Articles | Volume 6, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-457-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-457-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
30 Apr 2015
Research article |
| 30 Apr 2015
Tectonic evolution and high-pressure rock exhumation in the Qiangtang terrane, central Tibet
Z. Zhao
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
School of Earth Science and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
P. D. Bons
Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
G. Wang
School of Earth Science and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
A. Soesoo
Institute of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn 19086, Estonia
Y. Liu
State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics, Institute of Geology, CAGS, Beijing 100037, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Nicolas Stoll, Ilka Weikusat, Daniela Jansen, Paul Bons, Kyra Darányi, Julien Westhoff, Mária-Gema Llorens, David Wallis, Jan Eichler, Tomotaka Saruya, Tomoyuki Homma, Martyn Drury, Frank Wilhelms, Sepp Kipfstuhl, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, and Johanna Kerch
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2653, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2653, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A better understanding of ice flow requires more observational data. The EastGRIP core is the first ice core through an active ice stream. We discuss crystal orientation data to determine the present deformation regimes. A comparison with other deep ice cores shows the unique properties of EastGRIP and that deep ice originates from the Eemian. We further show that the overall plug flow of NEGIS is characterised by many small-scale variations, which remain to be considered in ice-flow models.
Steven Franke, Daniel Steinhage, Veit Helm, Alexandra M. Zuhr, Julien A. Bodart, Olaf Eisen, and Paul Bons
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2349, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2349, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use radar technology to study the internal architecture of the ice sheet in western DML, East Antarctica. We identified and dated nine internal reflection horizons (IRHs), revealing important information about the ice sheet's history and dynamics. Some IRHs can be linked to past volcanic eruptions and are of similar age to IRHs detected in other parts of Antarctica. Our findings enhance our understanding of ice sheet behaviour and aid in developing better models for predicting future changes.
Till Sachau, Haibin Yang, Justin Lang, Paul D. Bons, and Louis Moresi
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 8749–8764, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8749-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8749-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge of the internal structures of the major continental ice sheets is improving, thanks to new investigative techniques. These structures are an essential indication of the flow behavior and dynamics of ice transport, which in turn is important for understanding the actual impact of the vast amounts of water trapped in continental ice sheets on global sea-level rise. The software studied here is specifically designed to simulate such structures and their evolution.
Maria-Gema Llorens, Albert Griera, Paul D. Bons, Ilka Weikusat, David J. Prior, Enrique Gomez-Rivas, Tamara de Riese, Ivone Jimenez-Munt, Daniel García-Castellanos, and Ricardo A. Lebensohn
The Cryosphere, 16, 2009–2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2009-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2009-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Polar ice is formed by ice crystals, which form fabrics that are utilised to interpret how ice sheets flow. It is unclear whether fabrics result from the current flow regime or if they are inherited. To understand the extent to which ice crystals can be reoriented when ice flow conditions change, we simulate and evaluate multi-stage ice flow scenarios according to natural cases. We find that second deformation regimes normally overprint inherited fabrics, with a range of transitional fabrics.
Paul D. Bons, Tamara de Riese, Steven Franke, Maria-Gema Llorens, Till Sachau, Nicolas Stoll, Ilka Weikusat, Julien Westhoff, and Yu Zhang
The Cryosphere, 15, 2251–2254, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2251-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2251-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The modelling of Smith-Johnson et al. (The Cryosphere, 14, 841–854, 2020) suggests that a very large heat flux of more than 10 times the usual geothermal heat flux is required to have initiated or to control the huge Northeast Greenland Ice Stream. Our comparison with known hotspots, such as Iceland and Yellowstone, shows that such an exceptional heat flux would be unique in the world and is incompatible with known geological processes that can raise the heat flux.
Chao Qi, David J. Prior, Lisa Craw, Sheng Fan, Maria-Gema Llorens, Albert Griera, Marianne Negrini, Paul D. Bons, and David L. Goldsby
The Cryosphere, 13, 351–371, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-351-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-351-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Ice deformed in nature develops crystallographic preferred orientations, CPOs, which induce an anisotropy in ice viscosity. Shear experiments of ice revealed a transition in CPO with changing temperature/strain, which is due to the change of dominant CPO-formation mechanism: strain-induced grain boundary migration dominates at higher temperatures and lower strains, while lattice rotation dominates at other conditions. Understanding these mechanisms aids the interpretation of CPOs in natural ice.
Florian Steinbach, Paul D. Bons, Albert Griera, Daniela Jansen, Maria-Gema Llorens, Jens Roessiger, and Ilka Weikusat
The Cryosphere, 10, 3071–3089, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-3071-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-3071-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
How glaciers or ice sheets flow is a result of microscopic processes controlled by the properties of individual ice crystals. We performed computer simulations on these processes and the effect of air bubbles between crystals. The simulations show that small-scale ice deformation is locally stronger than in other regions, which is enhanced by bubbles. This causes the ice crystals to recrystallise and change their properties in a way that potentially also affects the large-scale flow properties.
D. Jansen, M.-G. Llorens, J. Westhoff, F. Steinbach, S. Kipfstuhl, P. D. Bons, A. Griera, and I. Weikusat
The Cryosphere, 10, 359–370, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-359-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-359-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we present examples of typical small-scale folds observed in the NEEM ice core, North Greenland, and discuss their characteristics. Numerical modelling of viscoplastic deformation and dynamic recrystallisation was used to improve the understanding of the formation of the observed structures under simple shear boundary conditions. We conclude that the folds originate from bands of grains with a tilted lattice relative to the strong lattice preferred orientation below 1500 m depth.
