Articles | Volume 13, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1475-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1475-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
27 Sep 2022
Research article |
| 27 Sep 2022
| 27 Sep 2022
Detecting micro fractures: a comprehensive comparison of conventional and machine-learning-based segmentation methods
Dongwon Lee
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Faculty 2, Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Applied Mechanics (CE), Pfaffenwaldring 7, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
Nikolaos Karadimitriou
Faculty 2, Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Applied Mechanics (CE), Pfaffenwaldring 7, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
Matthias Ruf
Faculty 2, Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Applied Mechanics (CE), Pfaffenwaldring 7, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
Holger Steeb
Faculty 2, Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Applied Mechanics (CE), Pfaffenwaldring 7, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
SimTech, Stuttgart Center for Simulation Science, Pfaffenwaldring 5a, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Angelika Humbert, Veit Helm, Ole Zeising, Niklas Neckel, Matthias H. Braun, Shfaqat Abbas Khan, Martin Rückamp, Holger Steeb, Julia Sohn, Matthias Bohnen, and Ralf Müller
The Cryosphere, 19, 3009–3032, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3009-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3009-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We study the evolution of a massive lake on the Greenland Ice Sheet using satellite and airborne data and some modelling. The lake is emptying rapidly. Water flows to the glacier's base through cracks and triangular-shaped moulins that remain visible over the years. Some of them become reactivated. We find features inside the glacier that stem from drainage events with a width of even 1 km. These features are persistent over the years, although they are changing in shape.
Erik H. Saenger, Stephanie Vialle, Maxim Lebedev, David Uribe, Maria Osorno, Mandy Duda, and Holger Steeb
Solid Earth, 7, 1185–1197, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1185-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1185-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Modern estimation of rock properties combines imaging with advanced numerical simulations, an approach known as digital rock physics (DRP). In this paper we suggest a specific segmentation procedure of X-ray micro-computed tomography data with two different resolutions for two sets of carbonate rock samples. These carbonates were already characterized in detail in a previous laboratory study, which we complement with nanoindentation experiments.
Related subject area
Subject area: Tectonic plate interactions, magma genesis, and lithosphere deformation at all scales | Editorial team: Structural geology and tectonics, paleoseismology, rock physics, experimental deformation | Discipline: Structural geology
Poro–perm relations of Mesozoic carbonates and fault breccia, Araxos Promontory, NW Greece
The size distributions of fractures and earthquakes: implications for orogen-internal seismogenic deformation
Strike-slip kinematics from crustal to outcrop-scale: the impact of material properties on analogue modelling
Lithologically constrained velocity–density relationships and vertical stress gradients in the North Alpine Foreland Basin, SE Germany
Unbiased statistical length analysis of linear features: adapting survival analysis to geological applications
Formation and growth of diapirs in contractional settings: the Mediano anticline and Clamosa diapir case study (Southern Pyrenees)
On unifying carbonate rheology
Earthquake swarms frozen in an exhumed hydrothermal system (Bolfin Fault Zone, Chile)
Computational modelling and analytical validation of singular geometric effects in fault data using a combinatorial algorithm
Dissolution-precipitation creep in polymineralic granitoid shear zones in experiments I: Strain localization mechanisms
Reconciling post-orogenic faulting, paleostress evolution, and structural inheritance in the seismogenic northern Apennines (Italy): insights from the Monti Martani Fault System
Understanding the stress field at the lateral termination of a thrust fold using generic geomechanical models and clustering methods
Localized shear and distributed strain accumulation as competing shear accommodation mechanisms in crustal shear zones: constraining their dictating factors
Influence of water on crystallographic preferred orientation patterns in a naturally deformed quartzite
Geomorphic expressions of active rifting reflect the role of structural inheritance: a new model for the evolution of the Shanxi Rift, northern China
Driven magmatism and crustal thinning of coastal southern China in response to subduction
Selection and characterization of the target fault for fluid-induced activation and earthquake rupture experiments
Naturally fractured reservoir characterisation in heterogeneous sandstones: insight for uranium in situ recovery (Imouraren, Niger)
Multiscalar 3D temporal structural characterisation of Smøla island, mid-Norwegian passive margin: an analogue for unravelling the tectonic history of offshore basement highs
Impact of faults on the remote stress state
Subduction plate interface shear stress associated with rapid subduction at deep slow earthquake depths: example from the Sanbagawa belt, southwestern Japan
Multiple phase rifting and subsequent inversion in the West Netherlands Basin: implications for geothermal reservoir characterization
Analogue modelling of basin inversion: implications for the Araripe Basin (Brazil)
Natural fracture patterns at Swift Reservoir anticline, NW Montana: the influence of structural position and lithology from multiple observation scales
Rapid hydration and weakening of anhydrite under stress: implications for natural hydration in the Earth's crust and mantle
Analogue experiments on releasing and restraining bends and their application to the study of the Barents Shear Margin
Structural framework and timing of the Pahtohavare Cu ± Au deposits, Kiruna mining district, Sweden
Does the syn- versus post-rift thickness ratio have an impact on the inversion-related structural style?
Inversion of accommodation zones in salt-bearing extensional systems: insights from analog modeling
Structural control of inherited salt structures during inversion of a domino basement-fault system from an analogue modelling approach
Kinematics and time-resolved evolution of the main thrust-sense shear zone in the Eo-Alpine orogenic wedge (the Vinschgau Shear Zone, eastern Alps)
Role of inheritance during tectonic inversion of a rift system in basement-involved to salt-decoupled transition: analogue modelling and application to the Pyrenean–Biscay system
Water release and homogenization by dynamic recrystallization of quartz
Hydrothermal activity of the Lake Abhe geothermal field (Djibouti): Structural controls and paths for further exploration
Time-dependent frictional properties of granular materials used in analogue modelling: implications for mimicking fault healing during reactivation and inversion
Large grain-size-dependent rheology contrasts of halite at low differential stress: evidence from microstructural study of naturally deformed gneissic Zechstein 2 rock salt (Kristallbrockensalz) from the northern Netherlands
Analogue modelling of the inversion of multiple extensional basins in foreland fold-and-thrust belts
A contribution to the quantification of crustal shortening and kinematics of deformation across the Western Andes ( ∼ 20–22° S)
Rift thermal inheritance in the SW Alps (France): insights from RSCM thermometry and 1D thermal numerical modelling
The Luangwa Rift Active Fault Database and fault reactivation along the southwestern branch of the East African Rift
Clustering has a meaning: optimization of angular similarity to detect 3D geometric anomalies in geological terrains
Shear zone evolution and the path of earthquake rupture
Mechanical compaction mechanisms in the input sediments of the Sumatra subduction complex – insights from microstructural analysis of cores from IODP Expedition 362
Multiscale lineament analysis and permeability heterogeneity of fractured crystalline basement blocks
Structural characterization and K–Ar illite dating of reactivated, complex and heterogeneous fault zones: lessons from the Zuccale Fault, Northern Apennines
How do differences in interpreting seismic images affect estimates of geological slip rates?
