep rocks undergoing tectonic deformation is significant because it requires a change to the current model of how the Earth deforms. Emergent porous layers in viscous rocks will focus mineralising fluids and could lead to the seismic failure of rocks that are never supposed to have this occur.
Jef Deckers, Bernd Rombaut, Koen Van Noten, and Kris Vanneste
Solid Earth, 12, 345–361, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-345-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-345-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows the presence of two structural domains in the western border fault system of the Roer Valley graben. These domains, dominated by NW–SE-striking faults, displayed distinctly different strain distributions during both Late Cretaceous compression and Cenozoic extension. The southern domain is characterized by narrow, localized faulting, while the northern domain is characterized by wide, distributed faulting. The non-colinear WNW–ESE Grote Brogel fault links both domains.
José Piquer, Orlando Rivera, Gonzalo Yáñez, and Nicolás Oyarzún
Solid Earth, 12, 253–273, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-253-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-253-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A proper recognition of deep, long-lived fault systems is very important for society. They can produce potentially dangerous earthquakes. They can also act as pathways for magmas and hydrothermal fluids, leading to the formation of volcanoes, geothermal systems and mineral deposits. However, the manifestations of these very old faults in the present-day surface can be very subtle. Here, we present a detailed, multi-disciplinary study of a fault system of this type in the Andes of central Chile.
Antonin Bilau, Yann Rolland, Stéphane Schwartz, Nicolas Godeau, Abel Guihou, Pierre Deschamps, Benjamin Brigaud, Aurélie Noret, Thierry Dumont, and Cécile Gautheron
Solid Earth, 12, 237–251, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-237-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-237-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
As a result of the collision between the European and Apulian plates, the Alps have experienced several evolutionary stages. The Penninic frontal thrust (PFT) (major thrust) was associated with compression, and now seismic studies show ongoing extensional activity. Calcite mineralization associated with shortening and extensional structures was sampled. The last deformation stages are dated by U–Pb on calcite at ~ 3.5 and ~ 2.5 Ma. Isotope analysis evidences deep crustal fluid mobilization.
Kathryn E. Elphick, Craig R. Sloss, Klaus Regenauer-Lieb, and Christoph E. Schrank
Solid Earth, 12, 141–170, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-141-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-141-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed a sedimentary rock package located in Castlepoint, New Zealand, to test the control of the tectonic setting on the observed deformation structures. In extension and contraction, we observed faults and small fault-like structures characterised by complex spatial patterns and a reduction in porosity and grain size compared with the host rock. With these properties, the structures are likely to act as barriers to fluid flow and cause compartmentalisation of the sedimentary sequence.
Penelope I. R. Wilson, Robert W. Wilson, David J. Sanderson, Ian Jarvis, and Kenneth J. W. McCaffrey
Solid Earth, 12, 95–117, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-95-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-95-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Magma accommodation in the shallow crust leads to deformation of the surrounding host rock through the creation of faults, fractures and folds. This deformation will impact fluid flow around intrusive magma bodies (including sills and laccoliths) by changing the porosity and permeability network of the host rock. The results may have important implications for industries where fluid flow within the subsurface adds value (e.g. oil and gas, hydrology, geothermal and carbon sequestration).
Martin Balcewicz, Benedikt Ahrens, Kevin Lippert, and Erik H. Saenger
Solid Earth, 12, 35–58, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-35-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-35-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The geothermal potential of a carbonate reservoir in the Rhine-Ruhr area, Germany, was investigated by field and laboratory investigations. The carbonate layer of interest is approx. 150 m thick; located at 4 to 6 km depth; and might extend below Essen, Bochum, and Dortmund. We proposed focusing on discontinuities striking NNW–SSE for geothermal applications, as these are the most common, strike in the direction of the main horizontal stress, and dominate reservoir fluid flow.
Andrea Bistacchi, Silvia Mittempergher, Mattia Martinelli, and Fabrizio Storti
Solid Earth, 11, 2535–2547, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2535-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2535-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present an innovative workflow for the statistical analysis of fracture data collected along scanlines. Our methodology is based on performing non-parametric statistical tests, which allow detection of important features of the spatial distribution of fractures, and on the analysis of the cumulative spacing function (CSF) and cumulative spacing derivative (CSD), which allows the boundaries of stationary domains to be defined in an objective way.