Related subject area
Geodynamics
Increased metamorphic conditions in the lower crust during oceanic transform fault evolution
ECOMAN: an open-source package for geodynamic and seismological modelling of mechanical anisotropy
How a volcanic arc influences back-arc extension: insight from 2D numerical models
Quantifying mantle mixing through configurational entropy
Various lithospheric deformation patterns derived from rheological contrasts between continental terranes: insights from 2-D numerical simulations
Magmatic underplating associated with Proterozoic basin formation: insights from gravity study over the southern margin of the Bundelkhand Craton, India
On the impact of true polar wander on heat flux patterns at the core–mantle boundary
The influence of viscous slab rheology on numerical models of subduction
Statistical appraisal of geothermal heat flow observations in the Arctic
Fast uplift in the southern Patagonian Andes due to long- and short-term deglaciation and the asthenospheric window underneath
Modeling liquid transport in the Earth's mantle as two-phase flow: effect of an enforced positive porosity on liquid flow and mass conservation
Thrusts control the thermal maturity of accreted sediments
The crustal structure of the Longmenshan fault zone and its implications for seismogenesis: new insight from aeromagnetic and gravity data
Earth's core variability from magnetic and gravity field observations
The role of continental lithospheric thermal structure in the evolution of orogenic systems: application to the Himalayan–Tibetan collision zone
Glacial-isostatic-adjustment strain rate–stress paradox in the Western Alps and impact on active faults and seismicity
The effect of temperature-dependent material properties on simple thermal models of subduction zones
Plume–ridge interactions: ridgeward versus plate-drag plume flow
Transport mechanisms of hydrothermal convection in faulted tight sandstones
A corrected finite-difference scheme for the flexure equation with abrupt changes in coefficient
Influence of heterogeneous thermal conductivity on the long-term evolution of the lower-mantle thermochemical structure: implications for primordial reservoirs
The role of edge-driven convection in the generation ofvolcanism – Part 2: Interaction with mantle plumes, applied to the Canary Islands
The effect of low-viscosity sediments on the dynamics and accretionary style of subduction margins
Thermal non-equilibrium of porous flow in a resting matrix applicable to melt migration: a parametric study
101 geodynamic modelling: how to design, interpret, and communicate numerical studies of the solid Earth
Crustal structure of the Volgo–Uralian subcraton revealed by inverse and forward gravity modelling
On the choice of finite element for applications in geodynamics
A new finite element approach to model microscale strain localization within olivine aggregates
Interpolation of magnetic anomalies over an oceanic ridge region using an equivalent source technique and crust age model constraint
Coupled dynamics and evolution of primordial and recycled heterogeneity in Earth's lower mantle
Buoyancy versus shear forces in building orogenic wedges
Comparing global seismic tomography models using varimax principal component analysis
Magma ascent mechanisms in the transition regime from solitary porosity waves to diapirism
Analytical solution for residual stress and strain preserved in anisotropic inclusion entrapped in an isotropic host
Gravity effect of Alpine slab segments based on geophysical and petrological modelling
The role of edge-driven convection in the generation of volcanism – Part 1: A 2D systematic study
Gravity modeling of the Alpine lithosphere affected by magmatism based on seismic tomography
Timescales of chemical equilibrium between the convecting solid mantle and over- and underlying magma oceans
The preserved plume of the Caribbean Large Igneous Plateau revealed by 3D data-integrative models
Impact of upper mantle convection on lithosphere hyperextension and subsequent horizontally forced subduction initiation
Pragmatic solvers for 3D Stokes and elasticity problems with heterogeneous coefficients: evaluating modern incomplete LDLT preconditioners
Combined numerical and experimental study of microstructure and permeability in porous granular media
Mapping undercover: integrated geoscientific interpretation and 3D modelling of a Proterozoic basin
Monitoring crustal CO2 flow: methods and their applications to the mofettes in West Bohemia
On the self-regulating effect of grain size evolution in mantle convection models: application to thermochemical piles
Deciphering the metamorphic evolution of the Pulo do Lobo metasedimentary domain (SW Iberian Variscides)
The impact of rheological uncertainty on dynamic topography predictions
The effect of effective rock viscosity on 2-D magmatic porosity waves
Density distribution across the Alpine lithosphere constrained by 3-D gravity modelling and relation to seismicity and deformation
Pore-scale permeability prediction for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids
Peter Haas, Myron F. H. Thomas, Christian Heine, Jörg Ebbing, Andrey Seregin, and Jimmy van Itterbeeck
Solid Earth, 15, 1419–1443, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1419-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1419-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Transform faults are conservative plate boundaries where no material is added or destroyed. Oceanic fracture zones are their inactive remnants and record tectonic processes that formed oceanic crust. In this study, we combine high-resolution data sets along fracture zones in the Gulf of Guinea to demonstrate that their formation is characterized by increased metamorphic conditions. This is in line with previous studies that describe the non-conservative character of transform faults.
Manuele Faccenda, Brandon P. VanderBeek, Albert de Montserrat, Jianfeng Yang, Francesco Rappisi, and Neil Ribe
Solid Earth, 15, 1241–1264, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1241-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1241-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's internal dynamics and structure can be well understood by combining seismological and geodynamic modelling with mineral physics, an approach that has been poorly adopted in the past. To this end we have developed ECOMAN, an open-source software package that is intended to overcome the computationally intensive nature of this multidisciplinary methodology and the lack of a dedicated and comprehensive computational framework.
Duo Zhang and J. Huw Davies
Solid Earth, 15, 1113–1132, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1113-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1113-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We numerically model the influence of an arc on back-arc extension. The arc is simulated by placing a hot region on the overriding plate. We investigate how plate ages and properties of the hot region affect back-arc extension and present regime diagrams illustrating the nature of back-arc extension for these models. We find that back-arc extension occurs not only in the hot region but also, surprisingly, away from it, and a hot region facilitates extension on the overriding plate.
Erik van der Wiel, Cedric Thieulot, and Douwe J. J. van Hinsbergen
Solid Earth, 15, 861–875, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-861-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-861-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Geodynamic models of mantle convection provide a powerful tool to study the structure and composition of the Earth's mantle. Comparing such models with other datasets is difficult. We explore the use of
configurational entropy, which allows us to quantify mixing in models. The entropy may be used to analyse the mixed state of the mantle as a whole and may also be useful to validate numerical models against anomalies in the mantle that are obtained from seismology and geochemistry.
Renxian Xie, Lin Chen, Jason P. Morgan, and Yongshun John Chen
Solid Earth, 15, 789–806, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-789-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-789-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Continental terranes have various rheological strengths due to the differences in their ages, compositions, and structures. We applied four assumed rheological models to three terranes in a collisional model and obtained four styles of lithosphere deformation patterns of collision, subduction, thickening/delamination, and replacement. These simulation patterns are seen in observed lithosphere deformation patterns and structures in East Asia.
Ananya Parthapradip Mukherjee and Animesh Mandal
Solid Earth, 15, 711–729, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-711-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-711-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Global gravity data are used to develop 2D models and a Moho depth map from 3D inversion, depicting the crustal structure below the region covered by Proterozoic sedimentary basins, south of the Bundelkhand Craton in central India. The observed thick mafic underplated layer above the Moho indicates Proterozoic plume activity. Thus, the study offers insights into the crustal configuration of this region, illustrating the geodynamic processes that led to the formation of the basins.
Thomas Frasson, Stéphane Labrosse, Henri-Claude Nataf, Nicolas Coltice, and Nicolas Flament
Solid Earth, 15, 617–637, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-617-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-617-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Heat flux heterogeneities at the bottom of Earth's mantle play an important role in the dynamic of the underlying core. Here, we study how these heterogeneities are affected by the global rotation of the Earth, called true polar wander (TPW), which has to be considered to relate mantle dynamics with core dynamics. We find that TPW can greatly modify the large scales of heat flux heterogeneities, notably at short timescales. We provide representative maps of these heterogeneities.
Natalie Hummel, Susanne Buiter, and Zoltán Erdős
Solid Earth, 15, 567–587, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-567-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-567-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Simulations of subducting tectonic plates often use material properties extrapolated from the behavior of small rock samples in a laboratory to conditions found in the Earth. We explore several typical approaches to simulating these extrapolated material properties and show that they produce very rigid subducting plates with unrealistic dynamics. Our findings imply that subducting plates deform by additional mechanisms that are less commonly implemented in simulations.
Judith Freienstein, Wolfgang Szwillus, Agnes Wansing, and Jörg Ebbing
Solid Earth, 15, 513–533, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-513-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-513-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Geothermal heat flow influences ice sheet dynamics, making its investigation important for ice-covered regions. Here we evaluate the sparse measurements for their agreement with regional solid Earth models, as well as with a statistical approach. This shows that some points should be excluded from regional studies. In particular, the NGRIP point, which strongly influences heat flow maps and the distribution of high basal melts, should be statistically considered an outlier.
