Articles | Volume 9, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-341-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-341-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
28 Mar 2018
Research article |
| 28 Mar 2018
| 28 Mar 2018
Middle to Late Devonian–Carboniferous collapse basins on the Finnmark Platform and in the southwesternmost Nordkapp basin, SW Barents Sea
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway in Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
Research Centre for Arctic Petroleum Exploration (ARCEx), UiT The Arctic University of Norway in Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
Steffen G. Bergh
Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway in Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
Research Centre for Arctic Petroleum Exploration (ARCEx), UiT The Arctic University of Norway in Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
Tormod Henningsen
Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway in Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
Jan Inge Faleide
Research Centre for Arctic Petroleum Exploration (ARCEx), UiT The Arctic University of Norway in Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1047 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
Related authors
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl, John E. A. Marshall, and Gilda Lopes
Solid Earth, 13, 1353–1370, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1353-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1353-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper reviews age constraints for a short-lived episode of deformation in Svalbard (Ellesmerian and Svalbardian orogenies) that is thought to have occurred ca. 380–360 million years ago. The review mostly discusses (but is not limited to) paleontological, palynological, and geochronological evidence. The review finds it most unlikely that the event discussed ever occurred in Svalbard.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl, Steffen G. Bergh, and Arthur G. Sylvester
Solid Earth, 13, 1169–1190, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The San Andreas fault is a major active fault associated with ongoing earthquake sequences in southern California. The present study investigates the development of the Indio Hills area in the Coachella Valley along the main San Andreas fault and the Indio Hills fault. The Indio Hills area is located near an area with high ongoing earthquake activity (Brawley seismic zone), and, therefore, its recent tectonic evolution has implications for earthquake prediction.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl, Craig Magee, and Ingrid M. Anell
Solid Earth, 13, 85–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-85-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-85-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The present study shows evidence of fault systems (large cracks in the Earth's crust) hundreds to thousands of kilometers long and several kilometers thick extending from northwestern Russia to the northern Norwegian Barents Sea and the Svalbard Archipelago using seismic, magnetic, and gravimetric data. The study suggests that the crust in Svalbard and the Barents Sea was already attached to Norway and Russia at ca. 650–550 Ma, thus challenging existing models.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl
Solid Earth, 12, 1025–1049, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1025-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1025-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
By using seismic data and fieldwork, this contribution shows that soft, coal-rich sedimentary rocks absorbed most of early Cenozoic, Eurekan, contractional deformation in central Spitsbergen, thus suggesting that no contractional deformation event is needed in the Late Devonian to explain the deformation differences among late Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. It also shows that the Billefjorden Fault Zone, a major crack in the Earth's crust in Svalbard, is probably segmented.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-200, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-200, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Svalbard is thought to have been involved into a contractional event ca. 360 Ma, the Ellesmerian Orogeny. New field data and interpretation of seismic data instead suggest that Svalbard was affected by an episode of continuous extension in the Devonian–Carboniferous (ca. 420–300 Ma) with exhumation of basement ridges, followed by an episode of contraction in the early Cenozoic (ca. 65–45 Ma), the Eurekan tectonic event, and that the Ellesmerian Orogeny did not affect Svalbard.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl and Jhon M. Muñoz-Barrera
Solid Earth, 9, 1535–1558, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1535-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1535-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This research is dedicated to the study of poorly understood coal-bearing Mississippian (ca. 360–325 Ma) sedimentary rocks in central Spitsbergen. Our results suggest that these rocks were deposited during a period of widespread extension involving multiple fault trends, including faults striking subparallel to the extension direction, while overlying Pennsylvanian rocks (ca. 325–300 Ma) were deposited during extension localized along fewer, larger faults.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl, Steffen G. Bergh, and Klaus Wemmer
Solid Earth, 9, 923–951, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-923-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-923-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We dated the formation of large faults in order to constrain the tectonic and exhumation history of the Barents Sea and northern Norway. Some of the dated faults formed apprx. 1 Ga and are much older than expected. However, most dated faults were active during two periods of extension: 375–325 and 315–265 Ma. The study of minerals along these cracks shows that exposed rocks in Finnmark were exhumed from deep (> 10 km) to shallow depth (< 3.5 km) during the two periods of extension.
Kim Senger, Grace Shephard, Fenna Ammerlaan, Owen Anfinson, Pascal Audet, Bernard Coakley, Victoria Ershova, Jan Inge Faleide, Sten-Andreas Grundvåg, Rafael Kenji Horota, Karthik Iyer, Julian Janocha, Morgan Jones, Alexander Minakov, Margaret Odlum, Anna M. R. Sartell, Andrew Schaeffer, Daniel Stockli, Marie A. Vander Kloet, and Carmen Gaina
Geosci. Commun. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-2024-3, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-2024-3, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GC
Short summary
Short summary
The article describes a course that we have developed at the University Centre in Svalbard that covers many aspects of Arctic Geology. The students experience this from a wide range of lecturers, focussing both on the small and larger scales, and covering many geoscientific disciplines.
Roy Helge Gabrielsen, Panagiotis Athanasios Giannenas, Dimitrios Sokoutis, Ernst Willingshofer, Muhammad Hassaan, and Jan Inge Faleide
Solid Earth, 14, 961–983, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-961-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-961-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Barents Shear Margin defines the border between the relatively shallow Barents Sea that is situated on a continental plate and the deep ocean. This margin's evolution history was probably influenced by plate tectonic reorganizations. From scaled experiments, we deduced several types of structures (faults, folds, and sedimentary basins) that help us to improve the understanding of the history of the opening of the North Atlantic.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl, John E. A. Marshall, and Gilda Lopes
Solid Earth, 13, 1353–1370, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1353-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1353-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper reviews age constraints for a short-lived episode of deformation in Svalbard (Ellesmerian and Svalbardian orogenies) that is thought to have occurred ca. 380–360 million years ago. The review mostly discusses (but is not limited to) paleontological, palynological, and geochronological evidence. The review finds it most unlikely that the event discussed ever occurred in Svalbard.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl, Steffen G. Bergh, and Arthur G. Sylvester
Solid Earth, 13, 1169–1190, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The San Andreas fault is a major active fault associated with ongoing earthquake sequences in southern California. The present study investigates the development of the Indio Hills area in the Coachella Valley along the main San Andreas fault and the Indio Hills fault. The Indio Hills area is located near an area with high ongoing earthquake activity (Brawley seismic zone), and, therefore, its recent tectonic evolution has implications for earthquake prediction.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl, Craig Magee, and Ingrid M. Anell
Solid Earth, 13, 85–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-85-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-85-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The present study shows evidence of fault systems (large cracks in the Earth's crust) hundreds to thousands of kilometers long and several kilometers thick extending from northwestern Russia to the northern Norwegian Barents Sea and the Svalbard Archipelago using seismic, magnetic, and gravimetric data. The study suggests that the crust in Svalbard and the Barents Sea was already attached to Norway and Russia at ca. 650–550 Ma, thus challenging existing models.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl
Solid Earth, 12, 1025–1049, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1025-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1025-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
By using seismic data and fieldwork, this contribution shows that soft, coal-rich sedimentary rocks absorbed most of early Cenozoic, Eurekan, contractional deformation in central Spitsbergen, thus suggesting that no contractional deformation event is needed in the Late Devonian to explain the deformation differences among late Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. It also shows that the Billefjorden Fault Zone, a major crack in the Earth's crust in Svalbard, is probably segmented.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-200, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-200, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Svalbard is thought to have been involved into a contractional event ca. 360 Ma, the Ellesmerian Orogeny. New field data and interpretation of seismic data instead suggest that Svalbard was affected by an episode of continuous extension in the Devonian–Carboniferous (ca. 420–300 Ma) with exhumation of basement ridges, followed by an episode of contraction in the early Cenozoic (ca. 65–45 Ma), the Eurekan tectonic event, and that the Ellesmerian Orogeny did not affect Svalbard.
Christian Berndt, Sverre Planke, Damon Teagle, Ritske Huismans, Trond Torsvik, Joost Frieling, Morgan T. Jones, Dougal A. Jerram, Christian Tegner, Jan Inge Faleide, Helen Coxall, and Wei-Li Hong
Sci. Dril., 26, 69–85, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-26-69-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-26-69-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The northeast Atlantic encompasses archetypal examples of volcanic rifted margins. Twenty-five years after the last ODP leg on these volcanic margins, the reasons for excess melting are still disputed with at least three competing hypotheses being discussed. We are proposing a new drilling campaign that will constrain the timing, rates of volcanism, and vertical movements of rifted margins.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl and Jhon M. Muñoz-Barrera
Solid Earth, 9, 1535–1558, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1535-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1535-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This research is dedicated to the study of poorly understood coal-bearing Mississippian (ca. 360–325 Ma) sedimentary rocks in central Spitsbergen. Our results suggest that these rocks were deposited during a period of widespread extension involving multiple fault trends, including faults striking subparallel to the extension direction, while overlying Pennsylvanian rocks (ca. 325–300 Ma) were deposited during extension localized along fewer, larger faults.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl, Steffen G. Bergh, and Klaus Wemmer
Solid Earth, 9, 923–951, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-923-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-923-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We dated the formation of large faults in order to constrain the tectonic and exhumation history of the Barents Sea and northern Norway. Some of the dated faults formed apprx. 1 Ga and are much older than expected. However, most dated faults were active during two periods of extension: 375–325 and 315–265 Ma. The study of minerals along these cracks shows that exposed rocks in Finnmark were exhumed from deep (> 10 km) to shallow depth (< 3.5 km) during the two periods of extension.