Progressive veining during peridotite carbonation: insights from listvenites in Hole BT1B, Samail ophiolite (Oman)
Tectonic evolution of the Indio Hills segment of the San Andreas fault in southern California, southwestern USA
Structural diagenesis in ultra-deep tight sandstones in the Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, China
Variscan structures and their control on latest to post-Variscan basin architecture: insights from the westernmost Bohemian Massif and southeastern Germany
Sergio C. Vinciguerra, Federico Vagnon, Irene Bottero, Jerome Fortin, Angela Vita Petrullo, Dimitrios Spanos, Aristotelis Pagoulatos, and Fabrizio Agosta
Solid Earth, 16, 681–707, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-681-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-681-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the poro–perm relations of both host rocks and fault rocks of Mesozoic carbonate rocks, by integrating a laboratory petrophysical study with a digital image analysis. Three different protocols were employed to compute permeability: (i) Effective Medium Theory on laboratory data, (ii) constant crack aperture and (iii) crack density values from 2D images. Carbonate host rocks did not show a clear poro–perm trend due to the presence of stiff, sub-rounded pores and of small vugs.
Sandro Truttmann, Tobias Diehl, Marco Herwegh, and Stefan Wiemer
Solid Earth, 16, 641–662, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-641-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-641-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study investigates the statistical relationship between geological fractures and earthquakes in the southwestern Swiss Alps. We analyze how the fracture size and earthquake rupture are related and find differences in how fractures at different depths rupture seismically. While shallow fractures tend to rupture only partially, deeper fractures are more likely to rupture along their entire length, potentially resulting in larger earthquakes.
Luigi Massaro, Jürgen Adam, Elham Jonade, Silvia Negrão, and Yasuhiro Yamada
Solid Earth, 16, 531–550, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-531-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-531-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this manuscript, we investigated the kinematics and dynamics of strike-slip damage zones using laboratory mechanical tests and analogue modelling techniques. The results underline the importance of a multi-scale approach (from crustal to outcrop-scale) to improve the understanding of such deformation processes, deriving fundamental correlations with the physical and mechanical properties of the model materials applied in the experiments.
Peter Obermeier, Florian Duschl, and Michael C. Drews
Solid Earth, 16, 425–440, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-425-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-425-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate geophysical properties and the distribution of vertical stress, which is defined by the weight of the rock column above a certain location in the subsurface, in the upper 5 km of the North Alpine Foreland Basin in Germany. Our results help us to understand the present-day geological configuration and to improve safety for subsurface use, such as deep geothermal energy production in the study area.
Gabriele Benedetti, Stefano Casiraghi, Daniela Bertacchi, and Andrea Bistacchi
Solid Earth, 16, 367–390, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-367-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-367-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
At any scale, the limited size of a study area introduces a bias in the interpretation of linear features, defined as right-censoring bias. We show the effects of not considering such bias and apply survival analysis techniques to obtain unbiased estimates of multiple parametrical distributions in three censored length datasets. Finally, we propose a novel approach to select the most representative model from a sensible candidate pool using the probability integral transform technique.
Pablo Santolaria, Roi Silva-Casal, Núria Carrera, Josep A. Muñoz, Pau Arbués, and Pablo Granado
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1742, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1742, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Among sedimentary rocks, evaporites (as salt) have a particular behavior when deformed under geological forces: they flow while the others break. Such behavior controls the evolution of mountain building events. By mapping the distribution of rocks and interpreting the subsurface architecture of geological structures we were able to reconstruct the mountain building processes of an area in the Southern Pyrenees and how those evaporites flowed and accumulated where we find them nowadays.
James Gilgannon and Marco Herwegh
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1718, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1718, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonate rocks can control how strong the Earth’s crust is in places. They are often described in simple terms as calcite or dolomite, but they are more complicated. At the atomistic level different amounts of elements, like magnesium and calcium, are incorporated at different temperatures and at the microscopic level carbonates can have different internal structures. We review 50 years of experimental data to provide equations that can describe the strength of most kinds of carbonates.
Simone Masoch, Giorgio Pennacchioni, Michele Fondriest, Rodrigo Gomila, Piero Poli, José Cembrano, and Giulio Di Toro
Solid Earth, 16, 23–43, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-23-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-23-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate an exhumed hydrothermal system in the Atacama Desert (Chile) to understand how earthquake swarms form. Wall rocks near fault veins experienced high-stress pulses, and fault veins underwent cyclic crack opening and shearing. These findings suggest ancient earthquake swarm activity, from dynamic crack propagation to repeated crack opening and shearing. This system represents a unique geological record of earthquake swarms, providing insights into their initiation and evolution.
Michał P. Michalak, Janusz Morawiec, and Peter Menzel
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3327, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3327, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes geological faults using triangular surface data to model displaced horizons, considering scenarios with and without elevation uncertainties. Formal proofs and computational experiments show that without elevation errors, identical dip directions occur. Even with uncertainties, the expected dip direction remains consistent. The findings offer insights for predicting fault geometry in data-sparse environments, improving fault modeling with imprecise elevation data.
Natalia Nevskaya, Alfons Berger, Holger Stünitz, Weijia Zhan, Markus Ohl, Oliver Plümper, and Marco Herwegh
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3968, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3968, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Rheology of polymineralic rocks is crucial to unravel the strain and stress distribution in Earth’s middle crust with implications for e.g. seismicity or geothermal systems. Our experimental study of the viscous rheology of natural, fine-grained, granitoid rocks shows that dissolution-precipitation creep and pinning is active in extremely weak narrow zones. Due to the polymineralic character, strain localizes with and without a precursory fracture in zones weaker than monomineralic quartz.
Riccardo Asti, Selina Bonini, Giulio Viola, and Gianluca Vignaroli
Solid Earth, 15, 1525–1551, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1525-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1525-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study addresses the tectonic evolution of the seismogenic Monti Martani Fault System (northern Apennines, Italy). By applying a field-based structural geology approach, we reconstruct the evolution of the stress field and we challenge the current interpretation of the fault system in terms of both geometry and state of activity. We stress that the peculiar behavior of this system during post-orogenic extension is still significantly influenced by the pre-orogenic structural template.
Anthony Adwan, Bertrand Maillot, Pauline Souloumiac, Christophe Barnes, Christophe Nussbaum, Meinert Rahn, and Thomas Van Stiphout
Solid Earth, 15, 1445–1463, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1445-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1445-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use computer simulations to study how stress is distributed in large-scale geological models, focusing on how fault lines behave under pressure. By running many 2D and 3D simulations with varying conditions, we discover patterns in how faults form and interact. Our findings reveal that even small changes in conditions can lead to different stress outcomes. This research helps us better understand earthquake mechanics and could improve predictions of fault behavior in real-world scenarios.
Pramit Chatterjee, Arnab Roy, and Nibir Mandal
Solid Earth, 15, 1281–1301, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1281-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1281-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding strain accumulation processes in shear zones is essential for explaining failure mechanisms at great crustal depths. This study explores the rheological and kinematic factors determining the varying modes of shear accommodation in natural shear zones. Numerical simulations suggest that an interplay of parameters – initial viscosity, bulk shear rate, and internal cohesion – governs the dominance of one accommodation mechanism over another.
Jeffrey M. Rahl, Brendan Moehringer, Kenneth S. Befus, and John S. Singleton
Solid Earth, 15, 1233–1240, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1233-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1233-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
At the high temperatures present in the deeper crust, minerals such as quartz can flow much like silly putty. The detailed mechanisms of how atoms are reorganized depends upon several factors, such as the temperature and the rate of which the mineral changes shape. We present observations from a naturally deformed rock showing that the amount of water present also influences the type of deformation in quartz, with implications for geological interpretations.