Veleda A. P. Muller, Pietro Sternai, and Christian Sue
Solid Earth, 15, 387–404, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-387-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-387-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Uplift rates up to 40 mm yr−1 are measured by GNSS in the southern Patagonian Icefield, a remainder of the Patagonian Ice Sheet that covered the Andes in the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) at 26 ka. Using numerical modelling, we estimate an increase of 150 to 200 °C of the asthenospheric temperature due to the slab window under southern Patagonia, and we show that post-glacial rebound, after the long-term LGM and the short-term Little Ice Age (400 a), contributed to the modern uplift rate budget.
Changyeol Lee, Nestor G. Cerpa, Dongwoo Han, and Ikuko Wada
Solid Earth, 15, 23–38, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-23-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-23-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fluids and melts in the mantle are key to the Earth’s evolution. The main driving force for their transport is the compaction of the porous mantle. Numerically, the compaction equations can yield unphysical negative liquid fractions (porosity), and it is necessary to enforce positive porosity. However, the effect of such a treatment on liquid flow and mass conservation has not been quantified. We found that although mass conservation is affected, the liquid pathways are well resolved.
Utsav Mannu, David Fernández-Blanco, Ayumu Miyakawa, Taras Gerya, and Masataka Kinoshita
Solid Earth, 15, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Accretion during subduction, in which one tectonic plate moves under another, forms a wedge where sediments can be transformed into hydrocarbons. We utilised realistic computer models to investigate this and, in particular, how accretion affects mobility in the wedge and found that the evolution of the wedge and the thrusts it develops fundamentally control the thermal maturity of sediments. This can help us better understand the history of subduction and the formation of hydrocarbons in wedges.
Hai Yang, Shengqing Xiong, Qiankun Liu, Fang Li, Zhiye Jia, Xue Yang, Haofei Yan, and Zhaoliang Li
Solid Earth, 14, 1289–1308, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1289-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1289-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Wenchuan (Ms 8.0) and Lushan (Ms 7.0) earthquakes show different geodynamic features and form a 40–60 km area void of aftershocks for both earthquakes. The inverse models suggest that the downward-subducted basement of the Sichuan Basin is irregular in shape and heterogeneous in magnetism and density. The different focal mechanisms of the two earthquakes and the genesis of the seismic gap may be closely related to the differential thrusting mechanism caused by basement heterogeneity.
Anita Thea Saraswati, Olivier de Viron, and Mioara Mandea
Solid Earth, 14, 1267–1287, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1267-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1267-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
To understand core dynamics, insight from several possible observables is needed. By applying several separation methods, we show spatiotemporal variabilities in the magnetic and gravity fields related to the core dynamics. A 7-year oscillation is found in all conducted analyses. The results in the magnetic field reflect the core processes and the variabilities in the gravity field exhibit new findings that might be an interesting input to build an enhanced model of the Earth’s core.
Mengxue Liu, Dinghui Yang, and Rui Qi
Solid Earth, 14, 1155–1168, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1155-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1155-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The continuous subduction mainly occurs with a relatively cold overriding lithosphere (Tmoho ≤ 450 °C), while slab break-off dominates when the model has a relatively hot procontinental Moho temparature (Tmoho ≥ 500 °C). Hr is more prone to facilitating the deformation of the lithospheric upper part than altering the collision mode. The lithospheric thermal structure may have played a significant role in the development of Himalayan–Tibetan orogenic lateral heterogeneity.
Juliette Grosset, Stéphane Mazzotti, and Philippe Vernant
Solid Earth, 14, 1067–1081, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1067-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1067-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In glaciated regions, induced lithosphere deformation is proposed as a key process contributing to fault activity and seismicity. We study the impact of this effect on fault activity in the Western Alps. We show that the response to the last glaciation explains a major part of the geodetic strain rates but does not drive or promote the observed seismicity. Thus, seismic hazard studies in the Western Alps require detailed modeling of the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) transient impact.
Iris van Zelst, Cedric Thieulot, and Timothy J. Craig
Solid Earth, 14, 683–707, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-683-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-683-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A common simplification in subduction zone models is the use of constant thermal parameters, while experiments have shown that they vary with temperature. We test various formulations of temperature-dependent thermal parameters and show that they change the thermal structure of the subducting slab. We recommend that modelling studies of the thermal structure of subduction zones take the temperature dependence of thermal parameters into account, especially when providing insights into seismicity.
Fengping Pang, Jie Liao, Maxim D. Ballmer, and Lun Li
Solid Earth, 14, 353–368, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-353-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-353-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Plume–ridge interaction is an intriguing geological process in plate tectonics. In this paper, we address the respective role of ridgeward vs. plate-drag plume flow in 2D thermomechanical models and compare the results with a compilation of observations on Earth. From a geophysical and geochemical analysis of Earth plumes and in combination with the model results, we propose that the absence of plumes interacting with ridges in the Pacific is largely caused by the presence of plate drag.
Guoqiang Yan, Benjamin Busch, Robert Egert, Morteza Esmaeilpour, Kai Stricker, and Thomas Kohl
Solid Earth, 14, 293–310, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-293-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-293-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The physical processes leading to the kilometre-scale thermal anomaly in faulted tight sandstones are numerically investigated. The fluid-flow pathways, heat-transfer types and interactions among different convective and advective flow modes are systematically identified. The methodologies and results can be applied to interpret hydrothermal convection-related geological phenomena and to draw implications for future petroleum and geothermal exploration and exploitation in analogous settings.
David Hindle and Olivier Besson
Solid Earth, 14, 197–212, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-197-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-197-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
By making a change to the way we solve the flexure equation that describes how the Earth's outer layer bends when it is subjected to loading by ice sheets or mountains, we develop new ways of using an old method from geodynamics. This lets us study the Earth's outer layer by measuring a parameter called the elastic thickness, effectively how stiff and springy the outer layer is when it gets loaded and also how the Earth's outer layer gets broken around its edges and in its interior.
Joshua Martin Guerrero, Frédéric Deschamps, Yang Li, Wen-Pin Hsieh, and Paul James Tackley
Solid Earth, 14, 119–135, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-119-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-119-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The mantle thermal conductivity's dependencies on temperature, pressure, and composition are often suppressed in numerical models. We examine the effect of these dependencies on the long-term evolution of lower-mantle thermochemical structure. We propose that depth-dependent conductivities derived from mantle minerals, along with moderate temperature and compositional correction, emulate the Earth's mean lowermost-mantle conductivity values and produce a stable two-pile configuration.
Antonio Manjón-Cabeza Córdoba and Maxim D. Ballmer
Solid Earth, 13, 1585–1605, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1585-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1585-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The origin of many volcanic archipelagos on the Earth remains uncertain. By using 3D modelling of mantle flow and melting, we investigate the interaction between the convective mantle near the continental–oceanic transition and rising hot plumes. We believe that this phenomenon is the origin behind some archipelagos, in particular the Canary Islands. Analysing our results, we reconcile observations that were previously enigmatic, such as the complex patterns of volcanism in the Canaries.
Adina E. Pusok, Dave R. Stegman, and Madeleine Kerr
Solid Earth, 13, 1455–1473, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1455-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1455-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sediments play an important role in global volatile and tectonic cycles, yet their effect on subduction dynamics is poorly resolved. In this study, we investigate how sediment properties influence subduction dynamics and obtain accretionary or erosive-style margins. Results show that even a thin layer of sediments can exert a profound influence on the emergent regional-scale subduction dynamics.
