Articles | Volume 6, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-881-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-881-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Jul 2015
Research article |
| 24 Jul 2015
Strain localization in brittle–ductile shear zones: fluid-abundant vs. fluid-limited conditions (an example from Wyangala area, Australia)
L. Spruzeniece
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems/GEMOC, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Sydney, Australia
S. Piazolo
Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems/GEMOC, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Sydney, Australia
Related authors
No articles found.
Frances A. Procter, Sandra Piazolo, Eleanor H. John, Richard Walshaw, Paul N. Pearson, Caroline H. Lear, and Tracy Aze
Biogeosciences, 21, 1213–1233, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1213-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1213-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses novel techniques to look at the microstructure of planktonic foraminifera (single-celled marine organisms) fossils, to further our understanding of how they form their hard exterior shells and how the microstructure and chemistry of these shells can change as a result of processes that occur after deposition on the seafloor. Understanding these processes is of critical importance for using planktonic foraminifera for robust climate and environmental reconstructions of the past.
Sheng Fan, David J. Prior, Brent Pooley, Hamish Bowman, Lucy Davidson, David Wallis, Sandra Piazolo, Chao Qi, David L. Goldsby, and Travis F. Hager
The Cryosphere, 17, 3443–3459, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3443-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3443-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The microstructure of ice controls the behaviour of polar ice flow. Grain growth can modify the microstructure of ice; however, its processes and kinetics are poorly understood. We conduct grain-growth experiments on synthetic and natural ice samples at 0 °C. Microstructural data show synthetic ice grows continuously with time. In contrast, natural ice does not grow within a month. The inhibition of grain growth in natural ice is largely contributed by bubble pinning at ice grain boundaries.
Daniel H. Richards, Samuel S. Pegler, and Sandra Piazolo
The Cryosphere, 16, 4571–4592, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4571-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4571-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the orientation of ice grains is key for predicting ice flow. We explore the evolution of these orientations using a new efficient model. We present an exploration of the patterns produced under a range of temperatures and 2D deformations, including for the first time a universal regime diagram. We do this for deformations relevant to ice sheets but not studied in experiments. These results can be used to understand drilled ice cores and improve future modelling of ice sheets.
R. L. Gardner, S. Piazolo, and N. R. Daczko
Solid Earth, 6, 1045–1061, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1045-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1045-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We find pinch and swell structures from a mid-crustal zone in Fiordland, NZ are initiated by brittle failure of the strongest layer. Modelling this strain localisation and viscous flow shows material softening is important and structures develop in both Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow, with strain localisation impacting both bedding rotation and structure formation. We also find strain localising behaviour combined with viscous flow is a viable alternative representation of the middle crust.
Related subject area
Structural geology
Impact of faults on the remote stress state
Subduction plate interface shear stress associated with rapid subduction at deep slow earthquake depths: example from the Sanbagawa belt, southwestern Japan
Multiple phase rifting and subsequent inversion in the West Netherlands Basin: implications for geothermal reservoir characterization
Analogue modelling of basin inversion: implications for the Araripe Basin (Brazil)
Extensional fault geometry and evolution within rifted margin hyper-extended continental crust leading to mantle exhumation and allochthon formation
Natural fracture patterns at Swift Reservoir anticline, NW Montana: the influence of structural position and lithology from multiple observation scales
Rapid hydration and weakening of anhydrite under stress: implications for natural hydration in the Earth's crust and mantle
Analogue experiments on releasing and restraining bends and their application to the study of the Barents Shear Margin
Structural framework and timing of the Pahtohavare Cu ± Au deposits, Kiruna mining district, Sweden
Does the syn- versus post-rift thickness ratio have an impact on the inversion-related structural style?
Inversion of accommodation zones in salt-bearing extensional systems: insights from analog modeling
Structural control of inherited salt structures during inversion of a domino basement-fault system from an analogue modelling approach
Kinematics and time-resolved evolution of the main thrust-sense shear zone in the Eo-Alpine orogenic wedge (the Vinschgau Shear Zone, eastern Alps)
Role of inheritance during tectonic inversion of a rift system in basement-involved to salt-decoupled transition: analogue modelling and application to the Pyrenean–Biscay system
Water release and homogenization by dynamic recrystallization of quartz
Hydrothermal activity of the Lake Abhe geothermal field (Djibouti): Structural controls and paths for further exploration
Time-dependent frictional properties of granular materials used in analogue modelling: implications for mimicking fault healing during reactivation and inversion
Large grain-size-dependent rheology contrasts of halite at low differential stress: evidence from microstructural study of naturally deformed gneissic Zechstein 2 rock salt (Kristallbrockensalz) from the northern Netherlands
Analogue modelling of the inversion of multiple extensional basins in foreland fold-and-thrust belts
A contribution to the quantification of crustal shortening and kinematics of deformation across the Western Andes ( ∼ 20–22° S)
Rift thermal inheritance in the SW Alps (France): insights from RSCM thermometry and 1D thermal numerical modelling
The Luangwa Rift Active Fault Database and fault reactivation along the southwestern branch of the East African Rift
Clustering has a meaning: optimization of angular similarity to detect 3D geometric anomalies in geological terrains
Shear zone evolution and the path of earthquake rupture
Mechanical compaction mechanisms in the input sediments of the Sumatra subduction complex – insights from microstructural analysis of cores from IODP Expedition 362
Detecting micro fractures: a comprehensive comparison of conventional and machine-learning-based segmentation methods
Multiscale lineament analysis and permeability heterogeneity of fractured crystalline basement blocks
Structural characterization and K–Ar illite dating of reactivated, complex and heterogeneous fault zones: lessons from the Zuccale Fault, Northern Apennines
How do differences in interpreting seismic images affect estimates of geological slip rates?