Malte Froemchen, Ken J. W. McCaffrey, Mark B. Allen, Jeroen van Hunen, Thomas B. Phillips, and Yueren Xu
Solid Earth, 15, 1203–1231, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1203-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1203-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Shanxi Rift is a young, active rift in northern China that formed atop a Proterozoic orogen. The impact of these structures on active rift faults is poorly understood. Here, we quantify the landscape response to active faulting and compare it with published maps of inherited structures. We find that inherited structures played an important role in the segmentation of the Shanxi Rift and in the development of rift interaction zones, which are the most active regions in the Shanxi Rift.
Jinbao Su, Wenbin Zhu, and Guangwei Li
Solid Earth, 15, 1133–1141, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1133-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1133-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The late Mesozoic igneous rocks in the South China Block exhibit flare-ups and lulls, which form in compressional or extensional backgrounds. The ascending of magma forms a mush-like head and decreases crustal thickness. The presence of faults and pre-existing magmas will accelerate emplacement of underplating magma. The magmatism at different times may be formed under similar subduction conditions, and the boundary compression forces will delay magma ascent.
Peter Achtziger-Zupančič, Alberto Ceccato, Alba Simona Zappone, Giacomo Pozzi, Alexis Shakas, Florian Amann, Whitney Maria Behr, Daniel Escallon Botero, Domenico Giardini, Marian Hertrich, Mohammadreza Jalali, Xiaodong Ma, Men-Andrin Meier, Julian Osten, Stefan Wiemer, and Massimo Cocco
Solid Earth, 15, 1087–1112, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We detail the selection and characterization of a fault zone for earthquake experiments in the Fault Activation and Earthquake Ruptures (FEAR) project at the Bedretto Lab. FEAR, which studies earthquake processes, overcame data collection challenges near faults. The fault zone in Rotondo granite was selected based on geometry, monitorability, and hydro-mechanical properties. Remote sensing, borehole logging, and geological mapping were used to create a 3D model for precise monitoring.
Maxime Jamet, Gregory Ballas, Roger Soliva, Olivier Gerbeaud, Thierry Lefebvre, Christine Leredde, and Didier Loggia
Solid Earth, 15, 895–920, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-895-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-895-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study characterizes the Tchirezrine II sandstone reservoir in northern Niger. Crucial for potential uranium in situ recovery (ISR), our multifaceted approach reveals (i) a network of homogeneously distributed orthogonal structures, (ii) the impact of clustered E–W fault structures on anisotropic fluid flow, and (iii) local changes in the matrix behaviour of the reservoir as a function of the density and nature of the deformation structure.
Matthew S. Hodge, Guri Venvik, Jochen Knies, Roelant van der Lelij, Jasmin Schönenberger, Øystein Nordgulen, Marco Brönner, Aziz Nasuti, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 15, 589–615, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-589-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-589-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Smøla island, in the mid-Norwegian margin, has complex fracture and fault patterns resulting from tectonic activity. This study uses a multiple-method approach to unravel Smøla's tectonic history. We found five different phases of deformation related to various fracture geometries and minerals dating back hundreds of millions of years. 3D models of these features visualise these structures in space. This approach may help us to understand offshore oil and gas reservoirs hosted in the basement.
Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, and Moritz O. Ziegler
Solid Earth, 15, 305–327, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-305-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-305-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
It is generally assumed that faults have an influence on the stress state of the Earth’s crust. It is questionable whether this influence is still present far away from a fault. Simple numerical models were used to investigate the extent of the influence of faults on the stress state. Several models with different fault representations were investigated. The stress fluctuations further away from the fault (> 1 km) are very small.
Yukinojo Koyama, Simon R. Wallis, and Takayoshi Nagaya
Solid Earth, 15, 143–166, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-143-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-143-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Stress along a subduction plate boundary is important for understanding subduction phenomena such as earthquakes. We estimated paleo-stress using quartz recrystallized grain size combined with deformation temperature and P–T paths of exhumed rocks. The obtained results show differential stresses of 30.8–82.7 MPa consistent over depths of 17–27 km in the paleo-subduction boundary. The obtained stress may represent the initial conditions under which slow earthquakes nucleated in the same domain.
Annelotte Weert, Kei Ogata, Francesco Vinci, Coen Leo, Giovanni Bertotti, Jerome Amory, and Stefano Tavani
Solid Earth, 15, 121–141, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
On the road to a sustainable planet, geothermal energy is considered one of the main substitutes when it comes to heating. The geological history of an area can have a major influence on the application of these geothermal systems, as demonstrated in the West Netherlands Basin. Here, multiple episodes of rifting and subsequent basin inversion have controlled the distribution of the reservoir rocks, thus influencing the locations where geothermal energy can be exploited.
Pâmela C. Richetti, Frank Zwaan, Guido Schreurs, Renata S. Schmitt, and Timothy C. Schmid
Solid Earth, 14, 1245–1266, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1245-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1245-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Araripe Basin in NE Brazil was originally formed during Cretaceous times, as South America and Africa broke up. The basin is an important analogue to offshore South Atlantic break-up basins; its sediments were uplifted and are now found at 1000 m height, allowing for studies thereof, but the cause of the uplift remains debated. Here we ran a series of tectonic laboratory experiments that show how a specific plate tectonic configuration can explain the evolution of the Araripe Basin.
Adam J. Cawood, Hannah Watkins, Clare E. Bond, Marian J. Warren, and Mark A. Cooper
Solid Earth, 14, 1005–1030, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1005-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1005-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here we test conceptual models of fracture development by investigating fractures across multiple scales. We find that most fractures increase in abundance towards the fold hinge, and we interpret these as being fold related. Other fractures at the site show inconsistent orientations and are unrelated to fold formation. Our results show that predicting fracture patterns requires the consideration of multiple geologic variables.
Johanna Heeb, David Healy, Nicholas E. Timms, and Enrique Gomez-Rivas
Solid Earth, 14, 985–1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-985-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-985-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hydration of rocks is a key process in the Earth’s crust and mantle that is accompanied by changes in physical traits and mechanical behaviour of rocks. This study assesses the influence of stress on hydration reaction kinetics and mechanics in experiments on anhydrite. We show that hydration occurs readily under stress and results in localized hydration along fractures and mechanic weakening. New gypsum growth is selective and depends on the stress field and host anhydrite crystal orientation.
Roy Helge Gabrielsen, Panagiotis Athanasios Giannenas, Dimitrios Sokoutis, Ernst Willingshofer, Muhammad Hassaan, and Jan Inge Faleide
Solid Earth, 14, 961–983, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-961-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-961-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Barents Shear Margin defines the border between the relatively shallow Barents Sea that is situated on a continental plate and the deep ocean. This margin's evolution history was probably influenced by plate tectonic reorganizations. From scaled experiments, we deduced several types of structures (faults, folds, and sedimentary basins) that help us to improve the understanding of the history of the opening of the North Atlantic.
Leslie Logan, Ervin Veress, Joel B. H. Andersson, Olof Martinsson, and Tobias E. Bauer
Solid Earth, 14, 763–784, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-763-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-763-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Pahtohavare Cu ± Au deposits in the Kiruna mining district have a dubious timing of formation and have not been contextualized within an up-to-date tectonic framework. Structural mapping was carried out to reveal that the deposits are hosted in brittle structures that cut a noncylindrical, SE-plunging anticline constrained to have formed during the late-Svecokarelian orogeny. These results show that Cu ± Au mineralization formed more than ca. 80 Myr after iron oxide–apatite mineralization.