Laure Chevalier and Harro Schmeling
Solid Earth, 13, 1045–1063, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1045-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1045-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fluid flow through rock occurs in many geological settings on different scales, at different temperature conditions and with different flow velocities. Fluid is either in local thermal equilibrium with the host rock or not. We explore the parameters of porous flow and give scaling laws. These allow us to decide whether porous flows are in thermal equilibrium or not. Applied to magmatic systems, moving melts in channels or dikes moderately to strongly deviate from thermal equilibrium.
Iris van Zelst, Fabio Crameri, Adina E. Pusok, Anne Glerum, Juliane Dannberg, and Cedric Thieulot
Solid Earth, 13, 583–637, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-583-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-583-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Geodynamic modelling provides a powerful tool to investigate processes in the Earth’s crust, mantle, and core that are not directly observable. In this review, we present a comprehensive yet concise overview of the modelling process with an emphasis on best practices. We also highlight synergies with related fields, such as seismology and geology. Hence, this review is the perfect starting point for anyone wishing to (re)gain a solid understanding of geodynamic modelling as a whole.
Igor Ognev, Jörg Ebbing, and Peter Haas
Solid Earth, 13, 431–448, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-431-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-431-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new 3D crustal model of Volgo–Uralia, an eastern segment of the East European craton. We built this model by processing the satellite gravity data and using prior crustal thickness estimation from regional seismic studies to constrain the results. The modelling revealed a high-density body on the top of the mantle and otherwise reflected the main known features of the Volgo–Uralian crustal architecture. We plan to use the obtained model for further geothermal analysis of the region.
Cedric Thieulot and Wolfgang Bangerth
Solid Earth, 13, 229–249, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-229-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-229-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
One of the main numerical methods to solve the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations in geodynamics is the finite-element method. Four main types of elements have been used in the past decades in hundreds of publications. For the first time we compare results obtained with these four elements on a series of geodynamical benchmarks and applications and draw conclusions as to which are the best ones and which are to be preferably avoided.
Jean Furstoss, Carole Petit, Clément Ganino, Marc Bernacki, and Daniel Pino-Muñoz
Solid Earth, 12, 2369–2385, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2369-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2369-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In the first part of this article, we present a new methodology that we have developed to model the deformation and the microstructural evolutions of olivine rocks, which make up the main part of the Earth upper mantle. In a second part, using this methodology we show that microstructural features such as small grain sizes and preferential grain orientations can localize strain at the same intensity and can act together to produce an even stronger strain localization.
Duan Li, Jinsong Du, Chao Chen, Qing Liang, and Shida Sun
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-117, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-117, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanic magnetic anomalies are generally carried out using only few survey lines and thus there are many areas with data gaps. Traditional interpolation methods based on the morphological characteristics of data are not suitable for data with large gaps. The use of dual-layer equivalent-source techniques may improve the interpolation of magnetic anomaly fields in areas with sparse data which gives a good consideration to the extension of the magnetic lineation feature.
Anna Johanna Pia Gülcher, Maxim Dionys Ballmer, and Paul James Tackley
Solid Earth, 12, 2087–2107, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2087-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2087-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The lower mantle extends from 660–2890 km depth, making up > 50 % of the Earth’s volume. Its composition and structure, however, remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigate several hypotheses with computer simulations of mantle convection that include different materials: recycled, dense rocks and ancient, strong rocks. We propose a new integrated style of mantle convection including
piles,
blobs, and
streaksthat agrees with various observations of the deep Earth.
Lorenzo G. Candioti, Thibault Duretz, Evangelos Moulas, and Stefan M. Schmalholz
Solid Earth, 12, 1749–1775, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1749-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1749-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the relative importance of forces driving the dynamics of mountain building using two-dimensional computer simulations of long-term coupled lithosphere–upper-mantle deformation. Buoyancy forces can be as high as shear forces induced by far-field plate motion and should be considered when studying the formation of mountain ranges. The strength of rocks flooring the oceans and the density structure of the crust control deep rock cycling and the topographic elevation of orogens.
Olivier de Viron, Michel Van Camp, Alexia Grabkowiak, and Ana M. G. Ferreira
Solid Earth, 12, 1601–1634, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1601-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1601-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
As the travel time of seismic waves depends on the Earth's interior properties, seismic tomography uses it to infer the distribution of velocity anomalies, similarly to what is done in medical tomography. We propose analysing the outputs of those models using varimax principal component analysis, which results in a compressed objective representation of the model, helping analysis and comparison.
Janik Dohmen and Harro Schmeling
Solid Earth, 12, 1549–1561, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1549-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1549-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In partially molten regions within the Earth, the melt is able to move separately from the surrounding rocks. This allows for the emergence of so-called solitary porosity waves, driven by compaction and decompaction due to the melt with higher buoyancy. Our numerical models can predict whether a partially molten region will ascend dominated by solitary waves or diapirism. Even in diapiris-dominated regions, solitary waves will build up and ascend as a swarm when the ascend time is long enough.
Xin Zhong, Marcin Dabrowski, and Bjørn Jamtveit
Solid Earth, 12, 817–833, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-817-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-817-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Elastic thermobarometry is an useful tool to recover paleo-pressure and temperature. Here, we provide an analytical model based on the Eshelby solution to calculate the residual stress and strain preserved in a mineral inclusion exhumed from depth. The method applies to ellipsoidal, anisotropic inclusions in infinite isotropic hosts. A finite-element method is also used for a facet effect. Volumetrically averaged stress is shown to be a good proxy for the overall heterogeneous stress stage.
Maximilian Lowe, Jörg Ebbing, Amr El-Sharkawy, and Thomas Meier
Solid Earth, 12, 691–711, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-691-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-691-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study estimates the gravitational contribution from subcrustal density heterogeneities interpreted as subducting lithosphere beneath the Alps to the gravity field. We showed that those heterogeneities contribute up to 40 mGal of gravitational signal. Such density variations are often not accounted for in Alpine lithospheric models. We demonstrate that future studies should account for subcrustal density variations to provide a meaningful representation of the complex geodynamic Alpine area.
Antonio Manjón-Cabeza Córdoba and Maxim D. Ballmer
Solid Earth, 12, 613–632, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-613-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-613-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The study of intraplate volcanism can inform us about underlying mantle dynamic processes and thermal and/or compositional anomalies. Here, we investigated numerical models of mantle flow and melting of edge-driven convection (EDC), a potential origin for intraplate volcanism. Our most important conclusion is that EDC can only produce moderate amounts of mantle melting. By itself, EDC is insufficient to support the formation of voluminous island-building volcanism over several millions of years.
Davide Tadiello and Carla Braitenberg
Solid Earth, 12, 539–561, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present an innovative approach to estimate a lithosphere density distribution model based on seismic tomography and gravity data. In the studied area, the model shows that magmatic events have increased density in the middle to lower crust, which explains the observed positive gravity anomaly. We interpret the densification through crustal intrusion and magmatic underplating. The proposed method has been tested in the Alps but can be applied to other geological contexts.