Progressive veining during peridotite carbonation: insights from listvenites in Hole BT1B, Samail ophiolite (Oman)
Tectonic evolution of the Indio Hills segment of the San Andreas fault in southern California, southwestern USA
Structural diagenesis in ultra-deep tight sandstones in the Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, China
Variscan structures and their control on latest to post-Variscan basin architecture: insights from the westernmost Bohemian Massif and southeastern Germany
Multi-disciplinary characterizations of the BedrettoLab – a new underground geoscience research facility
Biotite supports long-range diffusive transport in dissolution–precipitation creep in halite through small porosity fluctuations
De-risking the energy transition by quantifying the uncertainties in fault stability
Virtual field trip to the Esla Nappe (Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain): delivering traditional geological mapping skills remotely using real data
Marine forearc structure of eastern Java and its role in the 1994 Java tsunami earthquake
Roughness of fracture surfaces in numerical models and laboratory experiments
Impact of basement thrust faults on low-angle normal faults and rift basin evolution: a case study in the Enping sag, Pearl River Basin
Evidence for and significance of the Late Cretaceous Asteroussia event in the Gondwanan Ios basement terranes
Investigating spatial heterogeneity within fracture networks using hierarchical clustering and graph distance metrics
Dating folding beyond folding, from layer-parallel shortening to fold tightening, using mesostructures: lessons from the Apennines, Pyrenees, and Rocky Mountains
Deformation-enhanced diagenesis and bacterial proliferation in the Nankai accretionary prism
Rheological stratification in impure rock salt during long-term creep: morphology, microstructure, and numerical models of multilayer folds in the Ocnele Mari salt mine, Romania
Geodynamic and seismotectonic model of a long-lived transverse structure: The Schio-Vicenza Fault System (NE Italy)
Neogene kinematics of the Giudicarie Belt and eastern Southern Alpine orogenic front (northern Italy)
Fault interpretation uncertainties using seismic data, and the effects on fault seal analysis: a case study from the Horda Platform, with implications for CO2 storage
Application of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) fabrics to determine the kinematics of active tectonics: examples from the Betic Cordillera, Spain, and the Northern Apennines, Italy
Reply to Norini and Groppelli's comment on “Estimating the depth and evolution of intrusions at resurgent calderas: Los Humeros (Mexico)” by Urbani et al. (2020)
Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, and Moritz O. Ziegler
Solid Earth, 15, 305–327, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-305-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-305-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
It is generally assumed that faults have an influence on the stress state of the Earth’s crust. It is questionable whether this influence is still present far away from a fault. Simple numerical models were used to investigate the extent of the influence of faults on the stress state. Several models with different fault representations were investigated. The stress fluctuations further away from the fault (> 1 km) are very small.
Yukinojo Koyama, Simon R. Wallis, and Takayoshi Nagaya
Solid Earth, 15, 143–166, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-143-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-143-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Stress along a subduction plate boundary is important for understanding subduction phenomena such as earthquakes. We estimated paleo-stress using quartz recrystallized grain size combined with deformation temperature and P–T paths of exhumed rocks. The obtained results show differential stresses of 30.8–82.7 MPa consistent over depths of 17–27 km in the paleo-subduction boundary. The obtained stress may represent the initial conditions under which slow earthquakes nucleated in the same domain.
Annelotte Weert, Kei Ogata, Francesco Vinci, Coen Leo, Giovanni Bertotti, Jerome Amory, and Stefano Tavani
Solid Earth, 15, 121–141, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
On the road to a sustainable planet, geothermal energy is considered one of the main substitutes when it comes to heating. The geological history of an area can have a major influence on the application of these geothermal systems, as demonstrated in the West Netherlands Basin. Here, multiple episodes of rifting and subsequent basin inversion have controlled the distribution of the reservoir rocks, thus influencing the locations where geothermal energy can be exploited.
Pâmela C. Richetti, Frank Zwaan, Guido Schreurs, Renata S. Schmitt, and Timothy C. Schmid
Solid Earth, 14, 1245–1266, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1245-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1245-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Araripe Basin in NE Brazil was originally formed during Cretaceous times, as South America and Africa broke up. The basin is an important analogue to offshore South Atlantic break-up basins; its sediments were uplifted and are now found at 1000 m height, allowing for studies thereof, but the cause of the uplift remains debated. Here we ran a series of tectonic laboratory experiments that show how a specific plate tectonic configuration can explain the evolution of the Araripe Basin.
Júlia Gómez-Romeu and Nick Kusznir
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2171, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2171, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The transition from continents to oceans is characterised by the thinning out of continental crust. Extensional faults rupture the continental crust leading to its progressive thinning until zero km thick. We investigate, using a numerical modelling, the geometry and evolution of these extensional faults due to flexural isostatic rotation. We show that the the geometry and evolution of extensional faults, predicted by our model, are consistent with the interpretation of offshore seismic data.
Adam J. Cawood, Hannah Watkins, Clare E. Bond, Marian J. Warren, and Mark A. Cooper
Solid Earth, 14, 1005–1030, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1005-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1005-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here we test conceptual models of fracture development by investigating fractures across multiple scales. We find that most fractures increase in abundance towards the fold hinge, and we interpret these as being fold related. Other fractures at the site show inconsistent orientations and are unrelated to fold formation. Our results show that predicting fracture patterns requires the consideration of multiple geologic variables.
Johanna Heeb, David Healy, Nicholas E. Timms, and Enrique Gomez-Rivas
Solid Earth, 14, 985–1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-985-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-985-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hydration of rocks is a key process in the Earth’s crust and mantle that is accompanied by changes in physical traits and mechanical behaviour of rocks. This study assesses the influence of stress on hydration reaction kinetics and mechanics in experiments on anhydrite. We show that hydration occurs readily under stress and results in localized hydration along fractures and mechanic weakening. New gypsum growth is selective and depends on the stress field and host anhydrite crystal orientation.
Roy Helge Gabrielsen, Panagiotis Athanasios Giannenas, Dimitrios Sokoutis, Ernst Willingshofer, Muhammad Hassaan, and Jan Inge Faleide
Solid Earth, 14, 961–983, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-961-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-961-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Barents Shear Margin defines the border between the relatively shallow Barents Sea that is situated on a continental plate and the deep ocean. This margin's evolution history was probably influenced by plate tectonic reorganizations. From scaled experiments, we deduced several types of structures (faults, folds, and sedimentary basins) that help us to improve the understanding of the history of the opening of the North Atlantic.
Leslie Logan, Ervin Veress, Joel B. H. Andersson, Olof Martinsson, and Tobias E. Bauer
Solid Earth, 14, 763–784, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-763-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-763-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Pahtohavare Cu ± Au deposits in the Kiruna mining district have a dubious timing of formation and have not been contextualized within an up-to-date tectonic framework. Structural mapping was carried out to reveal that the deposits are hosted in brittle structures that cut a noncylindrical, SE-plunging anticline constrained to have formed during the late-Svecokarelian orogeny. These results show that Cu ± Au mineralization formed more than ca. 80 Myr after iron oxide–apatite mineralization.
Alexandra Tamas, Dan M. Tamas, Gabor Tari, Csaba Krezsek, Alexandru Lapadat, and Zsolt Schleder
Solid Earth, 14, 741–761, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-741-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tectonic processes are complex and often difficult to understand due to the limitations of surface or subsurface data. One such process is inversion tectonics, which means that an area initially developed in an extension (such as the opening of an ocean) is reversed to compression (the process leading to mountain building). In this research, we use a laboratory method (analogue modelling), and with the help of a sandbox, we try to better understand structures (folds/faults) related to inversion.