Martina Kirilova, Virginia Toy, Katrina Sauer, François Renard, Klaus Gessner, Richard Wirth, Xianghui Xiao, and Risa Matsumura
Solid Earth, 11, 2425–2438, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2425-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2425-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Processes associated with open pores can change the physical properties of rocks and cause earthquakes. In borehole samples from the Alpine Fault zone, we show that many pores in these rocks were filled by weak materials that can slide easily. The amount of open spaces was thus reduced, and fluids circulating within them built up high pressures. Both weak materials and high pressures within pores reduce the rock strength; thus the state of pores here can trigger the next Alpine Fault earthquake.
José Manuel Benítez-Pérez, Pedro Castiñeiras, Juan Gómez-Barreiro, José R. Martínez Catalán, Andrew Kylander-Clark, and Robert Holdsworth
Solid Earth, 11, 2303–2325, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2303-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2303-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Sobrado unit represents an allochthonous tectonic slice of exhumed high-grade metamorphic rocks formed during a complex sequence of orogenic processes in the middle to lower crust. We have combined U–Pb geochronology and REE analyses (LASS-ICP-MS) of accessory minerals in migmatitic paragneiss (monazite, zircon) and mylonitic amphibolites (titanite) to constrain the evolution. A Middle Devonian minimum age for HP metamorphism has been obtained.
Anna M. Dichiarante, Ken J. W. McCaffrey, Robert E. Holdsworth, Tore I. Bjørnarå, and Edward D. Dempsey
Solid Earth, 11, 2221–2244, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2221-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2221-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the characteristics of fracture systems in the Devonian rocks of the Orcadian Basin in Caithness. These mineral-filled fractures have properties that may be used to predict the size and spatial arrangement of similar structures in offshore basins. This includes the Clair field in the Faroe–Shetland Basin.
Leonardo Del Sole, Marco Antonellini, Roger Soliva, Gregory Ballas, Fabrizio Balsamo, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 11, 2169–2195, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2169-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2169-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the impact of deformation bands on fluid flow and diagenesis in porous sandstones in two different case studies (northern Apennines, Italy; Provence, France) by combining a variety of multiscalar mapping techniques, detailed field and microstructural observations, and stable isotope analysis. We show that deformation bands buffer and compartmentalize fluid flow and foster and localize diagenesis, recorded by carbonate cement nodules spatially associated with the bands.
Billy James Andrews, Zoe Kai Shipton, Richard Lord, and Lucy McKay
Solid Earth, 11, 2119–2140, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2119-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2119-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Through geological mapping we find that fault zone internal structure depends on whether or not the fault cuts multiple lithologies, the presence of shale layers, and the orientation of joints and coal cleats at the time of faulting. During faulting, cementation of fractures (i.e. vein formation) is highest where the fractures are most connected. This leads to the counter-intuitive result that the highest-fracture-density part of the network often has the lowest open-fracture connectivity.
Cited articles
Aoya, M., Kouketsu, Y., Endo, S., Shimizu, H., Mizukami, T., Nakamura, D., and
Wallis, S.: Extending the applicability of the Raman carbonaceous-material
geothermometer using data from contact metamorphic rocks, J.
Metamorph. Geol., 28, 895–914, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2010.00896.x,
2010. a
Behr, W. M. and Platt, J. P.: A naturally constrained stress profile through
the middle crust in an extensional terrane, Earth Planet. Sc.
Lett., 303, 181–192, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.11.044, 2011. a, b, c
Bestmann, M. and Prior, D. J.: Intragranular dynamic recrystallization in
naturally deformed calcite marble: diffusion accommodated grain boundary
sliding as a result of subgrain rotation recrystallization, J.
Struct. Geol., 25, 1597–1613, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(03)00006-3,
2003. a
Beyssac, O., Goffé, B., Chopin, C., and Rouzaud, J. N.: Raman spectra of
carbonaceous material in metasediments: a new geothermometer, J.
Metamorph. Geol., 20, 859–871, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1314.2002.00408.x,
2002. a
Ceccato, A., Menegon, L., Pennacchioni, G., and Morales, L. F. G.: Myrmekite
and strain weakening in granitoid mylonites, Solid Earth, 9, 1399–1419,
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1399-2018, 2018. a
Cox, S. F.: Faulting processes at high fluid pressures: An example of fault
valve behavior from the Wattle Gully Fault, Victoria, Australia,
J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 100, 12841–12859,
https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB00915, 1995. a, b
Cox, S. F.: The application of failure mode diagrams for exploring the roles of
fluid pressure and stress states in controlling styles of fracture-controlled
permeability enhancement in faults and shear zones, Geofluids, 10, 217–233,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2010.00281.x, 2010. a, b
Cross, A. J., Prior, D. J., Stipp, M., and Kidder, S.: The recrystallized grain
size piezometer for quartz: An EBSD-based calibration: EBSD-Based
Quartz Grain Size Piezometer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44,
6667–6674, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073836, 2017. a, b, c, d
Derez, T., Pennock, G., Drury, M., and Sintubin, M.: Low-temperature
intracrystalline deformation microstructures in quartz, J. Struct.l
Geol., 71, 3–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2014.07.015, 2015. a
Eberlei, T., Habler, G., Grasemann, B., and Abart, R.: Upper-greenschist
facies intragrain deformation of albite in mylonitic meta-pegmatite and the
influence of crystallographic anisotropy on microstructure formation, J. Struct. Geol., 69, 47–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2014.10.001, 2014. a
Fossen, H. and Cavalcante, G. C. G.: Shear zones – A review, Earth-Sci.