P. Klitzke, J. I. Faleide, M. Scheck-Wenderoth, and J. Sippel
Solid Earth, 6, 153–172, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-153-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-153-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a regional 3-D structural model of the Barents Sea and Kara Sea region which is the first to combine information on five sedimentary units and the crystalline crust as well as the configuration of the lithospheric mantle. By relating the shallow and deep structures for certain tectonic subdomains, we shed new light on possible causative basin-forming mechanisms that we discuss.
Related subject area
Structural geology
Influence of water on crystallographic preferred orientation patterns in a naturally deformed quartzite
Geomorphic expressions of active rifting reflect the role of structural inheritance: a new model for the evolution of the Shanxi Rift, northern China
Driven magmatism and crustal thinning of coastal southern China in response to subduction
Selection and characterization of the target fault for fluid-induced activation and earthquake rupture experiments
Reconciling post-orogenic faulting, paleostress evolution and structural inheritance in the seismogenic Northern Apennines (Italy): Insights from the Monti Martani Fault System
Naturally fractured reservoir characterisation in heterogeneous sandstones: insight for uranium in situ recovery (Imouraren, Niger)
Understanding the stress field at the lateral termination of a thrust fold using generic geomechanical models and clustering methods
Multiscalar 3D temporal structural characterisation of Smøla island, mid-Norwegian passive margin: an analogue for unravelling the tectonic history of offshore basement highs
Localized shear versus distributed strain accumulation as shear-accommodation mechanisms in ductile shear zones: Constraining their dictating factors
Extensional fault geometry and evolution within rifted margin hyper-extended continental crust leading to mantle exhumation and allochthon formation
Impact of faults on the remote stress state
Subduction plate interface shear stress associated with rapid subduction at deep slow earthquake depths: example from the Sanbagawa belt, southwestern Japan
Multiple phase rifting and subsequent inversion in the West Netherlands Basin: implications for geothermal reservoir characterization
Analogue modelling of basin inversion: implications for the Araripe Basin (Brazil)
Natural fracture patterns at Swift Reservoir anticline, NW Montana: the influence of structural position and lithology from multiple observation scales
Rapid hydration and weakening of anhydrite under stress: implications for natural hydration in the Earth's crust and mantle
Analogue experiments on releasing and restraining bends and their application to the study of the Barents Shear Margin
Structural framework and timing of the Pahtohavare Cu ± Au deposits, Kiruna mining district, Sweden
Does the syn- versus post-rift thickness ratio have an impact on the inversion-related structural style?
Inversion of accommodation zones in salt-bearing extensional systems: insights from analog modeling
Structural control of inherited salt structures during inversion of a domino basement-fault system from an analogue modelling approach
Kinematics and time-resolved evolution of the main thrust-sense shear zone in the Eo-Alpine orogenic wedge (the Vinschgau Shear Zone, eastern Alps)
Role of inheritance during tectonic inversion of a rift system in basement-involved to salt-decoupled transition: analogue modelling and application to the Pyrenean–Biscay system
Water release and homogenization by dynamic recrystallization of quartz
Hydrothermal activity of the Lake Abhe geothermal field (Djibouti): Structural controls and paths for further exploration
Time-dependent frictional properties of granular materials used in analogue modelling: implications for mimicking fault healing during reactivation and inversion
Large grain-size-dependent rheology contrasts of halite at low differential stress: evidence from microstructural study of naturally deformed gneissic Zechstein 2 rock salt (Kristallbrockensalz) from the northern Netherlands
Analogue modelling of the inversion of multiple extensional basins in foreland fold-and-thrust belts
A contribution to the quantification of crustal shortening and kinematics of deformation across the Western Andes ( ∼ 20–22° S)
Rift thermal inheritance in the SW Alps (France): insights from RSCM thermometry and 1D thermal numerical modelling
The Luangwa Rift Active Fault Database and fault reactivation along the southwestern branch of the East African Rift
Clustering has a meaning: optimization of angular similarity to detect 3D geometric anomalies in geological terrains
Shear zone evolution and the path of earthquake rupture
Mechanical compaction mechanisms in the input sediments of the Sumatra subduction complex – insights from microstructural analysis of cores from IODP Expedition 362
Detecting micro fractures: a comprehensive comparison of conventional and machine-learning-based segmentation methods
Multiscale lineament analysis and permeability heterogeneity of fractured crystalline basement blocks
Structural characterization and K–Ar illite dating of reactivated, complex and heterogeneous fault zones: lessons from the Zuccale Fault, Northern Apennines
How do differences in interpreting seismic images affect estimates of geological slip rates?
Progressive veining during peridotite carbonation: insights from listvenites in Hole BT1B, Samail ophiolite (Oman)
Tectonic evolution of the Indio Hills segment of the San Andreas fault in southern California, southwestern USA
Structural diagenesis in ultra-deep tight sandstones in the Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, China
Variscan structures and their control on latest to post-Variscan basin architecture: insights from the westernmost Bohemian Massif and southeastern Germany
Multi-disciplinary characterizations of the BedrettoLab – a new underground geoscience research facility
Biotite supports long-range diffusive transport in dissolution–precipitation creep in halite through small porosity fluctuations
De-risking the energy transition by quantifying the uncertainties in fault stability
Virtual field trip to the Esla Nappe (Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain): delivering traditional geological mapping skills remotely using real data
Marine forearc structure of eastern Java and its role in the 1994 Java tsunami earthquake
Roughness of fracture surfaces in numerical models and laboratory experiments
Impact of basement thrust faults on low-angle normal faults and rift basin evolution: a case study in the Enping sag, Pearl River Basin
Evidence for and significance of the Late Cretaceous Asteroussia event in the Gondwanan Ios basement terranes
Jeffrey M. Rahl, Brendan Moehringer, Kenneth S. Befus, and John S. Singleton
Solid Earth, 15, 1233–1240, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1233-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1233-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
At the high temperatures present in the deeper crust, minerals such as quartz can flow much like silly putty. The detailed mechanisms of how atoms are reorganized depends upon several factors, such as the temperature and the rate of which the mineral changes shape. We present observations from a naturally deformed rock showing that the amount of water present also influences the type of deformation in quartz, with implications for geological interpretations.
Malte Froemchen, Ken J. W. McCaffrey, Mark B. Allen, Jeroen van Hunen, Thomas B. Phillips, and Yueren Xu
Solid Earth, 15, 1203–1231, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1203-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1203-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Shanxi Rift is a young, active rift in northern China that formed atop a Proterozoic orogen. The impact of these structures on active rift faults is poorly understood. Here, we quantify the landscape response to active faulting and compare it with published maps of inherited structures. We find that inherited structures played an important role in the segmentation of the Shanxi Rift and in the development of rift interaction zones, which are the most active regions in the Shanxi Rift.
Jinbao Su, Wenbin Zhu, and Guangwei Li
Solid Earth, 15, 1133–1141, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1133-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1133-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The late Mesozoic igneous rocks in the South China Block exhibit flare-ups and lulls, which form in compressional or extensional backgrounds. The ascending of magma forms a mush-like head and decreases crustal thickness. The presence of faults and pre-existing magmas will accelerate emplacement of underplating magma. The magmatism at different times may be formed under similar subduction conditions, and the boundary compression forces will delay magma ascent.
Peter Achtziger-Zupančič, Alberto Ceccato, Alba Simona Zappone, Giacomo Pozzi, Alexis Shakas, Florian Amann, Whitney Maria Behr, Daniel Escallon Botero, Domenico Giardini, Marian Hertrich, Mohammadreza Jalali, Xiaodong Ma, Men-Andrin Meier, Julian Osten, Stefan Wiemer, and Massimo Cocco
Solid Earth, 15, 1087–1112, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We detail the selection and characterization of a fault zone for earthquake experiments in the Fault Activation and Earthquake Ruptures (FEAR) project at the Bedretto Lab. FEAR, which studies earthquake processes, overcame data collection challenges near faults. The fault zone in Rotondo granite was selected based on geometry, monitorability, and hydro-mechanical properties. Remote sensing, borehole logging, and geological mapping were used to create a 3D model for precise monitoring.
Riccardo Asti, Selina Bonini, Giulio Viola, and Gianluca Vignaroli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2319, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2319, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study addresses the tectonic evolution of the seismogenic Monti Martani Fault System (Northern Apennines, Italy). By applying a field-based structural geology approach, we reconstruct the evolution of the stress field and we challenge the current interpretation of the fault system both in terms of geometry and state of activity. We stress that the peculiar behavior of this system during post-orogenic extension is still significantly influenced by the pre-orogenic structural template.
Maxime Jamet, Gregory Ballas, Roger Soliva, Olivier Gerbeaud, Thierry Lefebvre, Christine Leredde, and Didier Loggia
Solid Earth, 15, 895–920, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-895-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-895-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study characterizes the Tchirezrine II sandstone reservoir in northern Niger. Crucial for potential uranium in situ recovery (ISR), our multifaceted approach reveals (i) a network of homogeneously distributed orthogonal structures, (ii) the impact of clustered E–W fault structures on anisotropic fluid flow, and (iii) local changes in the matrix behaviour of the reservoir as a function of the density and nature of the deformation structure.
Anthony Adwan, Bertrand Maillot, Pauline Souloumiac, Christophe Barnes, Christophe Nussbaum, Meinert Rahn, and Thomas Van Stiphout
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1906, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1906, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use computer simulations to study how stress is distributed in large-scale geological models, focusing on how fault lines behave under pressure. By running many 2D and 3D simulations with varying conditions, we discover patterns in how faults form and interact. Our findings reveal that even small changes in conditions can lead to different stress outcomes. This research helps us better understand earthquake mechanics and could improve predictions of fault behavior in real-world scenarios.