Alexandra Tamas, Dan M. Tamas, Gabor Tari, Csaba Krezsek, Alexandru Lapadat, and Zsolt Schleder
Solid Earth, 14, 741–761, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-741-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tectonic processes are complex and often difficult to understand due to the limitations of surface or subsurface data. One such process is inversion tectonics, which means that an area initially developed in an extension (such as the opening of an ocean) is reversed to compression (the process leading to mountain building). In this research, we use a laboratory method (analogue modelling), and with the help of a sandbox, we try to better understand structures (folds/faults) related to inversion.
Elizabeth Parker Wilson, Pablo Granado, Pablo Santolaria, Oriol Ferrer, and Josep Anton Muñoz
Solid Earth, 14, 709–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-709-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-709-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work focuses on the control of accommodation zones on extensional and subsequent inversion in salt-detached domains using sandbox analogue models. During extension, the transfer zone acts as a pathway for the movement of salt, changing the expected geometries. When inverted, the salt layer and syn-inversion sedimentation control the deformation style in the salt-detached cover system. Three natural cases are compared to the model results and show similar inversion geometries.
Oriol Ferrer, Eloi Carola, and Ken McClay
Solid Earth, 14, 571–589, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-571-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-571-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using an experimental approach based on scaled sandbox models, this work aims to understand how salt above different rotational fault blocks influences the cover geometry and evolution, first during extension and then during inversion. The results show that inherited salt structures constrain contractional deformation. We show for the first time how welds and fault welds are reopened during contractional deformation, having direct implications for the subsurface exploration of natural resources.
Chiara Montemagni, Stefano Zanchetta, Martina Rocca, Igor M. Villa, Corrado Morelli, Volkmar Mair, and Andrea Zanchi
Solid Earth, 14, 551–570, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Vinschgau Shear Zone (VSZ) is one of the largest and most significant shear zones developed within the Late Cretaceous thrust stack in the Austroalpine domain of the eastern Alps. 40Ar / 39Ar geochronology constrains the activity of the VSZ between 97 and 80 Ma. The decreasing vorticity towards the core of the shear zone, coupled with the younging of mylonites, points to a shear thinning behavior. The deepest units of the Eo-Alpine orogenic wedge were exhumed along the VSZ.
Jordi Miró, Oriol Ferrer, Josep Anton Muñoz, and Gianreto Manastchal
Solid Earth, 14, 425–445, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-425-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-425-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using the Asturian–Basque–Cantabrian system and analogue (sandbox) models, this work focuses on the linkage between basement-controlled and salt-decoupled domains and how deformation is accommodated between the two during extension and subsequent inversion. Analogue models show significant structural variability in the transitional domain, with oblique structures that can be strongly modified by syn-contractional sedimentation. Experimental results are consistent with the case study.
Junichi Fukuda, Takamoto Okudaira, and Yukiko Ohtomo
Solid Earth, 14, 409–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-409-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-409-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured water distributions in deformed quartz by infrared spectroscopy mapping and used the results to discuss changes in water distribution resulting from textural development. Because of the grain size reduction process (dynamic recrystallization), water contents decrease from 40–1750 wt ppm in host grains of ~2 mm to 100–510 wt ppm in recrystallized regions composed of fine grains of ~10 µm. Our results indicate that water is released and homogenized by dynamic recrystallization.
Bastien Walter, Yves Géraud, Alexiane Favier, Nadjib Chibati, and Marc Diraison
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-397, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-397, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Lake Abhe in southwestern Djibouti is known for its exposures of massive hydrothermal chimneys and hot springs on the lake’s eastern shore. This study highlights the control of the main structural faults of the area on the development of these hydrothermal features. This work contributes to better understand hydrothermal fluid pathways in this area and may help further exploration for the geothermal development of this remarkable site.
Michael Rudolf, Matthias Rosenau, and Onno Oncken
Solid Earth, 14, 311–331, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Analogue models of tectonic processes rely on the reproduction of their geometry, kinematics and dynamics. An important property is fault behaviour, which is linked to the frictional characteristics of the fault gouge. This is represented by granular materials, such as quartz sand. In our study we investigate the time-dependent frictional properties of various analogue materials and highlight their impact on the suitability of these materials for analogue models focusing on fault reactivation.
Jessica Barabasch, Joyce Schmatz, Jop Klaver, Alexander Schwedt, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 14, 271–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed Zechstein salt with microscopes and observed specific microstructures that indicate much faster deformation in rock salt with fine halite grains when compared to salt with larger grains. This is important because people build large cavities in the subsurface salt for energy storage or want to deposit radioactive waste inside it. When engineers and scientists use grain-size data and equations that include this mechanism, it will help to make better predictions in geological models.
Nicolás Molnar and Susanne Buiter
Solid Earth, 14, 213–235, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Progression of orogenic wedges over pre-existing extensional structures is common in nature, but deciphering the spatio-temporal evolution of deformation from the geological record remains challenging. Our laboratory experiments provide insights on how horizontal stresses are transferred across a heterogeneous crust, constrain which pre-shortening conditions can either favour or hinder the reactivatation of extensional structures, and explain what implications they have on critical taper theory.
Tania Habel, Martine Simoes, Robin Lacassin, Daniel Carrizo, and German Aguilar
Solid Earth, 14, 17–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-17-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-17-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Central Andes are one of the most emblematic reliefs on Earth, but their western flank remains understudied. Here we explore two rare key sites in the hostile conditions of the Atacama desert to build cross-sections, quantify crustal shortening, and discuss the timing of this deformation at ∼20–22°S. We propose that the structures of the Western Andes accommodated significant crustal shortening here, but only during the earliest stages of mountain building.
Naïm Célini, Frédéric Mouthereau, Abdeltif Lahfid, Claude Gout, and Jean-Paul Callot
Solid Earth, 14, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the peak temperature of sedimentary rocks of the SW Alps (France), using Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material. This method provides an estimate of the peak temperature achieved by organic-rich rocks. To determine the timing and the tectonic context of the origin of these temperatures we use 1D thermal modelling. We find that the high temperatures up to 300 °C were achieved during precollisional extensional events, not during tectonic burial in the Western Alps.
Luke N. J. Wedmore, Tess Turner, Juliet Biggs, Jack N. Williams, Henry M. Sichingabula, Christine Kabumbu, and Kawawa Banda
Solid Earth, 13, 1731–1753, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mapping and compiling the attributes of faults capable of hosting earthquakes are important for the next generation of seismic hazard assessment. We document 18 active faults in the Luangwa Rift, Zambia, in an active fault database. These faults are between 9 and 207 km long offset Quaternary sediments, have scarps up to ~30 m high, and are capable of hosting earthquakes from Mw 5.8 to 8.1. We associate the Molaza Fault with surface ruptures from two unattributed M 6+ 20th century earthquakes.
Michał P. Michalak, Lesław Teper, Florian Wellmann, Jerzy Żaba, Krzysztof Gaidzik, Marcin Kostur, Yuriy P. Maystrenko, and Paulina Leonowicz
Solid Earth, 13, 1697–1720, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1697-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1697-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
When characterizing geological/geophysical surfaces, various geometric attributes are calculated, such as dip angle (1D) or dip direction (2D). However, the boundaries between specific values may be subjective and without optimization significance, resulting from using default color palletes. This study proposes minimizing cosine distance among within-cluster observations to detect 3D anomalies. Our results suggest that the method holds promise for identification of megacylinders or megacones.
