Articles | Volume 9, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-115-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-115-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
21 Feb 2018
Review article |
| 21 Feb 2018
| 21 Feb 2018
The seismo-hydromechanical behavior during deep geothermal reservoir stimulations: open questions tackled in a decameter-scale in situ stimulation experiment
Florian Amann
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Chair of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, RWTH Aachen, Lochnerstrasse 4–20, 52064 Aachen, Germany
formerly at: Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Valentin Gischig
Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Keith Evans
Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Joseph Doetsch
Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Reza Jalali
Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Benoît Valley
Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), Laboratory of Geothermics and Reservoir Geomechanics, University of Neuchatel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Hannes Krietsch
Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Nathan Dutler
Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), Laboratory of Geothermics and Reservoir Geomechanics, University of Neuchatel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Linus Villiger
Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Bernard Brixel
Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Maria Klepikova
Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Anniina Kittilä
Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Claudio Madonna
Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Stefan Wiemer
Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Martin O. Saar
Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Simon Loew
Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Thomas Driesner
Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Hansruedi Maurer
Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Domenico Giardini
Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Peter Achtziger-Zupančič, Alberto Ceccato, Alba Simona Zappone, Giacomo Pozzi, Alexis Shakas, Florian Amann, Whitney Maria Behr, Daniel Escallon Botero, Domenico Giardini, Marian Hertrich, Mohammadreza Jalali, Xiaodong Ma, Men-Andrin Meier, Julian Osten, Stefan Wiemer, and Massimo Cocco
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We detail the selection and characterization of a fault zone for earthquake experiments in the Fault Activation and Earthquake Ruptures (FEAR) project at the Bedretto Lab. FEAR, which studies earthquake processes, overcame data collection challenges near faults. The fault zone in Rotondo granite was selected based on geometry, monitorability, and hydro-mechanical properties. Remote sensing, borehole logging, and geological mapping were used to create a 3D model for precise monitoring.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kathrin Behnen, Marian Hertrich, Hansruedi Maurer, Alexis Shakas, Kai Bröker, Claire Epiney, María Blanch Jover, and Domenico Giardini
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1919, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1919, 2024
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Several crosshole seismic surveys in the undisturbed Rotondo granite are used to analyze the seismic anisotropy in the BedrettoLab in the Swiss alps. The P- and S1-waves show a clear trend of faster velocities in NE-SW direction and slower velocities perpendicular to it. This pattern describes a tilted transverse isotropic velocity model. The symmetry plane is mostly aligned with the direction of maximum stress but also the orientation of fractures are expected to influence the wave velocities.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
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EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1507, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1507, 2024
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We constrained the rheology of glaucophane aggregates deforming near its brittle-ductile transition with general shear deformation experiments. In the experiments, glaucophane first underwent work hardening and strain weakening associated with brittle grain size reduction and incipient dislocation processes, then evolved to steady-state dislocation creep. We developed a flow law that can be used to approximate the rheological behavior of mafic oceanic crust at blueschist facies conditions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
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Seismic hazard and risk are time dependent as seismicity is clustered and exposure can change rapidly. We are developing an interdisciplinary dynamic earthquake risk framework for advancing earthquake risk mitigation in Switzerland. This includes various earthquake risk products and services, such as operational earthquake forecasting and early warning. Standardisation and harmonisation into seamless solutions that access the same databases, workflows, and software are a crucial component.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Irina Dallo, Michèle Marti, Nadja Valenzuela, Helen Crowley, Jamal Dabbeek, Laurentiu Danciu, Simone Zaugg, Fabrice Cotton, Domenico Giardini, Rui Pinho, John F. Schneider, Céline Beauval, António A. Correia, Olga-Joan Ktenidou, Päivi Mäntyniemi, Marco Pagani, Vitor Silva, Graeme Weatherill, and Stefan Wiemer
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 291–307, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-291-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-291-2024, 2024
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For the release of cross-country harmonised hazard and risk models, a communication strategy co-defined by the model developers and communication experts is needed. The strategy should consist of a communication concept, user testing, expert feedback mechanisms, and the establishment of a network with outreach specialists. Here we present our approach for the release of the European Seismic Hazard Model and European Seismic Risk Model and provide practical recommendations for similar efforts.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marta Han, Leila Mizrahi, and Stefan Wiemer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3153, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3153, 2024
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Relying on recent accomplishments in collecting and harmonizing data by the 2020 European Seismic Hazard Model (ESHM20) and leveraging advancements in state-of-the-art earthquake forecasting methods, we develop a harmonized earthquake forecasting model for Europe. We propose several model variants and test them on training data for consistency and on a seven-year testing period against each other, as well as against both a time-independent benchmark and a global time-dependent benchmark.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marius Schneider, Nicolas Oestreicher, Thomas Ehrat, and Simon Loew