Elizabeth Parker Wilson, Pablo Granado, Pablo Santolaria, Oriol Ferrer, and Josep Anton Muñoz
Solid Earth, 14, 709–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-709-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-709-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work focuses on the control of accommodation zones on extensional and subsequent inversion in salt-detached domains using sandbox analogue models. During extension, the transfer zone acts as a pathway for the movement of salt, changing the expected geometries. When inverted, the salt layer and syn-inversion sedimentation control the deformation style in the salt-detached cover system. Three natural cases are compared to the model results and show similar inversion geometries.
Oriol Ferrer, Eloi Carola, and Ken McClay
Solid Earth, 14, 571–589, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-571-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-571-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using an experimental approach based on scaled sandbox models, this work aims to understand how salt above different rotational fault blocks influences the cover geometry and evolution, first during extension and then during inversion. The results show that inherited salt structures constrain contractional deformation. We show for the first time how welds and fault welds are reopened during contractional deformation, having direct implications for the subsurface exploration of natural resources.
Chiara Montemagni, Stefano Zanchetta, Martina Rocca, Igor M. Villa, Corrado Morelli, Volkmar Mair, and Andrea Zanchi
Solid Earth, 14, 551–570, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Vinschgau Shear Zone (VSZ) is one of the largest and most significant shear zones developed within the Late Cretaceous thrust stack in the Austroalpine domain of the eastern Alps. 40Ar / 39Ar geochronology constrains the activity of the VSZ between 97 and 80 Ma. The decreasing vorticity towards the core of the shear zone, coupled with the younging of mylonites, points to a shear thinning behavior. The deepest units of the Eo-Alpine orogenic wedge were exhumed along the VSZ.
Jordi Miró, Oriol Ferrer, Josep Anton Muñoz, and Gianreto Manastchal
Solid Earth, 14, 425–445, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-425-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-425-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using the Asturian–Basque–Cantabrian system and analogue (sandbox) models, this work focuses on the linkage between basement-controlled and salt-decoupled domains and how deformation is accommodated between the two during extension and subsequent inversion. Analogue models show significant structural variability in the transitional domain, with oblique structures that can be strongly modified by syn-contractional sedimentation. Experimental results are consistent with the case study.
Junichi Fukuda, Takamoto Okudaira, and Yukiko Ohtomo
Solid Earth, 14, 409–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-409-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-409-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured water distributions in deformed quartz by infrared spectroscopy mapping and used the results to discuss changes in water distribution resulting from textural development. Because of the grain size reduction process (dynamic recrystallization), water contents decrease from 40–1750 wt ppm in host grains of ~2 mm to 100–510 wt ppm in recrystallized regions composed of fine grains of ~10 µm. Our results indicate that water is released and homogenized by dynamic recrystallization.
Bastien Walter, Yves Géraud, Alexiane Favier, Nadjib Chibati, and Marc Diraison
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-397, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-397, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Lake Abhe in southwestern Djibouti is known for its exposures of massive hydrothermal chimneys and hot springs on the lake’s eastern shore. This study highlights the control of the main structural faults of the area on the development of these hydrothermal features. This work contributes to better understand hydrothermal fluid pathways in this area and may help further exploration for the geothermal development of this remarkable site.
Michael Rudolf, Matthias Rosenau, and Onno Oncken
Solid Earth, 14, 311–331, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Analogue models of tectonic processes rely on the reproduction of their geometry, kinematics and dynamics. An important property is fault behaviour, which is linked to the frictional characteristics of the fault gouge. This is represented by granular materials, such as quartz sand. In our study we investigate the time-dependent frictional properties of various analogue materials and highlight their impact on the suitability of these materials for analogue models focusing on fault reactivation.
Jessica Barabasch, Joyce Schmatz, Jop Klaver, Alexander Schwedt, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 14, 271–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed Zechstein salt with microscopes and observed specific microstructures that indicate much faster deformation in rock salt with fine halite grains when compared to salt with larger grains. This is important because people build large cavities in the subsurface salt for energy storage or want to deposit radioactive waste inside it. When engineers and scientists use grain-size data and equations that include this mechanism, it will help to make better predictions in geological models.
Nicolás Molnar and Susanne Buiter
Solid Earth, 14, 213–235, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Progression of orogenic wedges over pre-existing extensional structures is common in nature, but deciphering the spatio-temporal evolution of deformation from the geological record remains challenging. Our laboratory experiments provide insights on how horizontal stresses are transferred across a heterogeneous crust, constrain which pre-shortening conditions can either favour or hinder the reactivatation of extensional structures, and explain what implications they have on critical taper theory.
Tania Habel, Martine Simoes, Robin Lacassin, Daniel Carrizo, and German Aguilar
Solid Earth, 14, 17–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-17-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-17-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Central Andes are one of the most emblematic reliefs on Earth, but their western flank remains understudied. Here we explore two rare key sites in the hostile conditions of the Atacama desert to build cross-sections, quantify crustal shortening, and discuss the timing of this deformation at ∼20–22°S. We propose that the structures of the Western Andes accommodated significant crustal shortening here, but only during the earliest stages of mountain building.
Naïm Célini, Frédéric Mouthereau, Abdeltif Lahfid, Claude Gout, and Jean-Paul Callot
Solid Earth, 14, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the peak temperature of sedimentary rocks of the SW Alps (France), using Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material. This method provides an estimate of the peak temperature achieved by organic-rich rocks. To determine the timing and the tectonic context of the origin of these temperatures we use 1D thermal modelling. We find that the high temperatures up to 300 °C were achieved during precollisional extensional events, not during tectonic burial in the Western Alps.
Luke N. J. Wedmore, Tess Turner, Juliet Biggs, Jack N. Williams, Henry M. Sichingabula, Christine Kabumbu, and Kawawa Banda
Solid Earth, 13, 1731–1753, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mapping and compiling the attributes of faults capable of hosting earthquakes are important for the next generation of seismic hazard assessment. We document 18 active faults in the Luangwa Rift, Zambia, in an active fault database. These faults are between 9 and 207 km long offset Quaternary sediments, have scarps up to ~30 m high, and are capable of hosting earthquakes from Mw 5.8 to 8.1. We associate the Molaza Fault with surface ruptures from two unattributed M 6+ 20th century earthquakes.
Michał P. Michalak, Lesław Teper, Florian Wellmann, Jerzy Żaba, Krzysztof Gaidzik, Marcin Kostur, Yuriy P. Maystrenko, and Paulina Leonowicz
Solid Earth, 13, 1697–1720, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1697-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1697-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
When characterizing geological/geophysical surfaces, various geometric attributes are calculated, such as dip angle (1D) or dip direction (2D). However, the boundaries between specific values may be subjective and without optimization significance, resulting from using default color palletes. This study proposes minimizing cosine distance among within-cluster observations to detect 3D anomalies. Our results suggest that the method holds promise for identification of megacylinders or megacones.