Erik M. Young, Christie D. Rowe, and James D. Kirkpatrick
Solid Earth, 13, 1607–1629, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1607-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1607-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Studying how earthquakes spread deep within the faults they originate from is crucial to improving our understanding of the earthquake process. We mapped preserved ancient earthquake surfaces that are now exposed in South Africa and studied their relationship with the shape and type of rocks surrounding them. We determined that these surfaces are not random and are instead associated with specific kinds of rocks and that their shape is linked to the evolution of the faults in which they occur.
Sivaji Lahiri, Kitty L. Milliken, Peter Vrolijk, Guillaume Desbois, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 13, 1513–1539, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1513-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1513-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the mechanism of mechanical compaction is important. Previous studies on mechanical compaction were mostly done by performing experiments. Studies on natural rocks are rare due to compositional heterogeneity of the sedimentary succession with depth. Due to remarkable similarity in composition and grain size, the Sumatra subduction complex provides a unique opportunity to study the micromechanism of mechanical compaction on natural samples.
Alberto Ceccato, Giulia Tartaglia, Marco Antonellini, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 13, 1431–1453, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's surface is commonly characterized by the occurrence of fractures, which can be mapped, and their can be geometry quantified on digital representations of the surface at different scales of observation. Here we present a series of analytical and statistical tools, which can aid the quantification of fracture spatial distribution at different scales. In doing so, we can improve our understanding of how fracture geometry and geology affect fluid flow within the fractured Earth crust.
Giulio Viola, Giovanni Musumeci, Francesco Mazzarini, Lorenzo Tavazzani, Manuel Curzi, Espen Torgersen, Roelant van der Lelij, and Luca Aldega
Solid Earth, 13, 1327–1351, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A structural-geochronological approach helps to unravel the Zuccale Fault's architecture. By mapping its internal structure and dating some of its fault rocks, we constrained a deformation history lasting 20 Myr starting at ca. 22 Ma. Such long activity is recorded by now tightly juxtaposed brittle structural facies, i.e. different types of fault rocks. Our results also have implications on the regional evolution of the northern Apennines, of which the Zuccale Fault is an important structure.
Wan-Lin Hu
Solid Earth, 13, 1281–1290, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1281-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1281-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Having a seismic image is generally expected to enable us to better determine fault geometry and thus estimate geological slip rates accurately. However, the process of interpreting seismic images may introduce unintended uncertainties, which have not yet been widely discussed. Here, a case of a shear fault-bend fold in the frontal Himalaya is used to demonstrate how differences in interpretations can affect the following estimates of slip rates and dependent conclusions.
Manuel D. Menzel, Janos L. Urai, Estibalitz Ukar, Thierry Decrausaz, and Marguerite Godard
Solid Earth, 13, 1191–1218, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1191-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1191-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mantle rocks can bind large quantities of carbon by reaction with CO2, but this capacity requires fluid pathways not to be clogged by carbonate. We studied mantle rocks from Oman to understand the mechanisms allowing their transformation into carbonate and quartz. Using advanced imaging techniques, we show that abundant veins were essential fluid pathways driving the reaction. Our results show that tectonic stress was important for fracture opening and a key ingredient for carbon fixation.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl, Steffen G. Bergh, and Arthur G. Sylvester
Solid Earth, 13, 1169–1190, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The San Andreas fault is a major active fault associated with ongoing earthquake sequences in southern California. The present study investigates the development of the Indio Hills area in the Coachella Valley along the main San Andreas fault and the Indio Hills fault. The Indio Hills area is located near an area with high ongoing earthquake activity (Brawley seismic zone), and, therefore, its recent tectonic evolution has implications for earthquake prediction.
Jin Lai, Dong Li, Yong Ai, Hongkun Liu, Deyang Cai, Kangjun Chen, Yuqiang Xie, and Guiwen Wang
Solid Earth, 13, 975–1002, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-975-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-975-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
(1) Structural diagenesis analysis is performed on the ultra-deep tight sandstone. (2) Fracture and intergranular pores are related to the low in situ stress magnitudes. (3) Dissolution is associated with the presence of fracture.
Hamed Fazlikhani, Wolfgang Bauer, and Harald Stollhofen
Solid Earth, 13, 393–416, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Interpretation of newly acquired FRANKEN 2D seismic survey data in southeeastern Germany shows that upper Paleozoic low-grade metasedimentary rocks and possible nappe units are transported by Variscan shear zones to ca. 65 km west of the Franconian Fault System (FFS). We show that the locations of post-Variscan upper Carboniferous–Permian normal faults and associated graben and half-graben basins are controlled by the geometry of underlying Variscan shear zones.
Cited articles
Acharya, T. and Ray, A. K.: Image Processing: Principles and Applications, John Wiley & Sons,
https://doi.org/10.1002/0471745790, 2005. a
Ahamed, B. B., Yuvaraj, D., and Priya, S. S.: Image Denoising with Linear and
Non-linear Filters, Proceedings of 2019 International Conference on
Computational Intelligence and Knowledge Economy, ICCIKE 2019, 10, 806–810,
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCIKE47802.2019.9004429, 2019. a
Al-amri, S. S., Kalyankar, N. V., and Khamitkar, S. D.: Image segmentation by using
edge detection, Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng.,
2, 804–807, 2010. a
Albawi, S., Mohammed, T. A., and Al-Zawi, S.: Understanding of a convolutional
neural network, in: Proceedings of 2017 International Conference on
Engineering and Technology, ICET 2017, IEEE, 2018,
1–6, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEngTechnol.2017.8308186, 2018. a
Alqahtani, N., Alzubaidi, F., Armstrong, R. T., Swietojanski, P., and
Mostaghimi, P.: Machine learning for predicting properties of porous media
from 2d X-ray images, J. Petrol. Sci. Eng., 184,
106514, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2019.106514, 2020. a
Alzubaidi, F., Makuluni, P., Clark, S. R., Lie, J. E., Mostaghimi, P., and
Armstrong, R. T.: Automatic fracture detection and characterization from
unwrapped drill-core images using mask R–CNN, J. Petrol. Sci. Eng., 208, 109471,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2021.109471, 2022. a
Amit, Y. and Geman, D.: Shape Quantization and Recognition with Randomized
Trees, Neural Comput., 9, 1545–1588, https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.1997.9.7.1545,
1997. a, b
Arena, A., Delle Piane, C., and Sarout, J.: A new computational approach to
cracks quantification from 2D image analysis: Application to micro-cracks
description in rocks, Comput. Geosci., 66, 106–120,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2014.01.007, 2014. a
Arganda-Carreras, I., Kaynig, V., Rueden, C., Eliceiri, K. W., Schindelin, J.,
Cardona, A., and Seung, H. S.: Trainable Weka Segmentation: A machine
learning tool for microscopy pixel classification, Bioinformatics, 33,
2424–2426, https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btx180, 2017. a, b, c, d
Beanshell210: BeanShell 2.1.0, [code], https://beanshell.github.io/ (last access: 4 September 2022), 2020. a
Behrenbruch, C. P., Petroudi, S., Bond, S., Declerck, J. D., Leong, F. J., and
Brady, J. M.: Image filtering techniques for medical image post-processing:
An overview, Brit. J. Radiol., 77, 126–132, https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr/17464219,
2004. a, b
Berkowitz, B.: Analysis of Fracture Network Connectivity Using Percolation
Theory, Math. Geol., 27, 467–483, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02084422, 1995. a
Beucher, S. and Meyer, F.: The Morphological Approach to Segmentation: The
Watershed Transformation, in: Mathematical morphology in image processing,
Vol. 18, p. 49, ISBN: 1351830503, 9781351830508, 1993. a
Bharodiya, A. K. and Gonsai, A. M.: An improved edge detection algorithm for
X-Ray images based on the statistical range, Heliyon, 5, e02743,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02743, 2019. a
Buades, A., Coll, B., and Morel, J.-M.: Non-Local Means Denoising, Image
Processing On Line, 1, 208–212, https://doi.org/10.5201/ipol.2011.bcm_nlm, 2011. a
Canny, J.: A Computational Approach to Edge Detection, IEEE T.