Matthew S. Hodge, Guri Venvik, Jochen Knies, Roelant van der Lelij, Jasmin Schönenberger, Øystein Nordgulen, Marco Brönner, Aziz Nasuti, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 15, 589–615, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-589-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-589-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Smøla island, in the mid-Norwegian margin, has complex fracture and fault patterns resulting from tectonic activity. This study uses a multiple-method approach to unravel Smøla's tectonic history. We found five different phases of deformation related to various fracture geometries and minerals dating back hundreds of millions of years. 3D models of these features visualise these structures in space. This approach may help us to understand offshore oil and gas reservoirs hosted in the basement.
Pramit Chatterjee, Arnab Roy, and Nibir Mandal
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1077, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1077, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the strain accumulation processes in ductile shear zones is essential to explain the failure mechanisms at great crustal depths. This study explores the rheological and kinematic factors determining the varying modes of shear accommodation in natural shear zones. Numerical simulations suggest that an interplay of the following parameters: initial bulk viscosity, bulk shear rate, and internal cohesion governs the dominance of one accommodation mechanism over the other.
Júlia Gómez-Romeu and Nick Kusznir
Solid Earth, 15, 477–492, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-477-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-477-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the extensional fault geometry and its evolution during the stretching and thinning of continental crust and lithosphere leading to continental breakup. We focus on the fault-controlled processes that thin and rupture the final 10 km of continental crust at magma-poor margins prior to mantle exhumation. We show that isostatic fault rotation in response to extension is fundamental to understanding the formation of tectonic structures observed on seismic reflection data.
Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, and Moritz O. Ziegler
Solid Earth, 15, 305–327, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-305-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-305-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
It is generally assumed that faults have an influence on the stress state of the Earth’s crust. It is questionable whether this influence is still present far away from a fault. Simple numerical models were used to investigate the extent of the influence of faults on the stress state. Several models with different fault representations were investigated. The stress fluctuations further away from the fault (> 1 km) are very small.
Yukinojo Koyama, Simon R. Wallis, and Takayoshi Nagaya
Solid Earth, 15, 143–166, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-143-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-143-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Stress along a subduction plate boundary is important for understanding subduction phenomena such as earthquakes. We estimated paleo-stress using quartz recrystallized grain size combined with deformation temperature and P–T paths of exhumed rocks. The obtained results show differential stresses of 30.8–82.7 MPa consistent over depths of 17–27 km in the paleo-subduction boundary. The obtained stress may represent the initial conditions under which slow earthquakes nucleated in the same domain.
Annelotte Weert, Kei Ogata, Francesco Vinci, Coen Leo, Giovanni Bertotti, Jerome Amory, and Stefano Tavani
Solid Earth, 15, 121–141, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
On the road to a sustainable planet, geothermal energy is considered one of the main substitutes when it comes to heating. The geological history of an area can have a major influence on the application of these geothermal systems, as demonstrated in the West Netherlands Basin. Here, multiple episodes of rifting and subsequent basin inversion have controlled the distribution of the reservoir rocks, thus influencing the locations where geothermal energy can be exploited.
Pâmela C. Richetti, Frank Zwaan, Guido Schreurs, Renata S. Schmitt, and Timothy C. Schmid
Solid Earth, 14, 1245–1266, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1245-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1245-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Araripe Basin in NE Brazil was originally formed during Cretaceous times, as South America and Africa broke up. The basin is an important analogue to offshore South Atlantic break-up basins; its sediments were uplifted and are now found at 1000 m height, allowing for studies thereof, but the cause of the uplift remains debated. Here we ran a series of tectonic laboratory experiments that show how a specific plate tectonic configuration can explain the evolution of the Araripe Basin.
Adam J. Cawood, Hannah Watkins, Clare E. Bond, Marian J. Warren, and Mark A. Cooper
Solid Earth, 14, 1005–1030, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1005-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1005-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here we test conceptual models of fracture development by investigating fractures across multiple scales. We find that most fractures increase in abundance towards the fold hinge, and we interpret these as being fold related. Other fractures at the site show inconsistent orientations and are unrelated to fold formation. Our results show that predicting fracture patterns requires the consideration of multiple geologic variables.
Johanna Heeb, David Healy, Nicholas E. Timms, and Enrique Gomez-Rivas
Solid Earth, 14, 985–1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-985-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-985-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hydration of rocks is a key process in the Earth’s crust and mantle that is accompanied by changes in physical traits and mechanical behaviour of rocks. This study assesses the influence of stress on hydration reaction kinetics and mechanics in experiments on anhydrite. We show that hydration occurs readily under stress and results in localized hydration along fractures and mechanic weakening. New gypsum growth is selective and depends on the stress field and host anhydrite crystal orientation.
Roy Helge Gabrielsen, Panagiotis Athanasios Giannenas, Dimitrios Sokoutis, Ernst Willingshofer, Muhammad Hassaan, and Jan Inge Faleide
Solid Earth, 14, 961–983, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-961-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-961-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Barents Shear Margin defines the border between the relatively shallow Barents Sea that is situated on a continental plate and the deep ocean. This margin's evolution history was probably influenced by plate tectonic reorganizations. From scaled experiments, we deduced several types of structures (faults, folds, and sedimentary basins) that help us to improve the understanding of the history of the opening of the North Atlantic.
Leslie Logan, Ervin Veress, Joel B. H. Andersson, Olof Martinsson, and Tobias E. Bauer
Solid Earth, 14, 763–784, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-763-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-763-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Pahtohavare Cu ± Au deposits in the Kiruna mining district have a dubious timing of formation and have not been contextualized within an up-to-date tectonic framework. Structural mapping was carried out to reveal that the deposits are hosted in brittle structures that cut a noncylindrical, SE-plunging anticline constrained to have formed during the late-Svecokarelian orogeny. These results show that Cu ± Au mineralization formed more than ca. 80 Myr after iron oxide–apatite mineralization.
Alexandra Tamas, Dan M. Tamas, Gabor Tari, Csaba Krezsek, Alexandru Lapadat, and Zsolt Schleder
Solid Earth, 14, 741–761, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-741-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tectonic processes are complex and often difficult to understand due to the limitations of surface or subsurface data. One such process is inversion tectonics, which means that an area initially developed in an extension (such as the opening of an ocean) is reversed to compression (the process leading to mountain building). In this research, we use a laboratory method (analogue modelling), and with the help of a sandbox, we try to better understand structures (folds/faults) related to inversion.
Elizabeth Parker Wilson, Pablo Granado, Pablo Santolaria, Oriol Ferrer, and Josep Anton Muñoz
Solid Earth, 14, 709–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-709-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-709-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work focuses on the control of accommodation zones on extensional and subsequent inversion in salt-detached domains using sandbox analogue models. During extension, the transfer zone acts as a pathway for the movement of salt, changing the expected geometries. When inverted, the salt layer and syn-inversion sedimentation control the deformation style in the salt-detached cover system. Three natural cases are compared to the model results and show similar inversion geometries.
Oriol Ferrer, Eloi Carola, and Ken McClay
Solid Earth, 14, 571–589, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-571-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-571-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using an experimental approach based on scaled sandbox models, this work aims to understand how salt above different rotational fault blocks influences the cover geometry and evolution, first during extension and then during inversion. The results show that inherited salt structures constrain contractional deformation. We show for the first time how welds and fault welds are reopened during contractional deformation, having direct implications for the subsurface exploration of natural resources.
Chiara Montemagni, Stefano Zanchetta, Martina Rocca, Igor M. Villa, Corrado Morelli, Volkmar Mair, and Andrea Zanchi
Solid Earth, 14, 551–570, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Vinschgau Shear Zone (VSZ) is one of the largest and most significant shear zones developed within the Late Cretaceous thrust stack in the Austroalpine domain of the eastern Alps. 40Ar / 39Ar geochronology constrains the activity of the VSZ between 97 and 80 Ma. The decreasing vorticity towards the core of the shear zone, coupled with the younging of mylonites, points to a shear thinning behavior. The deepest units of the Eo-Alpine orogenic wedge were exhumed along the VSZ.
Jordi Miró, Oriol Ferrer, Josep Anton Muñoz, and Gianreto Manastchal
Solid Earth, 14, 425–445, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-425-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-425-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using the Asturian–Basque–Cantabrian system and analogue (sandbox) models, this work focuses on the linkage between basement-controlled and salt-decoupled domains and how deformation is accommodated between the two during extension and subsequent inversion. Analogue models show significant structural variability in the transitional domain, with oblique structures that can be strongly modified by syn-contractional sedimentation. Experimental results are consistent with the case study.
Junichi Fukuda, Takamoto Okudaira, and Yukiko Ohtomo
Solid Earth, 14, 409–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-409-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-409-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured water distributions in deformed quartz by infrared spectroscopy mapping and used the results to discuss changes in water distribution resulting from textural development. Because of the grain size reduction process (dynamic recrystallization), water contents decrease from 40–1750 wt ppm in host grains of ~2 mm to 100–510 wt ppm in recrystallized regions composed of fine grains of ~10 µm. Our results indicate that water is released and homogenized by dynamic recrystallization.