Erik M. Young, Christie D. Rowe, and James D. Kirkpatrick
Solid Earth, 13, 1607–1629, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1607-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1607-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Studying how earthquakes spread deep within the faults they originate from is crucial to improving our understanding of the earthquake process. We mapped preserved ancient earthquake surfaces that are now exposed in South Africa and studied their relationship with the shape and type of rocks surrounding them. We determined that these surfaces are not random and are instead associated with specific kinds of rocks and that their shape is linked to the evolution of the faults in which they occur.
Sivaji Lahiri, Kitty L. Milliken, Peter Vrolijk, Guillaume Desbois, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 13, 1513–1539, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1513-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1513-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the mechanism of mechanical compaction is important. Previous studies on mechanical compaction were mostly done by performing experiments. Studies on natural rocks are rare due to compositional heterogeneity of the sedimentary succession with depth. Due to remarkable similarity in composition and grain size, the Sumatra subduction complex provides a unique opportunity to study the micromechanism of mechanical compaction on natural samples.
Dongwon Lee, Nikolaos Karadimitriou, Matthias Ruf, and Holger Steeb
Solid Earth, 13, 1475–1494, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1475-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1475-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research article focuses on filtering and segmentation methods employed in high-resolution µXRCT studies for crystalline rocks, bearing fractures, or fracture networks, of very small aperture. Specifically, we focus on the identification of artificially induced (via quenching) fractures in Carrara marble samples. Results from the same dataset from all five different methods adopted were produced and compared with each other in terms of their output quality and time efficiency.
Alberto Ceccato, Giulia Tartaglia, Marco Antonellini, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 13, 1431–1453, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's surface is commonly characterized by the occurrence of fractures, which can be mapped, and their can be geometry quantified on digital representations of the surface at different scales of observation. Here we present a series of analytical and statistical tools, which can aid the quantification of fracture spatial distribution at different scales. In doing so, we can improve our understanding of how fracture geometry and geology affect fluid flow within the fractured Earth crust.
Giulio Viola, Giovanni Musumeci, Francesco Mazzarini, Lorenzo Tavazzani, Manuel Curzi, Espen Torgersen, Roelant van der Lelij, and Luca Aldega
Solid Earth, 13, 1327–1351, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A structural-geochronological approach helps to unravel the Zuccale Fault's architecture. By mapping its internal structure and dating some of its fault rocks, we constrained a deformation history lasting 20 Myr starting at ca. 22 Ma. Such long activity is recorded by now tightly juxtaposed brittle structural facies, i.e. different types of fault rocks. Our results also have implications on the regional evolution of the northern Apennines, of which the Zuccale Fault is an important structure.
Wan-Lin Hu
Solid Earth, 13, 1281–1290, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1281-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1281-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Having a seismic image is generally expected to enable us to better determine fault geometry and thus estimate geological slip rates accurately. However, the process of interpreting seismic images may introduce unintended uncertainties, which have not yet been widely discussed. Here, a case of a shear fault-bend fold in the frontal Himalaya is used to demonstrate how differences in interpretations can affect the following estimates of slip rates and dependent conclusions.
Manuel D. Menzel, Janos L. Urai, Estibalitz Ukar, Thierry Decrausaz, and Marguerite Godard
Solid Earth, 13, 1191–1218, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1191-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1191-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mantle rocks can bind large quantities of carbon by reaction with CO2, but this capacity requires fluid pathways not to be clogged by carbonate. We studied mantle rocks from Oman to understand the mechanisms allowing their transformation into carbonate and quartz. Using advanced imaging techniques, we show that abundant veins were essential fluid pathways driving the reaction. Our results show that tectonic stress was important for fracture opening and a key ingredient for carbon fixation.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl, Steffen G. Bergh, and Arthur G. Sylvester
Solid Earth, 13, 1169–1190, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The San Andreas fault is a major active fault associated with ongoing earthquake sequences in southern California. The present study investigates the development of the Indio Hills area in the Coachella Valley along the main San Andreas fault and the Indio Hills fault. The Indio Hills area is located near an area with high ongoing earthquake activity (Brawley seismic zone), and, therefore, its recent tectonic evolution has implications for earthquake prediction.
Jin Lai, Dong Li, Yong Ai, Hongkun Liu, Deyang Cai, Kangjun Chen, Yuqiang Xie, and Guiwen Wang
Solid Earth, 13, 975–1002, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-975-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-975-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
(1) Structural diagenesis analysis is performed on the ultra-deep tight sandstone. (2) Fracture and intergranular pores are related to the low in situ stress magnitudes. (3) Dissolution is associated with the presence of fracture.
Hamed Fazlikhani, Wolfgang Bauer, and Harald Stollhofen
Solid Earth, 13, 393–416, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Interpretation of newly acquired FRANKEN 2D seismic survey data in southeeastern Germany shows that upper Paleozoic low-grade metasedimentary rocks and possible nappe units are transported by Variscan shear zones to ca. 65 km west of the Franconian Fault System (FFS). We show that the locations of post-Variscan upper Carboniferous–Permian normal faults and associated graben and half-graben basins are controlled by the geometry of underlying Variscan shear zones.
Xiaodong Ma, Marian Hertrich, Florian Amann, Kai Bröker, Nima Gholizadeh Doonechaly, Valentin Gischig, Rebecca Hochreutener, Philipp Kästli, Hannes Krietsch, Michèle Marti, Barbara Nägeli, Morteza Nejati, Anne Obermann, Katrin Plenkers, Antonio P. Rinaldi, Alexis Shakas, Linus Villiger, Quinn Wenning, Alba Zappone, Falko Bethmann, Raymi Castilla, Francisco Seberto, Peter Meier, Thomas Driesner, Simon Loew, Hansruedi Maurer, Martin O. Saar, Stefan Wiemer, and Domenico Giardini
Solid Earth, 13, 301–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Questions on issues such as anthropogenic earthquakes and deep geothermal energy developments require a better understanding of the fractured rock. Experiments conducted at reduced scales but with higher-resolution observations can shed some light. To this end, the BedrettoLab was recently established in an existing tunnel in Ticino, Switzerland, with preliminary efforts to characterize realistic rock mass behavior at the hectometer scale.
Berit Schwichtenberg, Florian Fusseis, Ian B. Butler, and Edward Andò
Solid Earth, 13, 41–64, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-41-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-41-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Hydraulic rock properties such as porosity and permeability are relevant factors that have an impact on groundwater resources, geological repositories and fossil fuel reservoirs. We investigate the influence of chemical compaction upon the porosity evolution in salt–biotite mixtures and related transport length scales by conducting laboratory experiments in combination with 4-D analysis. Our observations invite a renewed discussion of the effect of sheet silicates on chemical compaction.