Rev., 171, 434–455, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.05.002,
2017. a
Freeman, J. J., Wang, A., Kuebler, K. E., Jolliff, B. L., and Haskin, L. A.:
Characterization of natural feldspars by Raman spectroscopy for future
planetary exploration, Can. Mineral., 46, 1477–1500, 2008. a
Fusseis, F. and Handy, M. R.: Micromechanisms of shear zone propagation at the
brittle-viscous transition, J. Struct. Geol., 30, 1242–1253,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2008.06.005, 2008. a
Giuntoli, F., Menegon, L., and Warren, C. J.: Replacement reactions and
deformation by dissolution and precipitation processes in amphibolites,
J. Metamorph. Geol., 36, 1263–1286, https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12445,
2018. a
Hentschel, F., Trepmann, C. A., and Janots, E.: Deformation of feldspar at
greenschist facies conditions – the record of mylonitic pegmatites from the
Pfunderer Mountains, Eastern Alps, Solid Earth, 10, 95–116,
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-95-2019, 2019. a
Hirth, G. and Beeler, N.: The role of fluid pressure on frictional behavior at
the base of the seismogenic zone, Geology, 43, 223–226,
https://doi.org/10.1130/G36361.1, 2015. a
Hirth, G. and Tullis, J.: Dislocation creep regimes in quartz aggregates,
J. Struct. Geol., 14, 145–159,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(92)90053-Y, 1992. a
Hirth, G. and Tullis, J.: The brittle-plastic transition in experimentally
deformed quartz aggregates, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 99,
11731–11747, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB02873,
1994. a
Hirth, G., Teyssier, C., and Dunlap, J. W.: An evaluation of quartzite flow
laws based on comparisons between experimentally and naturally deformed
rocks, Int. J. Earth Sci., 90, 77–87,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310000152, 2001. a
Kidder, S., Hirth, G., Avouac, J.-P., and Behr, W.: The influence of stress
history on the grain size and microstructure of experimentally deformed
quartzite, J. Struct. Geol., 83, 194–206,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2015.12.004,
2016. a, b
Kirilova, M., Toy, V., Rooney, J. S., Giorgetti, C., Gordon, K. C., Collettini, C., and Takeshita, T.: Structural disorder of graphite and implications for graphite thermometry, Solid Earth, 9, 223–231, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-223-2018, 2018. a
Kjøll, H. J., Viola, G., Menegon, L., and Sørensen, B. E.: Brittle-viscous
deformation of vein quartz under fluid-rich lower greenschist facies
conditions, Solid Earth, 6, 681–699,
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-681-2015, 2015. a, b
Kohlstedt, D. L., Evans, B., and Mackwell, S. J.: Strength of the lithosphere:
Constraints imposed by laboratory experiments, J. Geophys.