Bastien Walter, Yves Géraud, Alexiane Favier, Nadjib Chibati, and Marc Diraison
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-397, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-397, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Lake Abhe in southwestern Djibouti is known for its exposures of massive hydrothermal chimneys and hot springs on the lake’s eastern shore. This study highlights the control of the main structural faults of the area on the development of these hydrothermal features. This work contributes to better understand hydrothermal fluid pathways in this area and may help further exploration for the geothermal development of this remarkable site.
Michael Rudolf, Matthias Rosenau, and Onno Oncken
Solid Earth, 14, 311–331, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Analogue models of tectonic processes rely on the reproduction of their geometry, kinematics and dynamics. An important property is fault behaviour, which is linked to the frictional characteristics of the fault gouge. This is represented by granular materials, such as quartz sand. In our study we investigate the time-dependent frictional properties of various analogue materials and highlight their impact on the suitability of these materials for analogue models focusing on fault reactivation.
Jessica Barabasch, Joyce Schmatz, Jop Klaver, Alexander Schwedt, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 14, 271–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed Zechstein salt with microscopes and observed specific microstructures that indicate much faster deformation in rock salt with fine halite grains when compared to salt with larger grains. This is important because people build large cavities in the subsurface salt for energy storage or want to deposit radioactive waste inside it. When engineers and scientists use grain-size data and equations that include this mechanism, it will help to make better predictions in geological models.
Nicolás Molnar and Susanne Buiter
Solid Earth, 14, 213–235, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Progression of orogenic wedges over pre-existing extensional structures is common in nature, but deciphering the spatio-temporal evolution of deformation from the geological record remains challenging. Our laboratory experiments provide insights on how horizontal stresses are transferred across a heterogeneous crust, constrain which pre-shortening conditions can either favour or hinder the reactivatation of extensional structures, and explain what implications they have on critical taper theory.
Tania Habel, Martine Simoes, Robin Lacassin, Daniel Carrizo, and German Aguilar
Solid Earth, 14, 17–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-17-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-17-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Central Andes are one of the most emblematic reliefs on Earth, but their western flank remains understudied. Here we explore two rare key sites in the hostile conditions of the Atacama desert to build cross-sections, quantify crustal shortening, and discuss the timing of this deformation at ∼20–22°S. We propose that the structures of the Western Andes accommodated significant crustal shortening here, but only during the earliest stages of mountain building.
Naïm Célini, Frédéric Mouthereau, Abdeltif Lahfid, Claude Gout, and Jean-Paul Callot
Solid Earth, 14, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the peak temperature of sedimentary rocks of the SW Alps (France), using Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material. This method provides an estimate of the peak temperature achieved by organic-rich rocks. To determine the timing and the tectonic context of the origin of these temperatures we use 1D thermal modelling. We find that the high temperatures up to 300 °C were achieved during precollisional extensional events, not during tectonic burial in the Western Alps.
Luke N. J. Wedmore, Tess Turner, Juliet Biggs, Jack N. Williams, Henry M. Sichingabula, Christine Kabumbu, and Kawawa Banda
Solid Earth, 13, 1731–1753, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mapping and compiling the attributes of faults capable of hosting earthquakes are important for the next generation of seismic hazard assessment. We document 18 active faults in the Luangwa Rift, Zambia, in an active fault database. These faults are between 9 and 207 km long offset Quaternary sediments, have scarps up to ~30 m high, and are capable of hosting earthquakes from Mw 5.8 to 8.1. We associate the Molaza Fault with surface ruptures from two unattributed M 6+ 20th century earthquakes.
Michał P. Michalak, Lesław Teper, Florian Wellmann, Jerzy Żaba, Krzysztof Gaidzik, Marcin Kostur, Yuriy P. Maystrenko, and Paulina Leonowicz
Solid Earth, 13, 1697–1720, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1697-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1697-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
When characterizing geological/geophysical surfaces, various geometric attributes are calculated, such as dip angle (1D) or dip direction (2D). However, the boundaries between specific values may be subjective and without optimization significance, resulting from using default color palletes. This study proposes minimizing cosine distance among within-cluster observations to detect 3D anomalies. Our results suggest that the method holds promise for identification of megacylinders or megacones.
Erik M. Young, Christie D. Rowe, and James D. Kirkpatrick
Solid Earth, 13, 1607–1629, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1607-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1607-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Studying how earthquakes spread deep within the faults they originate from is crucial to improving our understanding of the earthquake process. We mapped preserved ancient earthquake surfaces that are now exposed in South Africa and studied their relationship with the shape and type of rocks surrounding them. We determined that these surfaces are not random and are instead associated with specific kinds of rocks and that their shape is linked to the evolution of the faults in which they occur.
Sivaji Lahiri, Kitty L. Milliken, Peter Vrolijk, Guillaume Desbois, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 13, 1513–1539, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1513-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1513-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the mechanism of mechanical compaction is important. Previous studies on mechanical compaction were mostly done by performing experiments. Studies on natural rocks are rare due to compositional heterogeneity of the sedimentary succession with depth. Due to remarkable similarity in composition and grain size, the Sumatra subduction complex provides a unique opportunity to study the micromechanism of mechanical compaction on natural samples.
Dongwon Lee, Nikolaos Karadimitriou, Matthias Ruf, and Holger Steeb
Solid Earth, 13, 1475–1494, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1475-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1475-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research article focuses on filtering and segmentation methods employed in high-resolution µXRCT studies for crystalline rocks, bearing fractures, or fracture networks, of very small aperture. Specifically, we focus on the identification of artificially induced (via quenching) fractures in Carrara marble samples. Results from the same dataset from all five different methods adopted were produced and compared with each other in terms of their output quality and time efficiency.
Alberto Ceccato, Giulia Tartaglia, Marco Antonellini, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 13, 1431–1453, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's surface is commonly characterized by the occurrence of fractures, which can be mapped, and their can be geometry quantified on digital representations of the surface at different scales of observation. Here we present a series of analytical and statistical tools, which can aid the quantification of fracture spatial distribution at different scales. In doing so, we can improve our understanding of how fracture geometry and geology affect fluid flow within the fractured Earth crust.
Giulio Viola, Giovanni Musumeci, Francesco Mazzarini, Lorenzo Tavazzani, Manuel Curzi, Espen Torgersen, Roelant van der Lelij, and Luca Aldega
Solid Earth, 13, 1327–1351, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A structural-geochronological approach helps to unravel the Zuccale Fault's architecture. By mapping its internal structure and dating some of its fault rocks, we constrained a deformation history lasting 20 Myr starting at ca. 22 Ma. Such long activity is recorded by now tightly juxtaposed brittle structural facies, i.e. different types of fault rocks. Our results also have implications on the regional evolution of the northern Apennines, of which the Zuccale Fault is an important structure.
Wan-Lin Hu
Solid Earth, 13, 1281–1290, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1281-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1281-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Having a seismic image is generally expected to enable us to better determine fault geometry and thus estimate geological slip rates accurately. However, the process of interpreting seismic images may introduce unintended uncertainties, which have not yet been widely discussed. Here, a case of a shear fault-bend fold in the frontal Himalaya is used to demonstrate how differences in interpretations can affect the following estimates of slip rates and dependent conclusions.
Manuel D. Menzel, Janos L. Urai, Estibalitz Ukar, Thierry Decrausaz, and Marguerite Godard
Solid Earth, 13, 1191–1218, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1191-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1191-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mantle rocks can bind large quantities of carbon by reaction with CO2, but this capacity requires fluid pathways not to be clogged by carbonate. We studied mantle rocks from Oman to understand the mechanisms allowing their transformation into carbonate and quartz. Using advanced imaging techniques, we show that abundant veins were essential fluid pathways driving the reaction. Our results show that tectonic stress was important for fracture opening and a key ingredient for carbon fixation.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl, Steffen G. Bergh, and Arthur G. Sylvester
Solid Earth, 13, 1169–1190, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The San Andreas fault is a major active fault associated with ongoing earthquake sequences in southern California. The present study investigates the development of the Indio Hills area in the Coachella Valley along the main San Andreas fault and the Indio Hills fault. The Indio Hills area is located near an area with high ongoing earthquake activity (Brawley seismic zone), and, therefore, its recent tectonic evolution has implications for earthquake prediction.
Jin Lai, Dong Li, Yong Ai, Hongkun Liu, Deyang Cai, Kangjun Chen, Yuqiang Xie, and Guiwen Wang
Solid Earth, 13, 975–1002, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-975-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-975-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
(1) Structural diagenesis analysis is performed on the ultra-deep tight sandstone. (2) Fracture and intergranular pores are related to the low in situ stress magnitudes. (3) Dissolution is associated with the presence of fracture.
Hamed Fazlikhani, Wolfgang Bauer, and Harald Stollhofen
Solid Earth, 13, 393–416, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Interpretation of newly acquired FRANKEN 2D seismic survey data in southeeastern Germany shows that upper Paleozoic low-grade metasedimentary rocks and possible nappe units are transported by Variscan shear zones to ca. 65 km west of the Franconian Fault System (FFS). We show that the locations of post-Variscan upper Carboniferous–Permian normal faults and associated graben and half-graben basins are controlled by the geometry of underlying Variscan shear zones.