Daniela Paz Bolrão, Maxim D. Ballmer, Adrien Morison, Antoine B. Rozel, Patrick Sanan, Stéphane Labrosse, and Paul J. Tackley
Solid Earth, 12, 421–437, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-421-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-421-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use numerical models to investigate the thermo-chemical evolution of a solid mantle during a magma ocean stage. When applied to the Earth, our study shows that the solid mantle and a magma ocean tend toward chemical equilibration before crystallisation of this magma ocean. Our findings suggest that a very strong chemical stratification of the solid mantle is unlikely to occur (as predicted by previous studies), which may explain why the Earth’s mantle is rather homogeneous in composition.
Ángela María Gómez-García, Eline Le Breton, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Gaspar Monsalve, and Denis Anikiev
Solid Earth, 12, 275–298, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-275-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-275-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth’s crust beneath the Caribbean Sea formed at about 90 Ma due to large magmatic activity of a mantle plume, which brought molten material up from the deep Earth. By integrating diverse geophysical datasets, we image for the first time two fossil magmatic conduits beneath the Caribbean. The location of these conduits at 90 Ma does not correspond with the present-day Galápagos plume. Either this mantle plume migrated in time or these conduits were formed above another unknown plume.
Lorenzo G. Candioti, Stefan M. Schmalholz, and Thibault Duretz
Solid Earth, 11, 2327–2357, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2327-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2327-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
With computer simulations, we study the interplay between thermo-mechanical processes in the lithosphere and the underlying upper mantle during a long-term (> 100 Myr) tectonic cycle of extension–cooling–convergence. The intensity of mantle convection is important for (i) subduction initiation, (ii) the development of single- or double-slab subduction zones, and (iii) the forces necessary to initiate subduction. Our models are applicable to the opening and closure of the western Alpine Tethys.
Patrick Sanan, Dave A. May, Matthias Bollhöfer, and Olaf Schenk
Solid Earth, 11, 2031–2045, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2031-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2031-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Mantle and lithospheric dynamics, elasticity, subsurface flow, and other fields involve solving indefinite linear systems. Tools include direct solvers (robust, easy to use, expensive) and advanced iterative solvers (complex, problem-sensitive). We show that a third option, ILDL preconditioners, requires less memory than direct solvers but is easy to use, as applied to 3D problems with parameter jumps. With included software, we hope to allow researchers to solve previously infeasible problems.
Philipp Eichheimer, Marcel Thielmann, Wakana Fujita, Gregor J. Golabek, Michihiko Nakamura, Satoshi Okumura, Takayuki Nakatani, and Maximilian O. Kottwitz
Solid Earth, 11, 1079–1095, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1079-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1079-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To describe permeability, a key parameter controlling fluid flows in the Earth’s subsurface, an accurate determination of permeability on the pore scale is necessary. For this reason, we sinter artificial glass bead samples with various
porosities, determining the microstructure and permeability using both
experimental and numerical approaches. Based on this we provide
parameterizations of permeability, which can be used as input parameters for
large-scale numerical models.
Mark D. Lindsay, Sandra Occhipinti, Crystal Laflamme, Alan Aitken, and Lara Ramos
Solid Earth, 11, 1053–1077, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1053-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1053-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Integrated interpretation of multiple datasets is a key skill required for better understanding the composition and configuration of the Earth's crust. Geophysical and 3D geological modelling are used here to aid the interpretation process in investigating anomalous and cryptic geophysical signatures which suggest a more complex structure and history of a Palaeoproterozoic basin in Western Australia.
Tomáš Fischer, Josef Vlček, and Martin Lanzendörfer
Solid Earth, 11, 983–998, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-983-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-983-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Data on CO2 degassing help understanding the relations of the gas flow on geodynamic processes. Long-term gas flow measurements in rough field conditions present a challenge due to technical problems. We describe methods used for CO2 flow monitoring in West-Bohemia/Vogtland, which is typical for high CO2 flow, and present a new robust method based on pressure measurements in a water column. The results of 10 years of CO2 flow measurements and their relation to seismic activity are discussed.
Jana Schierjott, Antoine Rozel, and Paul Tackley
Solid Earth, 11, 959–982, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-959-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-959-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the size of mineral grains of Earth's rocks in computer models of the whole Earth. This is relevant because grain size affects the stiffness (large grains are stiffer) and deformation of the Earth's mantle. We see that mineral grains grow inside stable non-deforming regions of the Earth. However, these regions are less stiff than expected. On the other hand, we find that grain size diminishes during deformation events such as when surface material comes down into the Earth.
Irene Pérez-Cáceres, David Jesús Martínez Poyatos, Olivier Vidal, Olivier Beyssac, Fernando Nieto, José Fernando Simancas, Antonio Azor, and Franck Bourdelle
Solid Earth, 11, 469–488, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-469-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-469-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The metamorphism of the Pulo do Lobo unit (SW Iberian Massif) is described in this paper. To this end, three different and complementary methodologies have been applied. The new results reported here contribute to the knowledge of the metamorphic conditions of the Pulo do Lobo unit in relation to its deformation. Furthermore, the results are compared in order to assess the reliability of the different methods applied.
Ömer F. Bodur and Patrice F. Rey
Solid Earth, 10, 2167–2178, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2167-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2167-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Convection in the deep Earth dynamically changes the elevation of plates. Amplitudes of those vertical motions predicted from numerical models are significantly higher than observations. We find that at small wavelengths (< 1000 km) this misfit can be due to the oversimplification in viscosity of rocks. By a suite of numerical experiments, we show that considering the non–Newtonian rheology of the mantle results in predictions in amplitude of dynamic topography consistent with observations.
Janik Dohmen, Harro Schmeling, and Jan Philipp Kruse
Solid Earth, 10, 2103–2113, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2103-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2103-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In source regions of magmatic systems the temperature is above solidus and melt ascent is assumed to occur predominantly by two-phase flow. This two-phase flow allows for the emergence of solitary porosity waves. By now most solutions of these waves used strongly simplified viscosity laws, while in our laws the viscosity decreases rapidly for small melt fractions. The results show that for higher background porosities the phase velocities and the width of the wave are significantly decreased.
Cameron Spooner, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Hans-Jürgen Götze, Jörg Ebbing, György Hetényi, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 10, 2073–2088, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2073-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2073-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
By utilising both the observed gravity field of the Alps and their forelands and indications from deep seismic surveys, we were able to produce a 3-D structural model of the region that indicates the distribution of densities within the lithosphere. We found that the present-day Adriatic crust is both thinner and denser than the European crust and that the properties of Alpine crust are strongly linked to their provenance.
Philipp Eichheimer, Marcel Thielmann, Anton Popov, Gregor J. Golabek, Wakana Fujita, Maximilian O. Kottwitz, and Boris J. P. Kaus
Solid Earth, 10, 1717–1731, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1717-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1717-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Prediction of rock permeability is of crucial importance for several research areas in geoscience. In this study, we enhance the finite difference code LaMEM to compute fluid flow on the pore scale using Newtonian and non-Newtonian rheologies. The accuracy of the code is demonstrated using several analytical solutions as well as experimental data. Our results show good agreement with analytical solutions and recent numerical studies.
Cited articles
Agard, P., Yamato, P., Jolivet, L., and Burov, E.: Exhumation of oceanic blueschists and eclogites in subduction zones: timing and mechanisms, Earth-Sci. Rev., 92, 53–79, 2009.