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3337–3354, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3337-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3337-2023, 2023
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Rockfalls and their hazards are typically treated as statistical events based on rockfall catalogs, but only a few complete rockfall inventories are available today. Here, we present new results from a Doppler radar rockfall alarm system, which has operated since 2018 at a high frequency under all illumination and weather conditions at a site where frequent rockfall events threaten a village and road. The new data set is used to investigate rockfall triggers in an active rockslide complex.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Po-Wei Huang, Bernd Flemisch, Chao-Zhong Qin, Martin O. Saar, and Anozie Ebigbo
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4767–4791, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4767-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4767-2023, 2023
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Water in natural environments consists of many ions. Ions are electrically charged and exert electric forces on each other. We discuss whether the electric forces are relevant in describing mixing and reaction processes in natural environments. By comparing our computer simulations to lab experiments in literature, we show that the electric interactions between ions can play an essential role in mixing and reaction processes, in which case they should not be neglected in numerical modeling.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sebastian Hellmann, Melchior Grab, Cedric Patzer, Andreas Bauder, and Hansruedi Maurer
Solid Earth, 14, 805–821, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-805-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-805-2023, 2023
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Acoustic waves are suitable to analyse the physical properties of the subsurface. For this purpose, boreholes are quite useful to deploy a source and receivers in the target area to get a comprehensive high-resolution dataset. However, when conducting such experiments in a subsurface such as glaciers that continuously move, the boreholes get deformed. In our study, we therefore developed a method that allows an analysis of the ice while considering deformations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lisa Maria Ringel, Mohammadreza Jalali, and Peter Bayer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6443–6455, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6443-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6443-2022, 2022
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Fractured rocks host a class of aquifers that serve as major freshwater resources worldwide. This work is dedicated to resolving the three-dimensional hydraulic and structural properties of fractured rock. For this purpose, hydraulic tomography experiments at the Grimsel Test Site in Switzerland are utilized, and the discrete fracture network is inverted. The comparison of the inversion results with independent findings from other studies demonstrates the validity of the approach.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lisa Winhausen, Kavan Khaledi, Mohammadreza Jalali, Janos L. Urai, and Florian Amann
Solid Earth, 13, 901–915, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-901-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-901-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Triaxial compression tests at different effective stresses allow for analysing the deformation behaviour of Opalinus Clay, the potential host rock for nuclear waste in Switzerland. We conducted microstructural investigations of the deformed samples to relate the bulk hydro-mechanical behaviour to the processes on the microscale. Results show a transition from brittle- to more ductile-dominated deformation. We propose a non-linear failure envelop associated with the failure mode transition.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xiaodong Ma, Marian Hertrich, Florian Amann, Kai Bröker, Nima Gholizadeh Doonechaly, Valentin Gischig, Rebecca Hochreutener, Philipp Kästli, Hannes Krietsch, Michèle Marti, Barbara Nägeli, Morteza Nejati, Anne Obermann, Katrin Plenkers, Antonio P. Rinaldi, Alexis Shakas, Linus Villiger, Quinn Wenning, Alba Zappone, Falko Bethmann, Raymi Castilla, Francisco Seberto, Peter Meier, Thomas Driesner, Simon Loew, Hansruedi Maurer, Martin O. Saar, Stefan Wiemer, and Domenico Giardini
Solid Earth, 13, 301–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Questions on issues such as anthropogenic earthquakes and deep geothermal energy developments require a better understanding of the fractured rock. Experiments conducted at reduced scales but with higher-resolution observations can shed some light. To this end, the BedrettoLab was recently established in an existing tunnel in Ticino, Switzerland, with preliminary efforts to characterize realistic rock mass behavior at the hectometer scale.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lisa Winhausen, Mohammadreza Jalali, and Florian Amann
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 1, 301–301, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-301-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-301-2021, 2021
Lisa Winhausen, Jop Klaver, Joyce Schmatz, Guillaume Desbois, Janos L. Urai, Florian Amann, and Christophe Nussbaum
Solid Earth, 12, 2109–2126, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2109-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2109-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
An experimentally deformed sample of Opalinus Clay (OPA), which is being considered as host rock for nuclear waste in Switzerland, was studied by electron microscopy to image deformation microstructures. Deformation localised by forming micrometre-thick fractures. Deformation zones show dilatant micro-cracking, granular flow and bending grains, and pore collapse. Our model, with three different stages of damage accumulation, illustrates microstructural deformation in a compressed OPA sample.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Gregory Church, Andreas Bauder, Melchior Grab, and Hansruedi Maurer
The Cryosphere, 15, 3975–3988, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3975-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3975-2021, 2021