Res.-Sol. Ea., 100, 17587–17602, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB01460, 1995. a, b
Kouketsu, Y., Mizukami, T., Mori, H., Endo, S., Aoya, M., Hara, H., Nakamura,
D., and Wallis, S.: A new approach to develop the Raman carbonaceous
material geothermometer for low-grade metamorphism using peak width, Island
Arc, 23, 33–50, https://doi.org/10.1111/iar.12057, 2014. a
Küster, M. and Stöckhert, B.: High differential stress and
sublithostatic pore fluid pressure in the ductile regime-microstructural
evidence for short-term post-seismic creep in the Sesia Zone, Western Alps,
Tectonophysics, 303, 263–277, 1999. a
Lafuente, B., Downs, R. T., Yang, H., and Stone, N.: The power of databases:
the RRUFF project, in: Highlights in mineralogical crystallography,
Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 1–29, 2016. a
Lahtinen, R.: Crustal evolution of the Svecofennian and Karelian domains
during 2.1–1.79 Ga: with special emphasis on the geochemistry and origin
of 1.93–1.91 Ga gneissic tonalites and associated supracrustal rocks in
the Rautalampi area, central Finland; with 7 tables, no. 378 in Bulletin/Geological Survey of Finland, Geologian Tutkimuskeskus, Espoo, oCLC:
246657564, 1994. a
Lahtinen, R., Korja, A., and Nironen, M.: Chapter 11 Paleoproterozoic
tectonic evolution, in: Developments in Precambrian Geology, edited by:
Lehtinen, M., Nurmi, P. A., and Rämö O. T., vol. 14 of Precambrian
Geology of Finland Key to the Evolution of the Fennoscandian
Shield, Elsevier, 481–531, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2635(05)80012-X,
2005. a, b, c
Lanari, P., Wagner, T., and Vidal, O.: A thermodynamic model for
di-trioctahedral chlorite from experimental and natural data in the system
MgO-FeO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O: applications to P–T
sections and geothermometry, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 167,
1–19, 2014. a
Marchesini, B., Garofalo, P. S., Menegon, L., Mattila, J., and Viola, G.:
Fluid-mediated, brittle-ductile deformation at seismogenic depth – Part
1: Fluid record and deformation history of fault veins in a nuclear waste
repository (Olkiluoto Island, Finland), Solid Earth, 10, 809–838,
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-809-2019,
2019. a, b, c, d, e
Massonne, H.-J. and Schreyer, W.: Phengite geobarometry based on the limiting
assemblage with K-feldspar, phlogopite, and quartz, Contrib.
Mineral. Petrol., 96, 212–224, 1987. a
Melosh, B. L., Rowe, C. D., Gerbi, C., Smit, L., and Macey, P.: Seismic cycle
feedbacks in a mid-crustal shear zone, J. Struct. Geol., 112,
95–111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2018.04.004, 2018. a, b
Menegon, L., Pennacchioni, G., and Spiess, R.: Dissolution-precipitation creep
of K-feldspar in mid-crustal granite mylonites, J. Struct.
Geol., 30, 565–579, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2008.02.001, 2008. a
Mänttäri, I., Talikka, M., Paulamäki, S., and Mattila, J.: U-Pb ages for
tonalitic gneiss, pegmatitic granite, and diabase dyke, Olkiluoto study
site, Eurajoki, SW Finland, Tech. Rep. Posiva Working Report 2006-12,
Posiva Oy, Eurajoki, Posiva Oy, 2006. a
Nguyen, P. T., Harris, L. B., Powell, C. M., and Cox, S. F.: Fault-valve
behaviour in optimally oriented shear zones: an example at the Revenge gold
mine, Kambalda, Western Australia, J. Struct. Geol., 20,
1625–1640, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(98)00054-6, 1998. a
Nironen, M.: The Svecofennian Orogen: a tectonic model, Precambrian
Research, 86, 21–44, 1997. a
Pajunen, M., Airo, M., Elminen, T., Mänttäri, I., Niemelä, R., Vaarma, M.,
Wasenius, P., and Wennerström, M.: Tectonic evolution of the Svecofennian
crust in southern Finland, Geol. S. Finl., 47,
15–160, 2008. a
Pennacchioni, G. and Mancktelow, N. S.: Nucleation and initial growth of a
shear zone network within compositionally and structurally heterogeneous
granitoids under amphibolite facies conditions, J. Struct.
Geol., 29, 1757–1780, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2007.06.002, 2007. a
Pere, T.: Fault-related local phenomena in the bedrock of Olkiluoto with
particular reference to fault zone OL-BFZ100, Posiva Oy, 2009. a
Saintot, A., Stephens, M., Viola, G., and Nordgulen, Ã.: Brittle tectonic
evolution and paleostress field reconstruction in the southwestern part of
the Fennoscandian Shield, Forsmark, Sweden, Tectonics, 30, 1–36, 2011. a
Scholz, C. H.: Earthquakes and friction laws, Nature, 391, 37–42,
https://doi.org/10.1038/34097,
1998. a
Sibson, R. H.: Earthquake faulting as a structural process, J.
Struct. Geol., 11, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(89)90032-1, 1989. a
Sibson, R. H.: Conditions for fault-valve behaviour, Geol. Soc.
London, 54, 15–28,
https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.02, 1990. a
Sibson, R. H.: Implications of fault-valve behaviour for rupture nucleation and
recurrence, Tectonophysics, 211, 283–293,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90065-E, 1992. a
Sibson, R. H.: Load-strengthening versus load-weakening faulting, J.