Andersen, T. B., Jamtveit, B., Dewey, J. F., and Swensson, E.: Subduction and eduction of continental crust: major mechanism during continent–continent collision and orogenic extensional collapse, a model based on the south Caledonides, Terra Nova, 3, 303–310, 1991.
Baxter, A. T., Aitchison, J. C., and Zyabrev, S. V.: Radiolarian age constraints on Mesotethyan ocean evolution, and their implications for development of the Bangong-Nujiang suture, Tibet, J. Geol. Soc. London, 166, 689–694, 2009.
Brueckner, H. K. and Cuthbert, S. J.: Extension, disruption, and translation of an orogenic wedge by exhumation of large ultrahigh-pressure terranes: Examples from the Norwegian Caledonides, Lithosphere, 5, 277–289, 2013.
Bucher, K. and Frey, M.: Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks, 7th Edn., Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg, Germany, 259–277, 2002.
Cawood, P. A., Johnson, M. R., and Nemchin, A. A.: Early Palaeozoic orogenesis along the Indian margin of Gondwana: Tectonic response to Gondwana assembly, Earth Planet Sc. Lett., 255, 70–84, 2007.
Chen, S., Cheng, L., Wu, S., and Zhu, Y.: Late Permian fusulinds from the Raggyorcaka Formation, northern Qiangtang, Tibet, China, Geological Bulletin of China, 28, 1725–1729, 2009.
Devoti, R., Riguzzi, F., Cuffaro, M., and Doglioni, C.: New GPS constraints on the kinematics of the Apennines subduction, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 273, 163–174, 2008.
Dewey, J. F., Shackleton, R. M., Chengfa, C., and Yiyin, S.: The tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 327, 379–413, 1988.
Di Stefano, R., Kissling, E., Chiarabba, C., Amato, A., and Giardini, D.: Shallow subduction beneath Italy: Three-dimensional images of the Adriatic-European-Tyrrhenian lithosphere system based on high-quality P wave arrival times, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 114, 1978–2012, 2009.
Dong, C., Li, C., Wan, Y., Wang, W., Wu, Y., Xie, H., and Liu, D.: Detrital zircon age model of Ordovician Wenquan quartzite south of Lungmuco-Shuanghu Suture in the Qiangtang area, Tibet: Constraint on tectonic affinity and source regions, Sci. China Ser. D, 54, 1034–1042, 2011.
Duan, Z., Zhong, C., Zhu, H., Cheng, J., Li, Z., and Wang, Z.: Sedimentary characteristics of Middle Jurassic Sewa and Buqu Formations from Qiangzi Well-2, southern Qiangtang basin, Tibet, Geology in China, 36, 355–365, 2009.
Duretz, T., Gerya, T. V., Kaus, B. J. P., and Andersen, T. B.: Thermomechanical modelling of slab eduction, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 117, 1978–2012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JB009137, 2012.
Fu, X., Wang, J., Wang, Z., and Chen, W.: U-Pb Zircon Age and Geochemical Characteristics of Volcanic 5 Rocks from the Juhua Mountain Area in the northern Qiangtang Basin, northern Xizang (Tibet), Geological Review, 54, 232–242, 2008.
Fu, X., Wang, J., Tan, F., Chen, M., and Chen, W.: The Late Triassic rift-related volcanic rocks from eastern Qiangtang, northern Tibet (China): Age and tectonic implications, Gondwana Res., 17, 135–144, 2010a.
Fu, X., Wang, J., Wu, T., and He, J.: Stratigraphy and paleoenvironment of the Quemo Co Formation in Shengli River area, northern Tibet, Geology in China, 37, 1305–1312, 2010b.
Giacomuzzi, G., Civalleri, M., De Gori, P., and Chiarabba, C.: A 3-D vs. model of the upper mantle beneath Italy: Insight on the geodynamics of central Mediterranean, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 335, 105–120, 2012.
Gray, D. and Foster, D.: Tectonic evolution of the Lachlan Orogen, southeast Australia: historical review, data synthesis and modern perspectives, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 51, 773–817, 2004.
Gvirtzman, Z. and Nur, A.: Residual topography, lithospheric structure and sunken slabs in the central Mediterranean, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 187, 117–130, 2001.
Hacker, B. R., Ratschbacher, L., Webb, L. E., McWilliams, M., Ireland, T. R., Calvert, A., Dong, S., Wenk, H.-R., and Chateigner, D.: Exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure continental crust in east-central China: Late Triassic – Early Jurassic tectonic unroofing, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 13339–13364, 2000.
Hu, P., Li, C., Su, L., and Zhang, H.: Geochemical and 40Ar-39Ar isotope chronological characteristics of Wugongshan Indo-Chinese granites in central Qiangtang, Tibetan Plateau, Geological Bulletin of China, 31, 843–851, 2012.
Kapp, P., Yin, A., Manning, C. E., Murphy, M., Harrison, T. M., Spurlin, M., Lin, D., Xi-Guang, D., and Cun-Ming, W.: Blueschist-bearing metamorphic core complexes in the Qiangtang block reveal deep crustal structure of northern Tibet, Geology, 28, 19–23, 2000.
Kapp, P., Murphy, M. A., Yin, A., Harrison, T. M., Ding, L., and Guo, J.: Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Shiquanhe area of western Tibet, Tectonics, 22, TC1029, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001TC001332, 2003a.
Kapp, P., Yin, A., Manning, C. E., Harrison, T. M., Taylor, M. H., and Ding, L.: Tectonic evolution of the early Mesozoic blueschist-bearing Qiangtang metamorphic belt, central Tibet, Tectonics, 22, 1043–1068, 2003b.
Kapp, P., Yin, A., Harrison, T. M., and Ding, L.: Cretaceous-Tertiary shortening, basin development, and volcanism in central Tibet, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 117, 865–878, 2005.
Kapp, P., DeCelles, P. G., Gehrels, G. E., Heizler, M., and Ding, L.: Geological records of the Lhasa-Qiangtang and Indo-Asian collisions in the Nima area of central Tibet, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 119, 917–932, 2007.
Li, C.: The Longmu Co-Shuanghu-Lancangjiang Suture as the northern boundary of the Gandwana land in the Carboniferous and Permian, Bull. Changcun Coll. Geol. Sci, 17, 155–166, 1987.
Li, C.: Geological map of the Myyi Gang Ri area (Scale at 1 : 250 000), University of Jilin Region Institute of geological survey, China, 2006.
Li, X. and Wen, F.: Discovery of the Late Triassic Rigain Pünco Formation and the unconformity between it and its under lying strata in eastern Rutog, Tibet, China, Geological Bulletin of China, 26, 1009–1013, 2007.
Li, C., Cheng, L., Hu, K., Yang, Z., and Hong, Y.: Study on the paleo-Tethys suture zone of Lungmu Co-Shuanghu, Tibet, Geol. Publ. House, Beijing, China, 131 pp., 1995.
Li, C., Cheng, L., Zhang, Y., and Zhai, Q.: Discovery of Ordovician-Devonian strat in the south of the Qiangtang area, Tibet, Geological Bulletin of China, 23, 602–604, 2004.
Li, C., Zhai, Q., Dong, Y., and Huang, X.: Discovery of eclogite and its geological significance in Qiangtang area, central Tibet, Chinese Sci. Bull., 51, 1095–1100, 2006.