Pattern Anal., 8, 679–698,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1986.4767851, 1986. a
Caselles, V., Catté, F., Coll, T., and Dibos, F.: A geometric model for
active contours in image processing, Numer. Math., 66, 1–31,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01385685, 1993. a, b
Chan, T. F. and Vese, L. A.: Active contours without edges, IEEE T. Image Process., 10, 266–277, https://doi.org/10.1109/83.902291, 2001. a, b
Chauhan, S., Rühaak, W., Khan, F., Enzmann, F., Mielke, P., Kersten, M.,
and Sass, I.: Processing of rock core microtomography images: Using seven
different machine learning algorithms, Comput. Geosci., 86,
120–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2015.10.013, 2016. a
Chollet, F. and others: Keras, https://github.com/fchollet/keras (last access: 3 September 2022) [code], 2015. a
Christe, P., Bernasconi, M., Vontobel, P., Turberg, P., and Parriaux, A.:
Three-dimensional petrographical investigations on borehole rock samples: A
comparison between X-ray computed- and neutron tomography, Acta Geotech.,
2, 269–279, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-007-0045-9, 2007. a
Chung, S. Y., Kim, J. S., Stephan, D., and Han, T. S.: Overview of the use of
micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to investigate the relation between the
material characteristics and properties of cement-based materials,
Constr. Build. Mater., 229, 116843,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116843, 2019. a
Coady, J., O'Riordan, A., Dooly, G., Newe, T., and Toal, D.: An overview of
popular digital image processing filtering operations, Proceedings of the
International Conference on Sensing Technology, ICST, 2019,
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICST46873.2019.9047683, 2019. a
Cracknell, M. J. and Reading, A. M.: Geological mapping using remote sensing
data: A comparison of five machine learning algorithms, their response to
variations in the spatial distribution of training data and the use of
explicit spatial information, Comput. Geosci., 63, 22–33,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2013.10.008, 2014. a
Crawford, B. R., Tsenn, M. C., Homburg, J. M., Stehle, R. C., Freysteinson,
J. A., and Reese, W. C.: Incorporating Scale-Dependent Fracture Stiffness
for Improved Reservoir Performance Prediction, Rock Mech. Rock
Eng., 50, 3349–3359, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1314-z, 2017. a
Davis, C.: The norm of the Schur product operation, Numer. Math., 4,
343–344, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01386329, 1962. a
De Kock, T., Boone, M. A., De Schryver, T., Van Stappen, J., Derluyn, H.,
Masschaele, B., De Schutter, G., and Cnudde, V.: A pore-scale study of
fracture dynamics in rock using X-ray micro-CT under ambient freeze-thaw
cycling, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 2867–2874,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es505738d, 2015. a
Delle Piane, C., Arena, A., Sarout, J., Esteban, L., and Cazes, E.:
Micro-crack enhanced permeability in tight rocks: An experimental and
microstructural study, Tectonophysics, 665, 149–156,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.10.001, 2015. a, b
Deng, H., Fitts, J. P., and Peters, C. A.: Quantifying fracture geometry with
X-ray tomography: Technique of Iterative Local Thresholding (TILT) for 3D
image segmentation, Comput. Geosci., 20, 231–244,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-016-9560-9, 2016. a, b
Dhanachandra, N., Manglem, K., and Chanu, Y. J.: Image Segmentation Using
K-means Clustering Algorithm and Subtractive Clustering Algorithm, Procedia
Comput. Sci., 54, 764–771, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.06.090, 2015. a, b
Dong, Y., Li, P., Tian, W., Xian, Y., and Lu, D.: Journal of Natural Gas
Science and Engineering An equivalent method to assess the production
performance of horizontal wells with complicated hydraulic fracture network
in shale oil reservoirs, J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng., 71,
102975, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2019.102975, 2019. a
Drechsler, K. and Oyarzun Laura, C.: Comparison of vesselness functions for
multiscale analysis of the liver vasculature, in: Proceedings of the 10th
IEEE International Conference on Information Technology and Applications in
Biomedicine, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1109/ITAB.2010.5687627, 2010. a
Dura, R. and Hart, P.: Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis, John Wiley
& Sons, first edn., ISBN: 0471223611, 9780471223610, 1973. a
Erdt, M., Raspe, M., and Suehling, M.: Automatic Hepatic Vessel Segmentation
Using Graphics Hardware, in: Medical Imaging and Augmented Reality, edited by:
Dohi, T., Sakuma, I., and Liao, H., Springer Berlin Heidelberg,
Berlin, Heidelberg, 403–412, ISBN: 978-3-540-79982-5, 2008. a
Fei, Y., Wang, K. C. P., Zhang, A., Chen, C., Li, J. Q., Liu, Y., Yang, G., and
Li, B.: Pixel-Level Cracking Detection on 3D Asphalt Pavement Images Through
Deep-Learning- Based CrackNet-V, IEEE T. Intell. Transp., 21, 273–284, https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2019.2891167, 2020. a
Frangakis, A. S. and Hegerl, R.: Noise reduction in electron tomographic
reconstructions using nonlinear anisotropic diffusion, J. Struct. Biol., 135, 239–250, https://doi.org/10.1006/jsbi.2001.4406, 2001. a
Frangi, A. F., Niessen, W. J., Vincken, K. L., and Viergever, M. A.: Multiscale vessel enhancement filtering, edited by: Wells, W. M., Colchester, A., and Delp, S., Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention – MICCAI’98, MICCAI 1998, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 1496, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0056195, 1998. a
Fredrich, J. T. and Wong, T.-f.: Micromechanics of thermally induced cracking
in three crustal rocks, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 91,
12743–12764, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB12p12743, 1986. a
Furat, O., Wang, M., Neumann, M., Petrich, L., Weber, M., Krill, C. E., and
Schmidt, V.: Machine learning techniques for the segmentation of tomographic
image data of functional materials, Front. Material., 6, 145,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2019.00145, 2019. a, b
Gastal, E. S. and Oliveira, M. M.: Domain transform for edge-aware image and
video processing, ACM T. Graphic., 30, 1–12,
https://doi.org/10.1145/1964921.1964964, 2011. a, b, c
Gastal, E. S. and Oliveira, M. M.: Adaptive manifolds for real-time
high-dimensional filtering, ACM T. Graphic., 31, 1–13,
https://doi.org/10.1145/2185520.2185529, 2012. a, b, c, d
Golub, G. H. and Van Loan, C. F.: Matrix Computations, The Johns Hopkins
University Press, third edn., ISBN: 0801830109, 9780801830105, 1996. a
Griffiths, L., Heap, M., Baud, P., and Schmittbuhl, J.: Quantification of
microcrack characteristics and implications for stiffness and strength of
granite, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 100,
138–150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.10.013, 2017. a
Halisch, M., Steeb, H., Henkel, S., and Krawczyk, C. M.: Pore-scale tomography and imaging: applications, techniques and recommended practice, Solid Earth, 7, 1141–1143, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1141-2016, 2016. a
Healy, D., Rizzo, R. E., Cornwell, D. G., Farrell, N. J., Watkins, H., Timms,
N. E., Gomez-Rivas, E., and Smith, M.: FracPaQ: A MATLAB™ toolbox for the
quantification of fracture patterns, J. Struct. Geol., 95,
1–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2016.12.003, 2017. a
Huang, N., Liu, R., Jiang, Y., Cheng, Y., and Li, B.: Shear-flow coupling