Struct. Geol., 15, 123–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(93)90090-W, 1993. a
Sibson, R. H. and Rowland, J. V.: Stress, fluid pressure and structural
permeability in seismogenic crust, North Island, New Zealand,
Geophys. J. Int., 154, 584–594,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01965.x, 2003. a
Stipp, M. and Kunze, K.: Dynamic recrystallization near the brittle-plastic
transition in naturally and experimentally deformed quartz aggregates,
Tectonophysics, 448, 77–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.041, 2008. a, b
Stipp, M. and Tullis, J.: The recrystallized grain size piezometer for quartz,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2088, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018444, 2003. a
Stipp, M., Stünitz, H., Heilbronner, R., and Schmid, S. M.: The eastern
Tonale fault zone: a natural laboratory – for crystal plastic
deformation of quartz over a temperature range from 250 to 700 ∘C, J. Struct. Geol., 24, 1861–1884, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00035-4,
2002. a
Stipp, M., Tullis, J., Scherwath, M., and Behrmann, J. H.: A new perspective on
paleopiezometry: Dynamically recrystallized grain size distributions
indicate mechanism changes, Geology, 38, 759–762, https://doi.org/10.1130/G31162.1,
2010. a
Stünitz, H. and Gerald, J. D. F.: Deformation of granitoids at low metamorphic
grade, II: Granular flow in albite-rich mylonites, Tectonophysics, 221,
299–324, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90164-F, 1993. a
Stünitz, H., Fitz Gerald, J. D., and Tullis, J.: Dislocation generation, slip
systems, and dynamic recrystallization in experimentally deformed plagioclase
single crystals, Tectonophysics, 372, 215–233,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00241-5, 2003.
a
Torgersen, E., Viola, G., Zwingmann, H., and Harris, C.: Structural and
temporal evolution of a reactivated brittle-ductile fault – Part II:
Timing of fault initiation and reactivation by K-Ar dating of
synkinematic illite/muscovite, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 410,
212–224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.09.051, 2015. a
Torvela, T. and Ehlers, C.: From ductile to brittle deformation: structural
development and strain distribution along a crustal-scale shear zone in SW
Finland, Int. J. Earth Sci., 99, 1133–1152, 2010. a
Trepmann, C. A. and Seybold, L.: Deformation at low and high stress-loading
rates, Geosci. Front., 10, 43–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2018.05.002,
2019. a, b
Trepmann, C. A. and Stöckhert, B.: Quartz microstructures developed during
non-steady state plastic flow at rapidly decaying stress and strain rate,
J. Struct. Geol., 25, 2035–2051, 2003. a
Trepmann, C. A., Stöckhert, B., Dorner, D., Moghadam, R. H., Küster, M., and
Röller, K.: Simulating coseismic deformation of quartz in the middle crust
and fabric evolution during postseismic stress relaxation — An
experimental study, Tectonophysics, 442, 83–104,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.05.005, 2007. a
Trepmann, C. A., Hsu, C., Hentschel, F., Döhler, K., Schneider, C., and
Wichmann, V.: Recrystallization of quartz after low-temperature
plasticity–The record of stress relaxation below the seismogenic zone,
J. Struct. Geol., 95, 77–92, 2017. a
Viola, G., Mancktelow, N. S., and Miller, J. A.: Cyclic frictional-viscous slip
oscillations along the base of an advancing nappe complex: Insights into
brittle-ductile nappe emplacement mechanisms from the Naukluft Nappe
Complex, central Namibia, Tectonics, 25, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005TC001939, 2006. a
Viola, G., Venvik Ganerød, G., and Wahlgren, C.-H.: Unraveling 1.5 Ga of
brittle deformation history in the Laxemar-Simpevarp area, southeast
Sweden: A contribution to the Swedish site investigation study for the
disposal of highly radioactive nuclear waste, Tectonics, 28, 1–29,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009TC002461, 2009. a
Wehrens, P., Berger, A., Peters, M., Spillmann, T., and Herwegh, M.:
Deformation at the frictional-viscous transition: Evidence for cycles of
fluid-assisted embrittlement and ductile deformation in the granitoid crust,
Tectonophysics, 693, 66–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.10.022, 2016. a
Wright, S. I., Nowell, M. M., and Field, D. P.: A Review of Strain
Analysis Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction, Micros.
Microanal., 17, 316–329, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927611000055, 2011. a
Yardley, B. and Baumgartner, L.: Fluid processes in deep crustal fault zones,
Tectonic Faults-Agents of Change on a Dynamic Earth, 295–318, 2007. a