David Healy and Stephen Paul Hicks
Solid Earth, 13, 15–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-15-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-15-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The energy transition requires operations in faulted rocks. To manage the technical challenges and public concern over possible induced earthquakes, we need to quantify the risks. We calculate the probability of fault slip based on uncertain inputs, stresses, fluid pressures, and the mechanical properties of rocks in fault zones. Our examples highlight the specific gaps in our knowledge. Citizen science projects could produce useful data and include the public in the discussions about hazards.
Manuel I. de Paz-Álvarez, Thomas G. Blenkinsop, David M. Buchs, George E. Gibbons, and Lesley Cherns
Solid Earth, 13, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a virtual geological mapping course implemented in response to travelling and social restrictions derived from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The course was designed to replicate a physical mapping exercise as closely as possible with the aid of real field data and photographs collected by the authors during previous years in the Cantabrian Zone (NW Spain). The course is delivered through Google Earth via a KMZ file with outcrop descriptions and links to GitHub-hosted photographs.
Yueyang Xia, Jacob Geersen, Dirk Klaeschen, Bo Ma, Dietrich Lange, Michael Riedel, Michael Schnabel, and Heidrun Kopp
Solid Earth, 12, 2467–2477, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2467-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2467-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The 2 June 1994 Java tsunami earthquake ruptured in a seismically quiet subduction zone and generated a larger-than-expected tsunami. Here, we re-process a seismic line across the rupture area. We show that a subducting seamount is located up-dip of the mainshock in a region that did not rupture during the earthquake. Seamount subduction modulates the topography of the marine forearc and acts as a seismic barrier in the 1994 earthquake rupture.
Steffen Abe and Hagen Deckert
Solid Earth, 12, 2407–2424, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2407-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2407-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use numerical simulations and laboratory experiments on rock samples to investigate how stress conditions influence the geometry and roughness of fracture surfaces. The roughness of the surfaces was analyzed in terms of absolute roughness and scaling properties. The results show that the surfaces are self-affine but with different scaling properties between the numerical models and the real rock samples. Results suggest that stress conditions have little influence on the surface roughness.
Chao Deng, Rixiang Zhu, Jianhui Han, Yu Shu, Yuxiang Wu, Kefeng Hou, and Wei Long
Solid Earth, 12, 2327–2350, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2327-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2327-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses seismic reflection data to interpret the geometric relationship and evolution of intra-basement and rift-related structures in the Enping sag in the northern South China Sea. Our observations suggest the primary control of pre-existing thrust faults is the formation of low-angle normal faults, with possible help from low-friction materials, and the significant role of pre-existing basement thrust faults in fault geometry, paleotopography, and syn-rift stratigraphy of rift basins.
Sonia Yeung, Marnie Forster, Emmanuel Skourtsos, and Gordon Lister
Solid Earth, 12, 2255–2275, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2255-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2255-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We do not know when the ancient Tethys Ocean lithosphere began to founder, but one clue can be found in subduction accreted tectonic slices, including Gondwanan basement terranes on the island of Ios, Cyclades, Greece. We propose a 250–300 km southwards jump of the subduction megathrust with a period of flat-slab subduction followed by slab break-off. The initiation and its subsequent rollback of a new subduction zone would explain the onset of Oligo–Miocene extension and accompanying magmatism.
Rahul Prabhakaran, Giovanni Bertotti, Janos Urai, and David Smeulders
Solid Earth, 12, 2159–2209, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2159-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2159-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Rock fractures are organized as networks with spatially varying arrangements. Due to networks' influence on bulk rock behaviour, it is important to quantify network spatial variation. We utilize an approach where fracture networks are treated as spatial graphs. By combining graph similarity measures with clustering techniques, spatial clusters within large-scale fracture networks are identified and organized hierarchically. The method is validated on a dataset with nearly 300 000 fractures.
Olivier Lacombe, Nicolas E. Beaudoin, Guilhem Hoareau, Aurélie Labeur, Christophe Pecheyran, and Jean-Paul Callot
Solid Earth, 12, 2145–2157, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2145-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2145-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper aims to illustrate how the timing and duration of contractional deformation associated with folding in orogenic forelands can be constrained by the dating of brittle mesostructures observed in folded strata. The study combines new and already published absolute ages of fractures to provide, for the first time, an educated discussion about the factors controlling the duration of the sequence of deformation encompassing layer-parallel shortening, fold growth, and late fold tightening.
Vincent Famin, Hugues Raimbourg, Muriel Andreani, and Anne-Marie Boullier
Solid Earth, 12, 2067–2085, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sediments accumulated in accretionary prisms are deformed by the compression imposed by plate subduction. Here we show that deformation of the sediments transforms some minerals in them. We suggest that these mineral transformations are due to the proliferation of microorganisms boosted by deformation. Deformation-enhanced microbial proliferation may change our view of sedimentary and tectonic processes in subduction zones.
Marta Adamuszek, Dan M. Tămaş, Jessica Barabasch, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 12, 2041–2065, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2041-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2041-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse folded multilayer sequences in the Ocnele Mari salt mine (Romania) to gain insight into the long-term rheological behaviour of rock salt. Our results indicate the large role of even a small number of impurities in the rock salt for its effective mechanical behaviour. We demonstrate how the development of folds that occur at various scales can be used to constrain the viscosity ratio in the deformed multilayer sequence.
Dario Zampieri, Paola Vannoli, and Pierfrancesco Burrato
Solid Earth, 12, 1967–1986, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1967-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1967-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The long-lived Schio-Vicenza Fault System is a major shear zone cross-cutting the foreland and the thrust belt of the eastern southern Alps. We review 150 years of scientific works and explain its activity and kinematics, characterized by sinistral and dextral transcurrent motion along its southern and northern sections, respectively, by a geodynamic model that has the Adria indenter as the main actor and coherently reconciles the available geological and geophysical evidence collected so far.
Vincent F. Verwater, Eline Le Breton, Mark R. Handy, Vincenzo Picotti, Azam Jozi Najafabadi, and Christian Haberland
Solid Earth, 12, 1309–1334, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Balancing along geological cross sections reveals that the Giudicarie Belt comprises two kinematic domains. The SW domain accommodated at least ~ 18 km Late Oligocene to Early Miocene shortening. Since the Middle Miocene, the SW domain experienced at least ~ 12–22 km shortening, whereas the NE domain underwent at least ~ 25–35 km. Together, these domains contributed to ~ 40–47 km of sinistral offset of the Periadriatic Fault along the Northern Giudicarie Fault since the Late Oligocene.