Li, C., Zhai, Q., Dong, Y., Zeng, Q., and Huang, X.: Longmu Co-Shuanghu plate suture and evolution records of paleo-Tethyan oceanic in Qiangtang area, Qinghai-Tibet plateau, Frontiers of Earth Science in China, 1, 257–264, 2007.
Li, C., Zhai, Q., Dong, Y., Liu, S., Xie, C., and Wu, Y.: High-pressure eclogite-blueschist metamorphic belt and closure of paleo-Tethys Ocean in Central Qiangtang, Qinghai-Tibet plateau, J. Earth Sci., 20, 209–218, 2009.
Li, Q., Gao, R., Feng, X., Lu, Z., Hou, H., Ye, G., Li, P.,Wang, H., Ye, Z., and Xiong, X.: Structural Characteristics of the Basement beneath Qiangtang Basin in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Results of Interaction Interpretation from Seismic Reflection/Refraction Data, Acta Geol. Sin.-Engl., 87, 358–377, 2013.
Liang, X., Wang, G., Yuan, G., and Liu, Y.: Structural sequence and geochronology of the Qomo Ri accretionary complex, Central Qiangtang, Tibet: Implications for the Late Triassic subduction of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, Gondwana Res., 22, 470–481, 2012.
Liu, Y., Santosh, M., Zhao, Z. B., Niu, W. C., and Wang, G. H.: Evidence for palaeo-Tethyan oceanic subduction within central Qiangtang, northern Tibet, Lithos, 127, 39–53, 2011.
Lu, Z., Gao, R., Li, Y., Xue, A., Li, Q., Wang, H., Kuang, C., and Xiong, X.: The upper crustal structure of the Qiangtang Basin revealed by seismic reflection data, Tectonophysics, 606, 171–177, 2013.
Metcalfe, I.: Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic tectonic and palaeogeographical evolution of SE Asia, Geol. Soc. SP, London, UK, 315, 7–23, 2009.
Nie, S., Yin, A., Rowley, D. B., and Jin, Y.: Exhumation of the Dabie Shan ultra-high-pressure rocks and accumulation of the Songpan-Ganzi flysch sequence, central China, Geology, 22, 999–1002, 1994.
Peng, T., Zhao, G., Fan, W., Peng, B., and Mao, Y.: Late Triassic granitic magmatism in the Eastern Qiangtang, Eastern Tibetan Plateau: Geochronology, petrogenesis and implications for the tectonic evolution of the Paleo-Tethys, Gondwana Res., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2014.01.009, 27, 1494–1508, 2014.
Pullen, A. and Kapp, P.: Mesozoic tectonic history and lithospheric structure of the Qiangtang terrane: Insights from the Qiangtang metamorphic belt, central Tibet, Geol. S. Am. S., 507, 507–504, 2014.
Pullen, A., Kapp, P., Gehrels, G. E., Vervoort, J. D., and Ding, L.: Triassic continental subduction in central Tibet and Mediterranean-style closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, Geology, 36, 351–354, 2008.
Pullen, A., Kapp, P., Gehrels, G. E., Ding, L., and Zhang, Q.: Metamorphic rocks in central Tibet: Lateral variations and implications for crustal structure, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 123, 585–600, 2011.
Schneider, W., Mattern, F., Wang, P. J., and Li, C.: Tectonic and sedimentary basin evolution of the eastern Bangong-Nujiang zone (Tibet): A Reading cycle, Int. J. Earth Sci., 92, 228–254, 2003.
Şengör, A., Alt\i ner, D., Cin, A., Ustaömer, T., and Hsü, K.: Origin and assembly of the Tethyside orogenic collage at the expense of Gondwana Land, Geol. Soc. Eng. Geol. Sp., 37, 119–181, 1988.
Soesoo, A., Bons, P. D., Gray, D. R., and Foster, D. A.: Divergent double subduction: tectonic and petrologic consequences, Geology, 25, 755–758, 1997.
Tang, X. and Zhang, K.: Lawsonite-and glaucophane-bearing blueschists from NW Qiangtang, northern Tibet, China: mineralogy, geochemistry, geochronology, and tectonic implications, Int. Geol. Rev., 56, 150–166, 2013.
Wang, J., Fu, X., Chen, W., and Wang, Z.: The Late Triassic Paleo-weathering Crust in the Qiangtang Basin Northern Tibet: geology, geochemistry and significance, Acta Geol. Sin.-Engl., 25, 487–494, 2007.
Wang, J., Fu, X. G., Chen, W. X., Wang, Z. J., Tan, F. W., Chen, M., and Zhuo, J. W.: Chronology and geochemistry of the volcanic rocks in Woruo Mountain region, northern Qiangtang depression: Implications to the Late Triassic volcanic-sedimentary events, Sci. China Ser. D, 51, 194–205, 2008a.
Wang, Q., Wyman, D. A., Xu, J., 5 Wan, Y., Li, C., Zi, F., Jiang, Z., Qiu, H., Chu, Z., and Zhao, Z.: Triassic Nb-enriched basalts, magnesian andesites, and adakites of the Qiangtang terrane (Central Tibet): evidence for metasomatism by slab-derived melts in the mantle wedge, Contrib. Mineral. Petr., 155, 473–490, 2008b.
Wang, S., Li, Z., and Qiangba, X.: Geologic map and geologic report of the Xigaze area, Tibetan Bur. of Geol. and Miner. Resour., Llasa, China, 1983.
Webb, L. E., Baldwin, S. L., Little, T. A., and Fitzgerald, P. G.: Can microplate rotation drive subduction inversion?, Geology, 36, 823–826, 2008.
Weber, J., Vrabec, M., Pavlovcic-Preceren, P., Dixon, T., Jiang, Y., and Stopar, B.: GPS-derived motion of the Adriatic microplate from Istria Peninsula and Po Plain sites, and geodynamic implications, Tectonophysics, 483, 214–222, 2010.
Wu, G., Yao, J., and Ji, Z.: The Late Carboniferous Fusulinids in the central part of northern Qiangtang, Tibet,China, Geological Bulletin of China, 28, 1276–1280, 2009.
Wu, R. Z. and Lang, B. L.: The new strata data of the Late Permian in northwest Tibet, Journal of Stratigraphy (in Chinese with English abstract), 14, 216–221, 1990.
Xu, M., Li, C., Zhang, X., and Wu, Y.: Nature and evolution of the Neo-Tethys in central Tibet: synthesis of ophiolitic petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology, Int. Geol. Rev., 56, 1–25, 2014.
Yang, J., Xu, Z., Li, Z., Xu, X., Li, T., Ren, Y., Li, H., Chen, S., and Robinson, P. T.: Discovery of an eclogite belt in the Lhasa block, Tibet: A new border for Paleo-Tethys?, J. Asian Earth Sci., 34, 76–89, 2009.
Yang, T., Zhang, H., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., Song, Y., Yang, Z., Tian, S., Xie, H., and Hou, K.: Permo-Triassic arc magmatism in central Tibet: Evidence from zircon U-Pb geochronology, Hf isotopes, rare earth elements, and bulk geochemistry, Chem. Geol., 284, 270–282, 2011.
Yin, A. and Harrison, T. M.: Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 28, 211–280, 2000.