Xiaodong Ma, Marian Hertrich, Florian Amann, Kai Bröker, Nima Gholizadeh Doonechaly, Valentin Gischig, Rebecca Hochreutener, Philipp Kästli, Hannes Krietsch, Michèle Marti, Barbara Nägeli, Morteza Nejati, Anne Obermann, Katrin Plenkers, Antonio P. Rinaldi, Alexis Shakas, Linus Villiger, Quinn Wenning, Alba Zappone, Falko Bethmann, Raymi Castilla, Francisco Seberto, Peter Meier, Thomas Driesner, Simon Loew, Hansruedi Maurer, Martin O. Saar, Stefan Wiemer, and Domenico Giardini
Solid Earth, 13, 301–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Questions on issues such as anthropogenic earthquakes and deep geothermal energy developments require a better understanding of the fractured rock. Experiments conducted at reduced scales but with higher-resolution observations can shed some light. To this end, the BedrettoLab was recently established in an existing tunnel in Ticino, Switzerland, with preliminary efforts to characterize realistic rock mass behavior at the hectometer scale.
Berit Schwichtenberg, Florian Fusseis, Ian B. Butler, and Edward Andò
Solid Earth, 13, 41–64, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-41-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-41-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Hydraulic rock properties such as porosity and permeability are relevant factors that have an impact on groundwater resources, geological repositories and fossil fuel reservoirs. We investigate the influence of chemical compaction upon the porosity evolution in salt–biotite mixtures and related transport length scales by conducting laboratory experiments in combination with 4-D analysis. Our observations invite a renewed discussion of the effect of sheet silicates on chemical compaction.
David Healy and Stephen Paul Hicks
Solid Earth, 13, 15–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-15-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-15-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The energy transition requires operations in faulted rocks. To manage the technical challenges and public concern over possible induced earthquakes, we need to quantify the risks. We calculate the probability of fault slip based on uncertain inputs, stresses, fluid pressures, and the mechanical properties of rocks in fault zones. Our examples highlight the specific gaps in our knowledge. Citizen science projects could produce useful data and include the public in the discussions about hazards.
Manuel I. de Paz-Álvarez, Thomas G. Blenkinsop, David M. Buchs, George E. Gibbons, and Lesley Cherns
Solid Earth, 13, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a virtual geological mapping course implemented in response to travelling and social restrictions derived from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The course was designed to replicate a physical mapping exercise as closely as possible with the aid of real field data and photographs collected by the authors during previous years in the Cantabrian Zone (NW Spain). The course is delivered through Google Earth via a KMZ file with outcrop descriptions and links to GitHub-hosted photographs.
Yueyang Xia, Jacob Geersen, Dirk Klaeschen, Bo Ma, Dietrich Lange, Michael Riedel, Michael Schnabel, and Heidrun Kopp
Solid Earth, 12, 2467–2477, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2467-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2467-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The 2 June 1994 Java tsunami earthquake ruptured in a seismically quiet subduction zone and generated a larger-than-expected tsunami. Here, we re-process a seismic line across the rupture area. We show that a subducting seamount is located up-dip of the mainshock in a region that did not rupture during the earthquake. Seamount subduction modulates the topography of the marine forearc and acts as a seismic barrier in the 1994 earthquake rupture.
Steffen Abe and Hagen Deckert
Solid Earth, 12, 2407–2424, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2407-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2407-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use numerical simulations and laboratory experiments on rock samples to investigate how stress conditions influence the geometry and roughness of fracture surfaces. The roughness of the surfaces was analyzed in terms of absolute roughness and scaling properties. The results show that the surfaces are self-affine but with different scaling properties between the numerical models and the real rock samples. Results suggest that stress conditions have little influence on the surface roughness.
Chao Deng, Rixiang Zhu, Jianhui Han, Yu Shu, Yuxiang Wu, Kefeng Hou, and Wei Long
Solid Earth, 12, 2327–2350, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2327-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2327-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses seismic reflection data to interpret the geometric relationship and evolution of intra-basement and rift-related structures in the Enping sag in the northern South China Sea. Our observations suggest the primary control of pre-existing thrust faults is the formation of low-angle normal faults, with possible help from low-friction materials, and the significant role of pre-existing basement thrust faults in fault geometry, paleotopography, and syn-rift stratigraphy of rift basins.
Sonia Yeung, Marnie Forster, Emmanuel Skourtsos, and Gordon Lister
Solid Earth, 12, 2255–2275, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2255-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2255-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We do not know when the ancient Tethys Ocean lithosphere began to founder, but one clue can be found in subduction accreted tectonic slices, including Gondwanan basement terranes on the island of Ios, Cyclades, Greece. We propose a 250–300 km southwards jump of the subduction megathrust with a period of flat-slab subduction followed by slab break-off. The initiation and its subsequent rollback of a new subduction zone would explain the onset of Oligo–Miocene extension and accompanying magmatism.
Cited articles
Andersen, T. B.: The structure of the Magerøy Nappe, Finnmark, North Norway, Nor. Geol. Unders., 363, 1–23, 1981.
Andersen, T. B.: The stratigraphy of the Magerøy Supergroup, Finnmark, north Norway, Nor. Geol. Unders., 395, 25–37, 1984.
Andresen, A., Agyei-Dwarko, N. Y., Kristoffersen, M., and Hanken, N.-M.: A Timanian foreland basin setting for the late Neoproterozoic-Early Palaeozoic cover sequences (Dividal Group) of northeastern Baltica, in: New Perspectives on the Caledonides of Scandinavia and Related Areas, edited by: Corfu, F., Gasser, D., and Chew, D. M., Geological Society, London, UK, Special Publications, 390, 157–175, 2014.
Bergh, S. G. and Torske, T.: The Proterozoic Skoadduvarri Sandstone Formation, Alta, Northern Norway: A tectonic fan-delta complex, Sediment. Geol., 47, 1–25, 1986.
Bergh, S. G. and Torske, T.: Palaeovolcanology and tectonic setting of a Proterozoic metatholeiitic sequence near the Baltic Shield Margin, northern Norway, Precambrian Res., 39, 227–246, 1988.
Bergh, S. G., Eig, K., Kløvjan, O. S., Henningsen, T., Olesen, O., and Hansen, J.-A.: The Lofoten-Vesterålen continental margin: a multiphase Mesozoic-Palaeogene rifted shelf as shown by offshore-onshore brittle fault-fracture analysis, Norw. J. Geol., 87, 29–58, 2007.
Bergh, S. G., Kullerud, K., Armitage, P. E. B., Zwaan, K. B., Corfu, F., Ravna, E. J. K., and Myhre, P. I.: Neoarchaean to Svecofennian tectono-magmatic evolution of the West Troms Basement Complex, North Norway, Norw. J. Geol., 90, 21–48, 2010.
Bergø, E.: Analyses of Paleozoic and Mesozoic brittle fractures in West-Finnmark, unpublished Master's Thesis, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway, 128 pp., 2016.
Blystad, P., Brekke, H., Færseth, R. B., Larsen, B. T., Skogseid, J., and Tørudbakken, B.: Structural elements of the Norwegian continental shelf, Part II: The Norwegian Sea Region, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate Bulletin, 8, 1–45, 1995.
Braathen, A., Osmundsen, P.-T., Nordgulen, Ø., Roberts, D., and Meyer, G. B.: Orogen-parallel extension of the Caledonides in northern Central Norway: an overview, Norw. J. Geol., 82, 225–241, 2000.
Braathen, A., Osmundsen, P.-T., Hauso, H., Semshaug, S., Fredman, N., and Buckley, S. J.: Fault-induced deformation in poorly consolidated, siliciclastic growth basin: A study from the Devonian in Norway, Tectonophysics, 586, 112–129, 2013.
Breivik, A. J., Gudlaugsson, S. T., and Faleide, J. I.: Ottar Basin, SW Barents Sea: a major Upper Palaeozoic rift basin containing large volumes of deeply buried salt, Basin Res., 7, 299–312, 1995.
Bugge, T., Mangerud, G., Elvebakk, G., Mørk, A., Nilsson, I., Fanavoll, S., and Vigran, J. O.: The Upper Palaeozoic succession on the Finnmark Platform, Barents Sea, Norsk Geol. Tidsskr., 75, 3–30, 1995.
Bylund, G.: Palaeomagnetism of the Late Precambrian Vadsø and Barents Sea Groups, Varanger Peninsula, Norway, Precambrian Res., 69, 81–93, 1994.
Chauvet, A. and Séranne, M.: Extension-parallel folding in the Scandinavian Caledonides: implications for late-orogenic processes, Tectonophysics, 238, 31–54, 1994.
Cianfarra, P. and Salvini, F.: Lineament Domain of Regional Strike-Slip Corridor: Insight from the Neogene Transtentional De Geer Transform Fault in NW Spitsbergen, Pure Appl. Geophys., 172, 1185–1201, 2015.
Corfu, F., Armitage, P. E. B., Kullerud, K., and Bergh, S.G.: Preliminary U-Pb geochronology in the West Troms Basement Complex, North Norway: Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic events and younger overprints, Norg. Geol. Unders. B., 441, 61–72, 2003.
Corfu, F., Torsvik, T. H., Andersen, T. B., Ashwal, L. D., Ramsay, D. M., and Roberts, R. J.: Early Silurian mafic-ultramafic and granitic plutonism in contemporaneous flysch, Magerøy, northern Norway: U-Pb ages and regional significance, J. Geol. Soc. London, 163, 291–301, 2006.
Corfu, F., Andersen, T. B., and Gasser, D.: The Scandinavian Caledonides: main features, conceptual advances and critical questions, in: New Perspectives on the Caledonides of Scandinavia and Related Areas, edited by: Corfu, F., Gasser, D., and Chew, D. M., Geological Society, London, UK, Special Publications, 390, 9–43, 2014.
Cutbill, J. L. and Challinor, A.: Revision of the Stratigraphical Scheme for the Carboniferous and Permian of Spitsbergen and Bjørnøya, Geol. Mag., 102, 418–439, 1965.