Emma A. H. Michie, Mark J. Mulrooney, and Alvar Braathen
Solid Earth, 12, 1259–1286, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1259-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1259-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Generating an accurate model of the subsurface is crucial when assessing a site for CO2 storage, particularly for a fault-bound storage site that may act as a seal or could reactivate upon CO2 injection. However, we have shown how picking strategy, i.e. line spacing, chosen to create the model significantly influences any subsequent fault analyses but is surprisingly rarely discussed. This analysis has been performed on the Vette Fault bounding the Smeaheia potential CO2 storage site.
David J. Anastasio, Frank J. Pazzaglia, Josep M. Parés, Kenneth P. Kodama, Claudio Berti, James A. Fisher, Alessandro Montanari, and Lorraine K. Carnes
Solid Earth, 12, 1125–1142, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1125-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1125-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) technique provides an effective way to interpret deforming mountain belts. In both the Betics, Spain, and Apennines, Italy, weak but well-organized AMS fabrics were recovered from young unconsolidated and unburied rocks that could not be analyzed with more traditional methods. Collectively, these studies demonstrate the novel ways that AMS can be combined with other data to resolve earthquake hazards in space and time.
Stefano Urbani, Guido Giordano, Federico Lucci, Federico Rossetti, and Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez
Solid Earth, 12, 1111–1124, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1111-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1111-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Structural studies in active calderas have a key role in the exploration of geothermal systems. We reply in detail to the points raised by the comment of Norini and Groppelli (2020), strengthening the relevance of our structural fieldwork for geothermal exploration and exploitation in active caldera geothermal systems including the Los Humeros caldera.
Cited articles
Bergman, H. and Piazolo, S.: The recognition of multiple magmatic events and pre-existing deformation zones in metamorphic rocks as illustrated by CL signatures and numerical modelling: Examples from the Ballachulish contact aureole, Scotland, Int. J. Earth Sci., 101, 1127–1148, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-011-0731-6, 2012.
Bestmann, M. and Pennacchioni, G.: Ti distribution in quartz across a heterogeneous shear zone within a granodiorite: The effect of deformation mechanism and strain on Ti resetting, Lithos, 227, 37–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.03.009, 2015.
Bestmann, M. and Prior, D. J.: Intragranular dynamic recrystallization in naturally deformed calcite marble: Diffusion accommodated grain boundary sliding as a result of subgrain rotation recrystallization, J. Struct. Geol., 25, 1597–1613, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(03)00006-3, 2003.
Billia, M. A., Timms, N. E., Toy, V. G., Hart, R. D., and Prior, D. J.: Grain boundary dissolution porosity in quartzofeldspathic ultramylonites: Implications for permeability enhancement and weakening of mid-crustal shear zones, J. Struct. Geol., 53, 2–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2013.05.004, 2013.
Bos, B. and Spiers, C. J.: Frictional-viscous flow of phyllosilicate-bearing fault rock: Microphysical model and implications for crustal strength profiles, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 2028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000301, 2002.
Brander, L., Svahnberg, H., and Piazolo, S.: Brittle-plastic deformation in initially dry rocks at fluid-present conditions: Transient behaviour of feldspar at mid-crustal levels, Contrib. to Mineral. Petrol., 163, 403–425, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-011-0677-5, 2012.
Byerlee, J.: Friction, overpressure and fault normal compression, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 2109, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i012p02109, 1990.
Czarnota, K.: The geology and structure in the Wyangala Dam Area of the Lachlan Fold Belt, NSW, University of New South Wales, 207 pp., 2002.
Demars, C., Pagel, M., Deloule, E., and Blanc, P.: Cathodoluminescence of quartz from sandstones: Interpretation of the UV range by determination of trace element distributions and fluid-inclusion P-T-X properties in anthigenic quartz, Am. Mineral., 81, 891–901, 1996.
D'Lemos, R. S., Kearsley, A. T., Pembroke, J. W., Watt, G. R., and Wright, P.: Complex quartz growth histories in granite revealed by scanning cathodoluminescence techniques, Rev. Mineral., 134, 549–552, 1997.
Eilu, P., Mikucki, E. J., and Dugdale, A. L.: Alteration zoning and primary geochemical dispersion at the Bronzewing lode-gold deposits, Western Australia, Miner. Depos., 36, 13–31, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050283, 2001.
Fliervoet, T. F. and White, S. H.: Quartz deformation in a very fine grained quartzo-feldspathic mylonite: a lack of evidence for dominant grain boundary sliding deformation, J. Struct. Geol., 17, 1095–1109, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(95)00007-Z, 1995.
Fliervoet, T. F., White, S. H., and Drury, M. R.: Evidence for dominant grain-boundary sliding deformation in greenschist- and amphibolite-grade polymineralic ultramylonites from the Redbank Deformed Zone, Central Australia, J. Struct. Geol., 19, 1495–1520, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(97)00076-X, 1997.
Foster, D. A., Gray, D. R., Spaggiari, C., Kamenov, G., and Bierlein, F. P.: Palaeozoic Lachlan orogen, Australia; accretion and construction of continental crust in a marginal ocean setting: isotopic evidence from Cambrian metavolcanic rocks, Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 318, 329–349, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP318.12, 2009.
Fusseis, F. and Handy, M. R.: Micromechanisms of shear zone propagation at the brittle-viscous transition, J. Struct. Geol., 30, 1242–1253, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2008.06.005, 2008.
Fusseis, F., Liu, J., Hough, R. M., and Carlo, F. De: Creep cavitation can establish a dynamic granular fluid pump in ductile shear zones, Nature, 459, 974–977, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08051, 2009.
Glen, R. .: Thrust, extensional and strike-slip tectonics in an evolving Palaeozoic orogen – a structural synthesis of the Lachlan Orogen of southeastern Australia, Tectonophysics, 214, 341–380, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90205-K, 1992.
Goncalves, P., Oliot, E., Marquer, D., and Connolly, J. A. D.: Role of chemical processes on shear zone formation: An example from the grimsel metagranodiorite (Aar massif, Central Alps), J. Metamorph. Geol., 30, 703–722, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2012.00991.x, 2012.
Grant, J. A.: The isocon diagram-a simple solution to Gresens' equation for metasomatic alteration., Econ. Geol., 81, 1976–1982, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.81.8.1976, 1986.
Gray, D. R.: Tectonics of the southeastern Australian Lachlan Fold Belt: structural and thermal aspects, Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 121, 149–177, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.121.01.07, 1997.
Gresens, R. L.: Composition-volume relationships of metasomatism, Chem. Geol., 2, 47–65, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(67)90004-6, 1967.