Yin, A. and Nie, S.: A Phanerozoic palinspastic reconstruction of China and its neighboring regions, The Tectonics of Asia, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, USA, 442–485, 1996.
Zhai, Q. and Li, C.: Zircon SHRIMP dating of volcanic rock from Nadigangri Formation in Juhuashan, Qiangtang, Northern Tibet and its geological significance, Acta Geol. Sin.-Engl., 81, 795–800, 2007.
Zhai, Q., Li, C., and Huang, X.: The fragment of Paleo-Tethys ophiolite from central Qiangtang, Tibet: Geochemical evidence of metabasites in Guoganjianian, Sci. China Ser. D, 50, 1302–1309, 2007.
Zhai, Q., Li, C., Cheng, L., and Zhang, Y.: Geological features of Permian ophiolite in the Jiaomuri area, Qiangtang, Tibet, and its tectonic significance, Regional Geology of China, 23, 1228–1229, 2004.
Zhai, Q., Li, C., Wang, J., Ji, Z., and Wang, Y.: SHRIMP U-Pb dating and Hf isotopic analyses of zircons from the mafic dyke swarms in central Qiangtang area, Northern Tibet, Chinese Sci. Bull., 54, 2279–2285, 2009.
Zhai, Q., Wang, J., Li, C., and Su, L.: SHRIMP U-Pb dating and Hf isotopic analyses of Middle Ordovician meta-cumulate gabbro in central Qiangtang, northern Tibetan Plateau, Sci. China Ser. D, 53, 657–664, 2010.
Zhai, Q., Jahn, B. M., Zhang, R.,Wang, J., and Su, L.: Triassic Subduction of the Paleo-Tethys in northern Tibet, China: evidence from the geochemical and isotopic characteristics of eclogites and blueschists of the Qiangtang Block, J. Asian Earth Sci., 42, 1356–1370, 2011a.
Zhai, Q., Zhang, R., Jahn, B. M., Li, C., Song, S., and Wang, J.: Triassic eclogites from central Qiangtang, northern Tibet, China: Petrology, geochronology and metamorphic PT path, Lithos, 125, 173–189, 2011b.
Zhai, Q.-G., Jahn, B.-M., Su, L., Wang, J., Mo, X.-X., Lee, H.-Y., Wang, K.-L., and Tang, S.: Triassic arc magmatism in the Qiangtang area, northern Tibet: Zircon U-Pb ages, geochemical and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic characteristics, and tectonic implications, J. Asian Earth Sci., 63, 162–178, 2013a.
Zhai, Q., Jahn, B., Wang, J., Su, L., Mo, X., Wang, K., Suohan, T., and Lee, H.: The Carboniferous ophiolite in the middle of the Qiangtang terrane, Northern Tibet: SHRIMP U-Pb dating, geochemical and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic characteristics, Lithos, 168, 186–199, 2013b.
Zhang, K. J.: Blueschist-bearing metamorphic core complexes in the Qiangtang block reveal deep crustal structure of northern Tibet: Comment, Geology, 29, p. 90, 2001.
Zhang, K. and Tang, X.: Eclogites in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau and their geodynamic implications, Chinese Sci. Bull., 54, 2556–2567, 2009.
Zhang, S., Wang, H., Feng, D., Jiang, X., Li, X., and Li, Q.: The Xiaochaka Group and Riganpeicuo Group stratigraphic sequence and correlation in the Qiangtang area, Tibet – question the validity of the boundary between Qiangnan and Qiangbei strata, Jilin Geology, 24, 16–20, 2005.
Zhang, K., Cai, J., Zhang, Y., and Zhao, T.: Eclogites from central Qiangtang, northern Tibet (China) and tectonic implications, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 245, 722–729, 2006a.
Zhang, K., Zhang, Y., Li, B., Zhu, Y., and Wei, R.: The blueschist-bearing Qiangtang metamorphic belt (northern Tibet, China) as an in situ suture zone: Evidence from geochemical comparison with the Jinsa suture, Geology, 34, 493–497, 2006b.
Zhang, K., Zhang, Y., Xia, B., and He, Y.: Temporal variations of Mesozoic sandstone compositions in the Qiangtang block, northern Tibet (China): implications for provenance and tectonic setting, J. Sediment. Res., 76, 1035–1048, 2006c.
Zhang, K. J. and Tang, X. C.: Eclogites in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau and their geodynamic implications, Chinese Sci. Bull., 54, 2556–2567, 2009.
Zhang, K., Tang, X., Wang, Y., and Zhang, Y.: Geochronology, geochemistry, and Nd isotopes of early Mesozoic bimodal volcanism in northern Tibet, western China: Constraints on the exhumation of the central Qiangtang metamorphic belt, Lithos, 121, 167–175, 2011.
Zhang, Y., Shen, S., Shi, G., Wang, Y., and Yuan, D.: Tectonic evolution of the Qiangtang Block, northern Tibet during Late Cisuralian (Late Early Permian): Evidence from fusuline fossil records, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 350, 139–148, 2012a.
Zhang, Y., Shi, G., and Shen, S.: A review of Permian stratigraphy, palaeobiogeography and palaeogeography of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Gondwana Res., 24, 55–76, 2012b.
Zhang, H., Yang, T., Hou, Z., Song, Y., Ding, Y., and Cheng, X.: Petrogenesis and tectonics of late Permian felsic volcanic rocks, eastern Qiangtang block, north-central Tibet: Sr and Nd isotopic evidence, Int. Geol. Rev., 1–12, 2013.
Zhang, Y., Shi, G., Shen, S., and Yuan, D.: Permian Fusuline Fauna from the Lower Part of the Lugu Formation in the Central Qiangtang Block and its Geological Implications, Acta Geol. Sin.-Engl., 88, 365–379, 2014.
Zhao, G.: Jiangnan Orogen in South China: Developing from divergent double subduction, Gondwana Res., 27, 1173–1180, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2014.09.004, 2015.
Zhao, Z., Bons, P. D., Wang, G., Liu, Y., and Zheng, Y.: Origin and pre-Cenozoic evolution of the south Qiangtang basement, Central Tibet, Tectonophysics, 623, 52–66, 2014.
Zhu, T.: Geological map of the Jiangaida Ri area (Scale at 1 : 250 000): Geology and Resource Institute of Chengdu, China, 2005.
Zhu, D., Zhao, Z., Niu, Y., Dilek, Y., Hou, Z., and Mo, X.: The origin and pre-Cenozoic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau, Gondwana Res., 23, 1429–1454, 2012.
Zhu, T., Feng, X., Wang, X., and Zhou, M.: Reconstruction of the Triassic Tectonic Lithofacies Paleogeography in Qiangtang Region, Northern Qinghai, Tibet Plateau, China, Acta Geol. Sin.-Engl., 87, 378–394, 2013.
Short summary
The early Mesozoic tectonic history of the Qiangtang terrane in central Tibet is hotly debated. We argue that the north and south Qiangtang terranes were separated by an ocean (Paleo-Tethys) until the late Triassic. Subduction was mainly to the north, underneath the north Qiangtang terrane. The high-pressure rocks were exhumed in a lithospheric-scale core complex. Together with non-metamorphic sedimentary and ophiolitic mélange, these were finally thrust on top of the south Qiangtang.
The early Mesozoic tectonic history of the Qiangtang terrane in central Tibet is hotly debated....