Cutbill, J. L., Henderson, W. G., and Wright, N. J. R.: The Billefjorden Group (Early Carboniferous) of central Spitsbergen, Norsk Polarinst. Skri., 164, 57–89, 1976.
Davids, C., Wemmer, K., Zwingmann, H., Kohlmann, F., Jacobs, J., and Bergh, S. G.: K-Ar illite and apatite fission track constraints on brittle faulting and the evolution of the northern Norwegian passive margin, Tectonophysics, 608, 196–211, 2013.
Doré, A. G., Lundin, E. R., Fichler, C., and Olesen, O.: Patterns of basement structure and reactivation along the NE Atlantic margin, J. Geol. Soc. London, 154, 85–92, 1997.
Eig, K.: Onshore and offshore tectonic evolution of the Lofoten passive margin, North Norway, PhD thesis, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway, 256 pp., 2008.
Eig, K. and Bergh, S. G.: Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic fracturing in Lofoten, North Norway: Tectonic significance, fracture mechanisms and controlling factors, Tectonophysics, 499, 190–215, 2011.
Elvevold, S., Reginiussen, H., Krogh, E. J., and Bjørklund, F.: Reworking of deep-seated gabbros and associated contact metamorphosed paragneisses in the south-eastern part of the Seiland Igneous Province, northern Norway, J. Metamorph. Geol., 12, 539–556, 1994.
Faleide, J. I., Gudlaugsson, S. T., and Jacquart, G.: Evolution of the western Barents Sea, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 1, 123–150, 1984.
Faleide, J. I., Vågnes, E., and Gudlaugsson, S. T.: Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution of the south-western Barents Sea in a regional rift-shear tectonic setting, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 10, 186–214, 1993.
Faleide, J. I., Tsikalas, F., Breivik, A. J., Mjelde, R., Ritzmann, O., Engen, Ø., Wilson, J., and Eldholm, O.: Structure and evolution of the continental margin off Norway and the Barents Sea, Episodes, 31, 82–91, 2008.
Fazlikhani, H., Fossen, H., Gawthorpe, R. L., Faleide, J. I., and Bell, R. E.: Basement structure and its influence on the structural configuration of the northern North Sea rift, Tectonics, 36, 1–27, 2017.
Fountain, D. M., Hurich, C. A., and Smithson, S. B.: Seismic reflectivity of mylonite zones in the crust, Geology, 12, 195–198, 1984.
Gabrielsen, R. H.: Long-lived fault zones and their influence on the tectonic development of the southwestern Barents Sea, J. Geol. Soc. London, 141, 651–662, 1984.
Gabrielsen R. H. and Færseth, R. B.: The inner shelf of North Cape, Norway and its implications for the Barents Shelf-Finnmark Caledonide boundary. A comment, Norsk Geol. Tidsskr., 69, 57–62, 1989.
Gabrielsen R. H., Færseth, R. B., Jensen, L. N., Kalheim, J. E., and Riis, F.: Structural elements of the Norwegian continental shelf, Part I: The Barents Sea Region, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate Bulletin, 6, 1–33, 1990.
Gabrielsen R. H., Kløvjan, O. S., Rasmussen, A., and Stølan, T.: Interaction between halokinesis and faulting: structuring of the margins of the Nordkapp Basin, Barents Sea region, in: Structural and Tectonic Modelling and its Application to Petroleum Geology, edited by: Larsen, R. M., Brekke, H., Larsen, B. T., and Talleraas, E., NPF Special Publication, Amsterdam, 1, 121–131, 1992.
Gayer, R. A., Hayes, S. J., and Rice, A. H. N.: The structural development of the Kalak Nappe Complex of Eastern and Central Porsangerhalvøya, Finnmark, Norway, Norg. Geol. Unders. B., 400, 67–87, 1985.
Gernigon L. and Brönner, M.: Late Palaeozoic architecture and evolution of the southwestern Barents Sea: insights from a new generation of aeromagnetic data, J. Geol. Soc. London, 127, 1–11, 2012.
Gernigon, L., Brönner, M., Roberts, D., Olesen, O., Nasuti, A., and Yamasaki, T.: Crustal and basin evolution of the southwestern Barents Sea: From Caledonian orogeny to continental breakup, Tectonics, 33, 347–373, 2014.
Gjelberg, J. G.: Upper Devonian (Famennian) – Middle Carboniferous succession of Bjørnøya, a study of ancient alluvial and coastal marine sedimentation, Norsk Polarinst. Skri., 174, 1–67, 1981.
Gjelberg, J. G.: Early-Middle Carboniferous sedimentation on Svalbard. A study of ancient alluvial and coastal marine sedimentation in rift- and strike-slip basins, PhD thesis, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, 306 pp., 1984.
Gjelberg, J. G. and Steel, R. J.: An outline of Lower-Middle Carboniferous sedimentation on Svalbard: Effects of tectonic, climatic and sea level changes in rift basin sequences, in: Geology of the North Atlantic Borderlands, edited by: Kerr, J. W. and Ferguson, A. J., Can. Soc. Petrolm. Geol. Mem., 7, 543–561, 1981.
Gjelberg, J. G. and Steel, R. J.: Middle Carboniferous marine transgression, Bjørnøya, Svalbard: facies sequences from an interplay of sea level changes and tectonics, Geol. J., 18, 1–19, 1983.
Gudlaugsson, S. T., Faleide, J. I., Johansen, S. E., and Breivik, A. J.: Late Palaeozoic structural development of the South-western Barents Sea, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 15, 73–102, 1998.
Guise, P. G. and Roberts, D.: Devonian ages from 40Ar/39Ar dating of plagioclase in dolerite dykes, eastern Varanger Peninsula, North Norway, Nor. Geol. Unders., 440, 27–37, 2002.
Hallett, B. W., McClelland, W. C., and Gilotti, J. A.: The Timing of Strike-Slip Deformation Along the Storstrømmen Shear Zone, Greenland Caledonides: U-Pb Zircon and Titanite Geochronology, Geosci. Can., 41, 19–45, 2014.
Hansen, J.-A. and Bergh, S. G.: Origin and reactivation of fracture systems adjacent to the Mid-Norwegian continental margin on Hamarøya, North Norway: use of digital geological mapping and morphotectonic lineament analysis, Norw. J. Geol., 92, 391–403, 2012.
Hansen, J.-A., Bergh, S. G., and Henningsen, T.: Mesozoic rifting and basin evolution on the Lofoten and Vesterålen Margin, North-Norway; time constraints and regional implications, Norw. J. Geol., 91, 203–228, 2012.
Herrevold, T., Gabrielsen, R. H., and Roberts, D.: Structural geology of the southeastern part of the Trollfjorden-Komagelva Fault Zone, Varanger Peninsula, Finnmark, North Norway, Norw. J. Geol., 89, 305–325, 2009.
Indrevær, K. and Bergh, S. G.: Linking onshore-offshore basement rock architecture and brittle faults on the submerged strandflat along the SW Barents Sea margin, using high-resolution (5 × 5 m) bathymetry data, Norw. J. Geol., 94, 1–34, 2014.
Indrevær, K., Bergh, S. G., Koehl, J.-B., Hansen, J.-A., Schermer, E. R., and Ingebrigtsen, A.: Post-Caledonian brittle fault zones on the hyperextended SW Barents Sea margin: New insights into onshore and offshore margin architecture, Norw. J. Geol., 93, 167–188, 2013.
Jensen, L. N. and Sørensen, K.: Tectonic framework and halokinesis of the Nordkapp Basin, Barents Sea, in: Structural and Tectonic Modelling and its Application to Petroleum Geology, edited by: Larsen, R. M., Brekke, H., Larsen, B. T., and Talleraas, E., Norwegian Petroleum Society (NPF), Special Publications, Amsterdam, 1, 109–120, 1992.
Johansen, S. E., Henningsen, T., Rundhovde, E., Sæther, B. M., Fichler, C., and Rueslåtten, H. G.: Continuation of the Caledonides north of Norway: seismic reflectors within the basement beneath the southern Barents Sea, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 11, 190–201, 1994.
Johnson, H. D., Levell, B. K., and Siedlecki, S.: Late Precambrian sedimentary rocks in East Finnmark, north Norway and their relationship to the Trollfjord-Komagelv fault, J. Geol. Soc. London, 135, 517–533, 1978.
Kairanov, B., Escalona, A., Norton, I., Nadeau, P., and Lawver, L.: Early Cretaceous-Cenozoic relation between the Tromsø Basin and NE Greenland; Implications for margin evolution, in: Onshore–Offshore Relationships on the North Atlantic margins, Trondheim, 18–19 October, Norsk Geologi Forening Abstracts and Proceedings, 1, 2016.
Kirkland, C. L., Daly, J. S., and Whitehouse, M. J.: Early Silurian magmatism and the Scandian evolution of the Kalak Nappe Complex, Finnmark, Arctic Norway, J. Geol. Soc. London, 162, 985–1003, 2005.
Kirkland, C. L., Daly, J. S., and Whitehouse, M. J.: Provenance and Terrane Evolution of the Kalak Nappe Complex, Norwegian Caledonides: Implications for Neoproterozoic Paleogeography and Tectonics, J. Geol., 115, 21–41, 2007.
Kirkland, C. L., Daly, J. S., and Whitehouse, M. J.: Basement-cover relationships of the Kalak Nappe Complex, Arctic Norwegian Caledonides and constraints on Neoproterozoic terrane assembly in the North Atlantic region, Precambrian Res., 160, 245–276, 2008.