characteristics of a three-dimensional discrete fracture network-fault model
considering stress-induced aperture variations, J. Hydrol., 571,
416–424, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.01.068, 2019. a
Jiang, T., Zhang, J., and Wu, H.: Experimental and numerical study on
hydraulic fracture propagation in coalbed methane reservoir, J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng., 35, 455–467,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2016.08.077, 2016. a
Jing, Y., Armstrong, R. T., and Mostaghimi, P.: Rough-walled discrete fracture
network modelling for coal characterisation, Fuel, 191, 442–453,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.094, 2017. a
Jollife, I. T. and Cadima, J.: Principal component analysis: A review and
recent developments, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 374, 2065,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0202, 2016. a, b
Karimpouli, S., Tahmasebi, P., Ramandi, H. L., Mostaghimi, P., and Saadatfar,
M.: Stochastic modeling of coal fracture network by direct use of
micro-computed tomography images, Int. J. Coal Geol., 179,
153–163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2017.06.002, 2017. a
Karimpouli, S., Tahmasebi, P., and Saenger, E. H.: Coal Cleat/Fracture
Segmentation Using Convolutional Neural Networks, Nat. Resour. Res., 29, 1675–1685, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-019-09536-y, 2019. a
Ketcham, R. A. and Hanna, R. D.: Beam hardening correction for X-ray computed
tomography of heterogeneous natural materials, Comput. Geosci., 67,
49–61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2014.03.003, 2014. a
Khryashchev, V., Ivanovsky, L., Pavlov, V., Ostrovskaya, A., and Rubtsov, A.:
Comparison of Different Convolutional Neural Network Architectures for
Satellite Image Segmentation, in: Conference of Open Innovation Association,
FRUCT, 2018, 172–179, https://doi.org/10.23919/FRUCT.2018.8588071,
2018. a
Kingma, D. P. and Ba, J.: Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization, arxiv [preprint], https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv:1412.6980, 2017. a
Kodym, O. and Španěl, M.: Semi-automatic ct image segmentation
using random forests learned from partial annotations, in: BIOIMAGING 2018 –
5th International Conference on Bioimaging, Proceedings; Part of 11th
International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and
Technologies, BIOSTEC 2018, 124–131,
https://doi.org/10.5220/0006588801240131, 2018. a
Kumari, W. G., Ranjith, P. G., Perera, M. S., and Chen, B. K.: Experimental
investigation of quenching effect on mechanical, microstructural and flow
characteristics of reservoir rocks: Thermal stimulation method for geothermal
energy extraction, J. Petrol. Sci. Eng., 162,
419–433, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.12.033, 2018. a
Lai, J., Wang, G., Fan, Z., Chen, J., Qin, Z., Xiao, C., Wang, S., and Fan, X.:
Three-dimensional quantitative fracture analysis of tight gas sandstones
using industrial computed tomography, Sci. Rep., 7, 1–12,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01996-7, 2017. a
Lei, Q. and Gao, K.: Correlation Between Fracture Network Properties and Stress
Variability in Geological Media, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45,
3994–4006, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GL077548, 2018. a
Li, P., Xia, H., Zhou, B., Yan, F., and Guo, R.: A Method to Improve the
Accuracy of Pavement Crack Identification by Combining a Semantic
Segmentation and Edge Detection Model, Appl. Sci., 12, 4714,
https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094714, 2022. a
Li, S., Song, W., Fang, L., Chen, Y., Ghamisi, P., and Benediktsson, J. A.:
Deep learning for hyperspectral image classification: An overview, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 57, 6690–6709,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2019.2907932, 2019. a
Li, S. Z. and Jain, A. (Eds.): Local Adaptive Thresholding,
Springer US, Boston, MA, 939–939, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73003-5_506, 2009. a
Lissa, S., Ruf, M., Steeb, H., and Quintal, B.: Effects of crack roughness on
attenuation caused by squirt flow in Carrara marble, in: SEG Technical
Program Expanded Abstracts 2020, Society of Exploration Geophysicists,
https://doi.org/10.1190/segam2020-3427789.1, 2020. a
Lissa, S., Ruf, M., Steeb, H., and Quintal, B.: Digital rock physics applied to
squirt flow, Geophysics, 86, MR235, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2020-0731.1, 2021. a
Long, J., Shelhamer, E., and Darrell, T.: Fully Convolutional Networks for
Semantic Segmentation, IEEE T. Pattern Anal., 39, 640–651, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2016.2572683, 2017. a
MacQueen, J.: Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate
observations, in: Proceedings of the Fifth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical
Statistics and Probability, Volume 1: Statistics, University of
California Press, Berkeley, Calif., 281–297,
https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bsmsp/1200512992 (last access: 4 September 2022), 1967. a
Marr, D. and Hildreth, E.: Theory of edge detection, P. R. Soc. London, 207, 187–217,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1980.0020, 1980. a
Maurer, C. R., Qi, R., and Raghavan, V.: A linear time algorithm for computing
exact Euclidean distance transforms of binary images in arbitrary
dimensions, IEEE T. Pattern Anal.,
25, 265–270, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2003.1177156, 2003. a
Minaee, S., Boykov, Y., Porikli, F., Plaza, A., Kehtarnavaz, N., and
Terzopoulos, D.: Image Segmentation Using Deep Learning: A Survey,
1–23, http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.05566 (last access: 4 September 2022), 2020. a
Mumford, D. and Shah, J.: Optimal approximations by piecewise smooth functions
and associated variational problems, Commun. Pure Appl. Math., 42, 577–685, https://doi.org/10.1002/cpa.3160420503, 1989. a
Natick, Massachusetts: MATLAB version 9.4.0.813654 (R2018a), [code], https://www.mathworks.com/ (last access: 4 September 2022), The Mathworks, Inc., 2018. a
Nguyen, T. S., Avila, M., and Begot, S.: Automatic detection and classification
of defect on road pavement using anisotropy measure, in: 2009 17th European
Signal Processing Conference, 617–621, 2009. a
Osher, S. and Tsai, R.: Level Set Methods and Their Applications in Image
Science, Commun. Math. Sci., 1, 1–20,
https://doi.org/10.4310/cms.2003.v1.n4.a1, 2003. a
Palafox, L. F., Hamilton, C. W., Scheidt, S. P., and Alvarez, A. M.: Automated
detection of geological landforms on Mars using Convolutional Neural
Networks, Comput. Geosci., 101, 48–56,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2016.12.015, 2017. a
Peacock, S., McCann, C., Sothcott, J., and Astin, T.: Seismic velocities in
fractured rocks: an experimental verification of Hudson's theory,
Geophys. Prospect., 42, 27–80,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1994.tb00193.x, 1994. a
Pearson, K.: LIII. On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in
space, The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal
of Science, 2, 559–572, 1901. a
Perona, P. and Malik, J.: Scale-Space and Edge Detection Using Anisotropic
Diffusion, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,
12, 629–639, https://doi.org/10.1109/34.56205, 1990. a
Python: Python 3.7.7, [code], https://www.python.org/ (last access: 4 September 2022), Python Software Foundation, 2020. a
Pieri, M., Burlini, L., Kunze, K., Stretton, I., and Olgaard, D. L.:
Rheological and microstructural evolution of Carrara marble with high shear