Handy, M., Hirth, G., and Burgmann, R.: Continental fault structure and rheology from the frictional-to-viscous transition downward, in Continental Fault Structure and Rheology from the Frictional-to-Viscous Transition Downward, MIT press, Cambridge, 139–181, 2007.
Hippertt, J. F.: Breakdown of feldspar, volume gain and lateral mass transfer during mylonitization of granitoid in a low metamorphic grade shear zone, J. Struct. Geol., 20, 175–193, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(97)00083-7, 1998.
Hirth, G. and Tullis, J.: Dislocation creep regimes in quartz aggregates, J. Struct. Geol., 14, 145–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(92)90053-Y, 1992.
Karato, S.-I., Paterson, M. S., and FitzGerald, J. D.: Rheology of synthetic olivine aggregates: Influence of grain size and water, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 8151, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB08p08151, 1986.
Kerrich, R., Allison, I., Barnett, R. L., Moss, S., and Starkey, J.: Microstructural and chemical transformations accompanying deformation of granite in a shear zone at Mifiville, Switzerland; with implications for stress corrosion cracking and superplastic flow, Contrib. to Mineral. Petrol., 73, 221–242, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00381442, 1980.
Kilian, R., Heilbronner, R., and Stünitz, H.: Quartz grain size reduction in a granitoid rock and the transition from dislocation to diffusion creep, J. Struct. Geol., 33, 1265–1284, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2011.05.004, 2011.
Kohlstedt, D. L., Evans, B., and Mackwell, S. J.: Strength of the lithosphere: Constraints imposed by laboratory experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 17587, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB01460, 1995.
Kolb, J., Rogers, A., Meyer, F. M., and Vennemann, T. W.: Development of fluid conduits in the auriferous shear zones of the Hutti Gold Mine, India: Evidence for spatially and temporally heterogeneous fluid flow, Tectonophysics, 378, 65–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2003.10.009, 2004.
Kretz, R.: Symbols for rock-forming minerals., Am. Mineral., 68, 277–279, 1983.
Kruse, R. and Stünitz, H.: Deformation mechanisms and phase distribution in mafic high-temperature mylonites from the Jotun Nappe, southern Norway, Tectonophysics, 303, 223–249, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00255-8, 1999.
Kruse, R., Stünitz, H., and Kunze, K.: Dynamic recrystallization processes in plagioclase porphyroclasts, J. Struct. Geol., 23, 1781–1802, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00030-X, 2001.
Law, R. D., Schmid, S. M., and Wheeler, J.: Simple shear deformation and quartz crystallographic fabrics: a possible natural example from the Torridon area of NW Scotland, J. Struct. Geol., 12, 29–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(90)90046-2, 1990.
Lee, P. E., Jessup, M. J., Shaw, C. A., Hicks, G. L., and Allen, J. L.: Strain partitioning in the mid-crust of a transpressional shear zone system: Insights from the Homestake and Slide Lake shear zones, central Colorado, J. Struct. Geol., 39, 237–252, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2012.02.006, 2012.
Lennox, P. G., Trzebski, R., Armstrong, R., and Siebel, W.: Structural evolution and granite chronology of the central Molong Zone, Eastern Lachlan Fold Belt, Australia, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 52, 79–99, https://doi.org/10.1080/08120090500109102, 2005.
Lennox, P. G., Forster, M. A., and Williams, I. S.: Emplacement and deformation ages of the Wyangala Granite, Cowra, NSW, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 61, 607–618, https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2014.897648, 2014.
Mamtani, M. A., Piazolo, S., Greiling, R. O., Kontny, A., and Hrouda, F.: Process of magnetite fabric development during granite deformation, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 308, 77–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.05.033, 2011.
Mancktelow, N. S.: How ductile are ductile shear zones?, Geology, 34, 345–348, https://doi.org/10.1130/G22260.1, 2006.
Mancktelow, N. S. and Pennacchioni, G.: The influence of grain boundary fluids on the microstructure of quartz-feldspar mylonites, J. Struct. Geol., 26, 47–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(03)00081-6, 2004.
Mariani, E., Brodie, K. H., and Rutter, E. H.: Experimental deformation of muscovite shear zones at high temperatures under hydrothermal conditions and the strength of phyllosilicate-bearing faults in nature, J. Struct. Geol., 28, 1569–1587, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2006.06.009, 2006.
Marsh, J. H., Johnson, S. E., Yates, M. G., and West, D. P.: Coupling of deformation and reactions during mid-crustal shear zone development: An in situ frictional-viscous transition, J. Metamorph. Geol., 27, 531–553, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2009.00841.x, 2009.
McCaig, A. M., Wickham, S. M., and Taylor, H. P.: Deep fluid circulation in alpine shear zones, Pyrenees, France: field and oxygen isotope studies, Contrib. to Mineral. Petrol., 106, 41–60, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00306407, 1990.
Means, W. D.: Shear zones and rock history, Tectonophysics, 247, 157–160, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(95)98214-H, 1995.
Menegon, L. and Pennacchioni, G.: Local shear zone pattern and bulk deformation in the Gran Paradiso metagranite (NW Italian Alps), Int. J. Earth Sci., 99, 1805–1825, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-009-0485-6, 2010.
Menegon, L., Pennacchioni, G., and Spiess, R.: Dissolution-precipitation creep of K-feldspar in mid-crustal granite mylonites, J. Struct. Geol., 30, 565–579, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2008.02.001, 2008.
Menegon, L., Piazolo, S., and Pennacchioni, G.: The effect of Dauphin twinning on plastic strain in quartz, Contrib. to Mineral. Petrol., 161, 635–652, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-010-0554-7, 2011.
Menegon, L., Fusseis, F., Stünitz, H., and Xiao, X.: Creep cavitation bands control porosity and fluid flow in lower crustal shear zones, Geology, 43, 227–230, https://doi.org/10.1130/G36307.1, 2015.
Obee, H. K. and White, S. H.: Faults and associated fault rocks of the Southern Arunta block, Alice Springs, Central Australia, J. Struct. Geol., 7, 701–712, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(85)90145-2, 1985.
Oliot, E., Goncalves, P., Schulmann, K., Marquer, D., and Lexa, O.: Mid-crustal shear zone formation in granitic rocks: Constraints from quantitative textural and crystallographic preferred orientations analyses, Tectonophysics, 612-613, 63–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.11.032, 2014.
Park, Y., Yoo, S. H., and Ree, J. H.: Weakening of deforming granitic rocks with layer development at middle crust, J. Struct. Geol., 28, 919–928, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2006.02.005, 2006.
Passchier, C. and Trouw, R.: Microtectonics, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2nd edition, 366 pp., 2005.