Klein, A. C. and Steltenpohl, M. G.: Basement-cover relations and late- to post-Caledonian extension in the Leknes group, west-central Vestvågøy, Lofoten, north Norway, Norsk Geol. Tidsskr., 79, 19–31, 1999.
Klein, A. C., Steltenpohl, M. G., Hames, W. E., and Andresen, A.: Ductile and brittle extension in the southern Lofoten archipelago, north Norway: implications for differences in tectonic style along an ancient collisional margin, Am. J. Sci., 299, 69–89, 1999.
Koehl, J.-B., Wemmer, K., and Bergh, S. G.: Shallow faulting and westwards migration of rifting from mid-Permian times in North Norway, evidence from K/Ar radiometric dating, in: Onshore–Offshore Relationships on the North Atlantic margins, Trondheim, 18–19 October, Norsk Geologi Forening Abstracts and Proceedings, 1, 2016.
Koehl, J.-B., Kvanli, T.-E., Rowan, M. G., and Faleide, J. I.: Late Carboniferous salt tectonics in the southwesternmost Nordkapp basin, Poster presentation, ARCEx Annual Conference 2017, 10–11 May 2017, Malangen, Norway, 2017.
Koehl, J.-B. P., Bergh, S. G., Osmundsen, P.-T., Redfield, T. F., Indrevær, K., Lea, H., and Bergø, E.: Late Devonian-Carboniferous faulting and controlling fabrics in NW Finnmark, Norw. J. Geol., submitted, 2018.
Koyi, H., Talbot, C. J., and Tørudbakken, B. O.: Salt diapirs of the southwest Nordkapp Basin analogue modelling, Tectonophysics, 228, 167–187, 1993.
Larssen, G. B., Elvebakk, G., Henriksen, S. E., Nilsson, I., Samuelsberg, T. J., Svånå, T. A., Stemmerik, L., and Worsley D.: Upper Palaeozoic lithostratigraphy of the Southern Norwegian Barents Sea, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate Bulletin, 9, 1–76, 2002.
Lea, H.: Analysis of Late plaeozoic-Mesozoic brittle faults and fractures in West-Finnmark: geometry, kinematics, fault rocks and the relationship to offshore structures on the Finnmark Platform in the SW Barents Sea, Unpublished Master's Thesis, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway, 129 pp., 2016.
Lippard, S. J. and Prestvik, T.: Carboniferous dolerite dykes on Magerøy: new age determination and tectonic significance, Norsk Geol. Tidsskr., 77, 159–163, 1997.
Lippard, S. J. and Roberts, D.: Fault systems in Caledonian Finnmark and the southern Barents Sea, Norg. Geol. Unders. B., 410, 55–64, 1987.
Lister, G. S. and Davis, G. A.: The origin of metamorphic core complexes and detachment faults formed during Tertiary continental extension in the northern Coloradi River region, USA, J. Struct. Geol., 11, 65–94, 1989.
Manby, G. and Lyberis, N.: Tectonic evolution of Devonian Basin of northern Svalbard, Norsk Geol. Tidsskr., 72, 7–19, 1992.
Mattingsdal, R., Høy, T., Simonstad, E., and Brekke, H.: An updated map of structural elements in the southern Barents Sea, 31st Geological Winter Meeting, 12–14 January 2015, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, 2015.
Maxant, J.: Variation of density with rock type, depth, and formation in the Western Canada basin from density logs, Geophysics, 45, 1061–1076, 1980.
McCann, A. J. and Dallmann, W. K.: Reactivation of the long-lived Billefjorden Fault Zone in north central Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Geol. Mag., 133, 63–84, 1996.
McClelland, W. C., Gilotti, J. A., Ramarao, T., Stemmerik, L., and Dalhoff, F.: Carboniferous basin in Holm Land records local exhumation of the North-East Greenland Caledonides: Implications for the detrital zircon signature of a collisional orogeny, Geosphere, 12, 925–947, 2016.
Nasuti, A., Roberts, D., and Gernigon, L.: Multiphase mafic dykes in the Caledonides of northern Finnmark revealed by a new high-resolution aeromagnetic dataset, Norw. J. Geol., 95, 251–263, 2015.
Nilsen, K. T., Vendeville, B. C., Johansen, J.-T., and Tulsa, O. K.: Influence of Regional Tectonics on Halokinesis in the Nordkapp Basin, Barents Sea, in: Salt tectonics a global perspective, edited by: Jackson, M. P. A., Roberts, D. G., and Snelson, S., AAPG Memoir, 65, 413–436, 1995.
Olesen, O., Roberts, D., Henkel, H., Lile, O. B., and Torsvik, T. H.: Aeromagnetic and gravimetric interpretation of regional structural features in the Caledonides of West Finnmark and North Troms, northern Norway, Norg. Geol. Unders. B., 419, 1–24, 1990.
Olesen, O., Torsvik, T. H., Tveten, E., and Zwaan, K. B.: The Lofoten-Lopphavet Project – an integrated approach to the study of a passive continental margin, Summary report, Unpublished NGU report, Trondheim, 54 pp., 1993.
Olesen, O., Torsvik, T. H., Tveten, E., Zwaan, K. B., Løseth, H., and Henningsen, T.: Basement structure of the continental margin in the Lofoten-Lopphavet area, northern Norway: constraints from potential field data, on-land structural mapping and palaeomagnetic data, Norsk Geol. Tidsskr., 77, 15–30, 1997.
Olesen, O., Brönner, M., Ebbing, J., Gellein, J., Gernigon, L., Koziel, J., Lauritsen, T., Myklebust, R., Pascal, C., Sand, M., Solheim, D., and Usov, S.: New aeromagnetic and gravity compilations from Norway and adjacent areas: methods and applications, in: From Mature Basins to New Frontiers, edited by: Vining, B. A. and Pickering, S. C., Petroleum Geology, Proceedings of the 7th Petroleum Geology Conference, London, 4 January 2011, 559–586, 2010.
Omosanya, K. O., Johansen, S. E., and Harishidayat, D.: Evolution and character of supra-salt faults in the Easternmost Hammerfest Basin, SW Barents Sea, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 66, 1013–1028, 2015.
Osmundsen, P.-T. and Andersen, T. B.: The middle Devonian basins of western Norway: sedimentary response to large-scale transtensional tectonics, Tectonophysics, 332, 51–68, 2001.
Osmundsen, P. T., Braathen, A., Sommaruga, A., Skilbrei, J. R., Nordgulen, Ø., Roberts, D., Andersen, T. B., Olesen, O., and Mosar, J.: Metamorphic core complexes along the Mid-Norwegian margin: an overview and some current ideas. In: Onshore-offshore relations on the Mid-Norwegian margin, edited by: Wandaas, B., Nystuen, J. P., Eide, E. and Gradstein, F., Norwegian Petroleum Society, Special Publications, Trondheim, Norway, 12, 29–41, 2005.
Ottesen, D., Stokes, C. R., Rise, L., and Olsen, L.: Ice-sheet dynamics and ice streaming along the coastal parts of northern Norway, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 27, 922–940, 2008.
Pastore, Z., Fichler, C., and McEnroe, S. A.: The deep crustal structure of the mafic-ultramafic Seiland Igneous Province of Norway from 3-D gravity modelling and geological implications, Geophys. J. Int., 207, 1653–1666, 2016.
Pharaoh, T. C., Macintyre, R. M., and Ramsay, D. M.: K-Ar age determinations on the Raipas suite in the Komagfjord Window, northern Norway, Norsk Geol. Tidsskr., 62, 51–57, 1982.
Pharaoh, T. C., Ramsay, D. M., and Jansen, Ø.: Stratigraphy and Structure of the Northern Part of the Repparfjord-Komagfjord Window, Finnmark, Northern Norway, Nor. Geol. Unders., 377, 1–45, 1983.
Phillips, T., Jackson, C. A.-L., Bell, R. E., Duffy, O. B., and Fossen, H.: Reactivation of intrabasement structures during rifting: A case study from offshore southern Norway, J. Struct. Geol., 91, 54–73, 2016.
Rafaelsen, B., Elvebakk, G., Andreassen, K., Stemmerik, L., Colpaert, A., and Samuelsberg, T. J.: From detached to attached carbonate buildup complexes – 3-D seismic data from the Upper Palaeozoic, Finnmark Platform, southwestern Barents Sea, Sediment. Geol., 206, 17–32, 2008.
Ramberg, I. B., Bryhni, I., Nøttvedt, A., and Rangnes, K.: The making of a land. Geology of Norway, The Norwegian geological Association, Oslo, Norway, 2008.
Ramsay, D. M., Sturt, B. A., Jansen, Ø., Andersen, T. B., and Sinha-Roy, S.: The tectonostratigraphy of western Porsangerhalvøya, Finnmark north Norwaym, in: The Caledonian OrogenScandinavia and Related Areas, edited by: Gee, D. G., and Sturt, B. A., John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 611–619, 1985.
Reeve, M. T., Bell, R. E., and Jackson, C. A. L.: Origin and significance of intra-basement seismic reflections offshore western Norway, J. Geol. Soc. London, 171, 1–4, 2013.
Rice, A. H. N.: Restoration of the External Caledonides, Finnmark, North Norway, in: New Perspectives on the Caledonides of Scandinavia and Related Areas, edited by: Corfu, F., Gasser, D., and Chew, D. M., Geological Society, London, UK, Special Publications, 390, 271–299, 2013.