strain: results from high temperature torsion experiments, J. Struct. Geol., 23, 1393–1413, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00006-2,
2001. a
Pimienta, L., Orellana, L. F., and Violay, M.: Variations in Elastic and
Electrical Properties of Crustal Rocks With Varying Degree of
Microfracturation, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 124,
6376–6396, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jb017339, 2019. a
Poulose, M.: Literature Survey on Image Deblurring Techniques, International
J. Comput. Appl. Tech. Res., 2, 286–288,
https://doi.org/10.7753/ijcatr0203.1014, 2013. a
Ramandi, H. L., Mostaghimi, P., and Armstrong, R. T.: Digital rock analysis
for accurate prediction of fractured media permeability, J. Hydrol., 554, 817–826, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.08.029, 2017. a, b, c
Rezaie, A., Achanta, R., Godio, M., and Beyer, K.: Comparison of crack
segmentation using digital image correlation measurements and deep learning,
Constr. Build. Mater., 261, 120474,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120474, 2020. a
Roberts, G., Haile, S. Y., Sainju, R., Edwards, D. J., Hutchinson, B., and Zhu,
Y.: Deep Learning for Semantic Segmentation of Defects in Advanced STEM
Images of Steels, Sci. Rep., 9, 1–12,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49105-0, 2019. a
Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P., and Brox, T.: U-net: Convolutional networks for
biomedical image segmentation, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including
subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in
Bioinformatics), 9351, 234–241, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24574-4_28, 2015. a, b
Ruf, M. and Steeb, H.: micro-XRCT data set of Carrara marble with
artificially created crack network: fast cooling down from 600 ∘C, [data set],
https://doi.org/10.18419/DARUS-682, 2020b. a, b, c, d
Saenger, E. H., Vialle, S., Lebedev, M., Uribe, D., Osorno, M., Duda, M., and Steeb, H.: Digital carbonate rock physics, Solid Earth, 7, 1185–1197, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1185-2016, 2016. a
Salman, N.: Image Segmentation Based on Watershed and Edge Detection
Techniques, The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, 3,
104–110, 2006. a
Sarout, J., Cazes, E., Delle Piane, C., Arena, A., and Esteban, L.:
Stress-dependent permeability and wave dispersion in tight cracked rocks:
Experimental validation of simple effective medium models, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 122, 6180–6201,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jb014147, 2017. a
Sato, Y., Nakajima, S., Atsumi, H., Roller, T., Gerig, G., Yoshida, S., and
Kikinis, R.: 3D Multi-Scale Line Filter for Segmentation and Visualization
of Curvilinear Structures in Medical Images, Lecture Notes in Computer
Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and
Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 1205, 213–222, https://doi.org/10.1007/bfb0029240,
1997. a
Sheppard, A. P., Sok, R. M., and Averdunk, H.: Techniques for image
enhancement and segmentation of tomographic images of porous materials,
Physica A, 339, 145–151,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2004.03.057, 2004. a, b
Shorten, C. and Khoshgoftaar, T. M.: A survey on Image Data Augmentation for
Deep Learning, J. Big Data, 6, 60, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-019-0197-0,
2019. a
Simonyan, K. and Zisserman, A.: Very Deep Convolutional Networks for
Large-Scale Image Recognition, https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.1409.1556, 2014. a
Singh, S. P., Wang, L., Gupta, S., Goli, H., Padmanabhan, P., and Gulyás,
B.: 3D Deep Learning on Medical Images: A Review,
http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.00218 (last access: 4 September 2022), 2020. a
Su, T. C., Yang, M. D., Wu, T. C., and Lin, J. Y.: Morphological segmentation
based on edge detection for sewer pipe defects on CCTV images, Expert
Syst. Appl., 38, 13094–13114,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.04.116, 2011. a
Suzuki, A., Miyazawa, M., Okamoto, A., Shimizu, H., Obayashi, I., Hiraoka, Y.,
Tsuji, T., Kang, P., and Ito, T.: Inferring fracture forming processes by
characterizing fracture network patterns with persistent homology, Comput. Geosci., 143, 104550,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2020.104550, 2020.
a
Taylor, H. F., O'Sullivan, C., and Sim, W. W.: A new method to identify void
constrictions in micro-CT images of sand, Comput. Geosci., 69,
279–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.05.012, 2015. a, b, c
van Santvoort, J. and Golombok, M.: Improved recovery from fractured oil
reservoirs, J. Petrol. Sci. Eng., 167, 28–36,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2018.04.002, 2018. a
Vincent, L. and Dougherty, E. R.: Morphological Segmentation for Textures and
Particles, Digital Image Processing Methods, 43–102,
https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003067054-2, 1994. a
Voorn, M., Exner, U., and Rath, A.: Multiscale Hessian fracture filtering for
the enhancement and segmentation of narrow fractures in 3D image data,
Comput. Geosci., 57, 44–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2013.03.006,
2013. a, b, c
Weerakone, W. M. and Wong, R. C.: Characterization of Variable Aperture Rock
Fractures Using X-ray Computer Tomography, in: Advances in X-ray Tomography
for Geomaterials, Wiley Online Libary, 229–235, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470612187.ch21, 2010. a, b
Wetzstein, G., Lanman, D., Hirsch, M., and Raskar, R.: Supplementary Material:
Tensor Displays: Compressive Light Field Synthesis using Multilayer Displays
with Directional Backlighting A Additional Details on Nonnegative Matrix and
Tensor Factorization, ACM T. Graphic., 31, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1145/2185520.2185576, 2012. a
Xing, C., Huang, J., Xu, Y., Shu, J., and Zhao, C.: Research on crack
extraction based on the improved tensor voting algorithm, Arab. J. Geosci., 11, 342, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3676-2, 2018. a
Yamaguchi, T. and Hashimoto, S.: Fast crack detection method for large-size
concrete surface images using percolation-based image processing, Mach. Vision Appl., 21, 797–809, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00138-009-0189-8, 2010. a
Zhang, G., Ranjith, P. G., Perera, M. S., Haque, A., Choi, X., and Sampath,
K. S.: Characterization of coal porosity and permeability evolution by
demineralisation using image processing techniques: A micro-computed
tomography study, J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng., 56,
384–396, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2018.06.020, 2018. a
Zhou, Z., Siddiquee, M. M. R., Tajbakhsh, N., and Liang, J.: UNet++:
Redesigning Skip Connections to Exploit Multiscale Features in Image
Segmentation, IEEE T. Med. Imag., 39, 1856–1867,
https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2019.2959609, 2019. a
Short summary
This research article focuses on filtering and segmentation methods employed in high-resolution µXRCT studies for crystalline rocks, bearing fractures, or fracture networks, of very small aperture. Specifically, we focus on the identification of artificially induced (via quenching) fractures in Carrara marble samples. Results from the same dataset from all five different methods adopted were produced and compared with each other in terms of their output quality and time efficiency.
This research article focuses on filtering and segmentation methods employed in high-resolution...