Paterson, S. R. and Tobisch, O. T.: Rates of processes in magmatic arcs: implications for the timing and nature of pluton emplacement and wall rock deformation, J. Struct. Geol., 14, 291–300, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(92)90087-D, 1992.
Paterson, S. R., Tobisch, O. T., and Morand, V. J.: The influence of large ductile shear zones on the emplacement and deformation of the Wyangala Batholith, SE Australia, J. Struct. Geol., 12, 639–650, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(90)90079-E, 1990.
Pennacchioni, G. and Mancktelow, N. S.: Nucleation and initial growth of a shear zone network within compositionally and structurally heterogeneous granitoids under amphibolite facies conditions, J. Struct. Geol., 29, 1757–1780, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2007.06.002, 2007.
Poirier, J. P.: Shear localization and shear instability in materials in the ductile field, J. Struct. Geol., 2, 135–142, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(80)90043-7, 1980.
Prior, D. J., Wheeler, J., Peruzzo, L., Spiess, R., and Storey, C.: Some garnet microstructures: An illustration of the potential of orientation maps and misorientation analysis in microstructural studies, J. Struct. Geol., 24, 999–1011, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00087-6, 2002.
Pryer, L. L. and Robin, P. Y. F.: Retrograde metamorphic reactions in deforming granites and the origin of flame perthite, J. Metamorph. Geol., 13, 645–658, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1995.tb00249.x, 1995.
Putnis, A.: Mineral Replacement Reactions, Rev. Mineral. Geochemistry, 70, 87–124, https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2009.70.3, 2009.
Ramberg, H.: The facies classification of rocks: a clue to the origin of quartzo-feldspatic massivfs and veins, J. Geol., 57, 18–54, 1949.
Ree, J. H., Kim, H. S., Han, R., and Jung, H.: Grain-size reduction of feldspars by fracturing and neocrystallization in a low-grade granitic mylonite and its rheological effect, Tectonophysics, 407, 227–237, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2005.07.010, 2005.
Rolland, Y., Cox, S., Boullier, A. M., Pennacchioni, G., and Mancktelow, N.: Rare earth and trace element mobility in mid-crustal shear zones: Insights from the Mont Blanc Massif (Western Alps), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 214, 203–219, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00372-8, 2003.
Rusk, B. G., Lowers, H. A., and Reed, M. H.: Trace elements in hydrothermal quartz: Relationships to cathodoluminescent textures and insights into vein formation, Geology, 36, 547–550, https://doi.org/10.1130/G24580A.1, 2008.
Rutter, E. H.: Pressure solution in nature, theory and experiment, J. Geol. Soc. London., 140, 725–740, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.140.5.0725, 1983.
Rybacki, E., Wirth, R., and Dresen, G.: High-strain creep of feldspar rocks: Implications for cavitation and ductile failure in the lower crust, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032478, 2008.
Rybacki, E., Wirth, R., and Dresen, G.: Superplasticity and ductile fracture of synthetic feldspar deformed to large strain, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 115, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB007203, 2010.
Schmid, S. M. and Casey, M.: Complete fabric analysis of some commonly observed quartz c-axis fabrics, Miner. Rock Deform. Lab. Stud., 36, 263–286, 1986.
Scholz, C. H.: Fault Mechanics, in Treatise on Geophysics, vol. 6, 441–483., 2007.
Sibson, R. H.: Fault zone model, heat flow, and the depth distribution of earthquakes in the continental crust of the United States, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 72, 151–163, 1982.
Sibson, R. H.: Structural permeability of fluid-driven fault-fracture meshes, J. Struct. Geol., 18, 1031–1042, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(96)00032-6, 1996.
Squire, R. J. and Crawford, A. J.: Magmatic characteristics and geochronology of Ordovician igneous rocks from the Cadia-Neville region, New South Wales: implications for tectonic evolution, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 54, 293–314, https://doi.org/10.1080/08120090601147001, 2007.
Stipp, M., Stünitz, H., Heilbronner, R., and Schmid, S. M.: The eastern Tonale fault zone: A "natural laboratory" for crystal plastic deformation of quartz over a temperature range from 250 to 700 °C, J. Struct. Geol., 24, 1861–1884, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00035-4, 2002.
Stünitz, H. and Fitz Gerald, J. D.: Deformation of granitoids at low metamorphic grade. II: Granular flow in albite-rich mylonites, Tectonophysics, 221, 299–324, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90164-F, 1993.
Stünitz, H., Fitz Gerald, J., and Tullis, J.: Dislocation generation, slip systems, and dynamic recrystallization in experimentally deformed plagioclase single crystals, Tectonophysics, 372, 215–233, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00241-5, 2003.
Svahnberg, H. and Piazolo, S.: The initiation of strain localisation in plagioclase-rich rocks: Insights from detailed microstructural analyses, J. Struct. Geol., 32, 1404–1416, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2010.06.011, 2010.
Tullis, J. and Yund, R. A.: Hydrolytic weakening of experimentally deformed Westerly granite and Hale albite rock, J. Struct. Geol., 2, 439–451, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(80)90005-X, 1980.
Urai, J. L., Spiers, C. J., Zwart, H. J., and Lister, G. S.: Weakening of rock salt by water during long-term creep, Nature, 324, 554–557, https://doi.org/10.1038/324554a0, 1986.
Vandenberg, A. H. and Stewart, I.: Ordovician terranes of the southeastern Lachlan Fold Belt: Stratigraphy, structure and palaeogeographic reconstruction, Tectonophysics, 214, 159–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90195-C, 1992.
Wenk, H.-R., Bortolotti, M., Barton, N., Oliver, E., and Brown, D.: Dauphiné twinning and texture memory in polycrystalline quartz, Phys. Chem. Miner., 34, 599–607, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00269-007-0174-6, 2007.
White, S.: Geological significance of recovery and recrystallization processes in quartz, Tectonophysics, 39, 143–170, 1977.
White, S. H. and Knipe, R. J.: Transformation- and reaction-enhanced ductility in rocks, J. Geol. Soc. London., 135, 513–516, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.135.5.0513, 1978.
Wintsch, R. P. and Yeh, M. W.: Oscillating brittle and viscous behavior through the earthquake cycle in the Red River Shear Zone: Monitoring flips between reaction and textural softening and hardening, Tectonophysics, 587, 46–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.09.019, 2013.
Wintsch, R. P. and Yi, K.: Dissolution and replacement creep: A significant deformation mechanism in mid-crustal rocks, J. Struct. Geol., 24, 1179–1193, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00100-6, 2002.
Závada, P., Schulmann, K., Konopásek, J., Ulrich, S., and Lexa, O.: Extreme ductility of feldspar aggregates - Melt-enhanced grain boundary sliding and creep failure: Rheological implications for felsic lower crust, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 112, B10210, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004820, 2007.