Rise, L., Bellec, V. K., Chand, S., and Bøe R.: Pockmarks in the southwestern Barents Sea and Finnmark fjords, Norw. J. Geol., 94, 263–282, 2015.
Roberts, D.: Patterns of folding and fracturing in north-east Sørøy, Nor. Geol. Unders., 269, 89–95, 1971.
Roberts, D.: Tectonic deformation in the Barents Sea region of Varanger Peninsula, Finnmark, Nor. Geol. Unders., 282, 1–39, 1972.
Roberts, D.: Palaeocurrent data from the Kalak Nappe Complex northern Norway: a key element in models of terrane affiliation, Norw. J. Geol., 87, 319–328, 2007.
Roberts, D. and Lippard, S. J.: Inferred Mesozoic faulting in Finnmark: current status and offshore links, Norg. Geol. Unders. B., 443, 55–60, 2005.
Roberts, D. and Onstott, T. C.: 40Ar/39Ar laser microprobe analyses and geochemistry of dolerite dykes from the Rybachi and Sredni Peninsulas, NW Kola, Russia, Nor. Geol. Unders., Special Publication, 7, 307–314, 1995.
Roberts, D. and Siedlecka, A.: Timanian orogenic deformation along the northeastern margin of Baltica, Northwest Russia and Northeast Norway, and Avalonian-Cadomian connections, Tectonophysics, 352, 169–184, 2002.
Roberts, D. and Siedlecka, A.: Provenance and sediment routing of Neoproterozoic formations on the Varanger, Nordkinn, Rybachi and Sredni peninsulas, North Norway and Northwest Russia: a review, Norg. Geol. Unders. B., 452, 1–19, 2012.
Roberts, D. and Williams, G. D.: Berggrunnskart KJØLLEFJORD 2236-4 M 1 : 50 000, foreløpig utgave, Nor. Geol. Unders., 2013.
Roberts, D., Mitchell, J. G., and Andersen, T. B.: A post-Caledonian dyke from Magerøy North Norway: age and geochemistry, Norw. J. Geol., 71, 289–294, 1991.
Roberts, D., Olesen, O., and Karpuz, M. R.: Seismo- and noetectonics in Finnmark, Kola Peninsula and the southern Barents Sea. Part 1: Geological and neotectonic framework, Tectonophysics, 270, 1–13, 1997.
Roberts, D., Chand, S., and Rise, L.: A half-graben of inferred Late Palaeozoic age in outer Varangerfjorden, Finnmark: evidence from seismic reflection profiles and multibeam bathymetry, Norw. J. Geol., 91, 191–200, 2011.
Røe, S.-L. and Roberts, D.: Basement core sandstones in well 7128/6-1, southern Barents Sea, and correlation with onshore upper Proterozoic sequences of northeastern Finnmark, Unpublished report, University of Bergen, Geological Institute, Bergen, Norway, 33 pp., 1992.
Rykkelid, E.: E69 "FATIMA" – Geologisk undersøkelse av tunnel under Magerøysundet, Veglaboratoriet, Statens Vegvesen, Oslo, Norway, 1992.
Samuelsberg, T. J., Elvebakk, G., and Stemmrik, L.: Late Paleozoic evolution of the Finnmark Platform, southern Norwegian Barents Sea, Norw. J. Geol., 83, 351–362, 2003.
Sartini-Rideout, C., Gilotti, J. A., and McClelland, W. C.: Geology and timing of dextral strike-slip shear zones in Danmarkshavn, North-East Greenland Caledonides, Geol. Mag., 143, 431–446, 2006.
Saunders, W. B. and Ramsbottom, W. H. C.: The mid-Carboniferous eustatic event, Geology, 14, 208–212, 1986.
Sengör, A. M. C.: Cross-faults and differential stretching of hanging walls in regions of low-angle normal faulting: examples from western Turkey, in: Continental Extensional Tectonics, edited by: Coward, M. P., Dewey, J. F., and Hancock P. L., Geological Society Special Publication, Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 28, 575–589, 1987.
Séranne, M., Chauvet, A., Seguret, M., and Brunel, M.: Tectonics of the Devonian collapse-basins of western Norway, Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr., 8, 489–499, 1989.
Séranne, M., and Seguret, M.: The Devonian basins of western Norway: tectonics and kinematics of an extending crust, in: Continental Extensional Tectonics, edited by: Coward, M. P., Dewey, J. F., and Hancock, P. L., Geological Society Special Publication, 28, 537–548, 1987.
Shipton, Z. K. and Cowie, P. A.: A conceptual model for the origin of fault damage zone structures in high-porosity sandstones, J. Struct. Geol., 25, 333–344, 2003.
Siedlecka, A.: Late Precambrian Stratigraphy and Structure of the North-Eastern Margin of the Fennoscandian Shield (East Finnmark – Timan Region), Nor. Geol. Unders., 316, 313–348, 1975.
Siedlecka, A. and Roberts, D.: The bedrock geology of Varanger Peninsula, Finnmark, North Norway: an excursion guide, Nor. Geol. Unders., Special Publication, 5, 1–45, 1992.
Siedlecka, A. and Siedlecki, S.: Some new aspects of the geology of Varanger peninsula (Northern Norway), Nor. Geol. Unders., 247, 288–306, 1967.
Siedlecka, A., Roberts, D., Nystuen, J. P., and Olovyanishnikov, V. G.: Northeastern and northwestern margins of Baltica in Neoproterozoic time: evidence from the Timanian and Caledonian Orogens, Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 30, 169–190, 2004.
Siedlecki, S.: Geologisk kart over Norge, berggrunnskart Vadsø – M 1 : 250 000, Nor. Geol. Unders., 1980.
Smelror, M., Petrov, O. V., Larssen, G. B., and Werner, S. C.: Geological history of the Barents Sea, Nor. Geol. Unders., Trondheim, Norway, 135 pp., 2009.
Solheim, A. and Kristoffersen, Y.: The physical environment in the Western Barents Sea, 1 : 5 000 000. Sediments above the upper regional unconformity: thickness, seismic stratigraphy and outline of the glacial history, Norsk Polarinst. Skri., 179B, 1–26, 1984.
Steltenpohl, M. G., Hames, W. E., and Andresen, A.: The Silurian to Permian history of a metamorphic core complex in Lofoten, northern Scandinavian Caledonides, Tectonics, 23, 1–23, 2004.
Steltenpohl, M. G., Moecher, D., Andresen, A., Ball, J., Mager, S., and Hames, W. E.: The Eidsfjord shear zone, Lofoten-Vesterålen, north Norway: An Early Devonian, paleoseismogenic low-angle normal fault, J. Struct. Geol., 33, 1023–1043, 2011.
Torgersen, E., Viola, G., Zwingmann, H., and Harris, C.: Structural and temporal evolution of a reactivated brittle-ductile fault – Part II: Timing of fault initiation and reactivation by K-Ar dating of synkinematic illite/muscovite, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 407, 221–233, 2014.
Torske, T. and Bergh, S. G.: The Caravarri Formation of the Kautokaino Greenstone Belt, Finnmark, North Norway; a Palaeoproterozoic foreland basin succession, Norg. Geol. Unders. B., 442, 5–22, 2004.
Townsend, C.: Thrust transport directions and thrust sheet restoration in the Caledonides of Finnmark, North Norway, J. Struct. Geol., 9, 345–352, 1987a.
Townsend, C.: The inner shelf of North Cape, Norway and its implications for the Baretns Shelf-Finnmark Caledonide boundary, Norsk Geol. Tidsskr., 67, 151–153, 1987b.
Vorren, T., Kristoffersen, Y., and Andreassen, K.: Geology of the inner shelf west of North Cape, Norway, Norsk Geol. Tidsskr., 66, 99–105, 1986.
Wilks, W. J. and Cuthbert, S. J.: The evolution of the Hornelen Basin detachment system western Norway: implications for the style of late orogenic extension in the southern Scandinavian Caledonides, Tectonophysics, 238, 1–30, 1994.
Worsley, D.: The post-Caledonian development of Svalbard and the western Barents Sea, Polar Res., 27, 298–317, 2008.
Worthing, M. A.: Fracture patterns on Eastern Seiland, North Norway and their possible Relationship to Regional Faulting, Norg. Geol. Unders. B., 398, 35–41, 1984.
Zhang, W. Roberts, D., and Pease, V.: Provenance of sandstones from Caledonian nappes in Finnmark, Norway: Implications for Neoproterozoic-Cambrian palaeogeography, Tectonophysics, 691, 198–205, 2016.
Zwaan, K. B.: Geology of the West Troms Basement Complex, northern Norway, with emphasis on the Senja Shear Belt: a preliminary account, Norg. Geol. Unders. B., 427, 33–36, 1995.
Zwaan, K. B. and Gautier, A. M.: Alta and Gargia. Description of the geological maps (AMS-M711) 1834 1 and 1934 IV 1 : 50 000, Nor. Geol. Unders., 357, 1–47, 1980.
Zwaan, K. B. and Roberts, D.: Tectonostratigraphic Succession and Development of the Finnmarkian Nappe Sequence, North Norway, Nor. Geol. Unders., 343, 53–71, 1978.
Short summary
The goal of this work is to study large cracks in the Earth's crust called faults near the coast of northern Norway in the SW Barents Sea. We interpreted seismic data (equivalent to X-ray diagram of the Earth) that showed the presence of a large fault near the coast of Norway, which contributed to building the mountain chain observed in Norway and later helped open the North Atlantic Ocean, separating Greenland from Norway.
The goal of this work is to study large cracks in the Earth's crust called faults near the coast...