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In this field study, we acquired a 3D radar survey over an active drainage network that transported meltwater through a Swiss glacier. We successfully imaged both englacial and subglacial pathways and were able to confirm long-standing glacier hydrology theory regarding meltwater pathways. The direction of these meltwater pathways directly impacts the glacier's velocity, and therefore more insightful field observations are needed in order to improve our understanding of this complex system.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sebastian Hellmann, Melchior Grab, Johanna Kerch, Henning Löwe, Andreas Bauder, Ilka Weikusat, and Hansruedi Maurer
The Cryosphere, 15, 3507–3521, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3507-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3507-2021, 2021
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In this study, we analyse whether ultrasonic measurements on ice core samples could be employed to derive information about the particular ice crystal orientation in these samples. We discuss if such ultrasonic scans of ice core samples could provide similarly detailed results as the established methods, which usually destroy the ice samples. Our geophysical approach is minimally invasive and could support the existing methods with additional and (semi-)continuous data points along the ice core.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Peter-Lasse Giertzuch, Joseph Doetsch, Alexis Shakas, Mohammadreza Jalali, Bernard Brixel, and Hansruedi Maurer
Solid Earth, 12, 1497–1513, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1497-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1497-2021, 2021
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Two time-lapse borehole ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were conducted during saline tracer experiments in weakly fractured crystalline rock with sub-millimeter fractures apertures, targeting electrical conductivity changes. The combination of time-lapse reflection and transmission GPR surveys from different boreholes allowed monitoring the tracer flow and reconstructing the flow path and its temporal evolution in 3D and provided a realistic visualization of the hydrological processes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sebastian Hellmann, Johanna Kerch, Ilka Weikusat, Andreas Bauder, Melchior Grab, Guillaume Jouvet, Margit Schwikowski, and Hansruedi Maurer
The Cryosphere, 15, 677–694, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-677-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-677-2021, 2021
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We analyse the orientation of ice crystals in an Alpine glacier and compare this orientation with the ice flow direction. We found that the crystals orient in the direction of the largest stress which is in the flow direction in the upper parts of the glacier and in the vertical direction for deeper zones of the glacier. The grains cluster around this maximum stress direction, in particular four-point maxima, most likely as a result of recrystallisation under relatively warm conditions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alba Zappone, Antonio Pio Rinaldi, Melchior Grab, Quinn C. Wenning, Clément Roques, Claudio Madonna, Anne C. Obermann, Stefano M. Bernasconi, Matthias S. Brennwald, Rolf Kipfer, Florian Soom, Paul Cook, Yves Guglielmi, Christophe Nussbaum, Domenico Giardini, Marco Mazzotti, and Stefan Wiemer
Solid Earth, 12, 319–343, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-319-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-319-2021, 2021
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The success of the geological storage of carbon dioxide is linked to the availability at depth of a capable reservoir and an impermeable caprock. The sealing capacity of the caprock is a key parameter for long-term CO2 containment. Faults crosscutting the caprock might represent preferential pathways for CO2 to escape. A decameter-scale experiment on injection in a fault, monitored by an integrated network of multiparamerter sensors, sheds light on the mobility of fluids within the fault.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Larissa de Palézieux, Kerry Leith, and Simon Loew
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-85, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-85, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
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Large creeping landslides are persistent features in mountainous landscapes. In order to quantify the long-term evolution of landslides and their interaction with river channels, we use a new metric for landslide-induced channel offset, which allows us to identify locations associated with increased landslide activity and estimate landslide displacement rates over a period of 1 Myr.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Camilla Rossi, Francesco Grigoli, Simone Cesca, Sebastian Heimann, Paolo Gasperini, Vala Hjörleifsdóttir, Torsten Dahm, Christopher J. Bean, Stefan Wiemer, Luca Scarabello, Nima Nooshiri, John F. Clinton, Anne Obermann, Kristján Ágústsson, and Thorbjörg Ágústsdóttir
Adv. Geosci., 54, 129–136, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-54-129-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-54-129-2020, 2020
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We investigate the microseismicity occurred at Hengill area, a complex tectonic and geothermal site, where the origin of earthquakes may be either natural or anthropogenic. We use a very dense broadband seismic monitoring network and apply full-waveform based method for location. Our results and first characterization identified different types of microseismic clusters, which might be associated to either production/injection or the tectonic activity of the geothermal area.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Gregory Church, Melchior Grab, Cédric Schmelzbach, Andreas Bauder, and Hansruedi Maurer
The Cryosphere, 14, 3269–3286, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3269-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3269-2020, 2020
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In this field study, we repeated ground-penetrating radar measurements over an active englacial channel network that transports meltwater through the glacier. We successfully imaged the englacial meltwater pathway and were able to delimitate the channel's shape. Meltwater from the glacier can impact the glacier's dynamics if it reaches the ice–bed interface, and therefore monitoring these englacial drainage networks is important to understand how these networks behave throughout a season.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Hannes Krietsch, Valentin S. Gischig, Joseph Doetsch, Keith F. Evans, Linus Villiger, Mohammadreza Jalali, Benoît Valley, Simon Löw, and Florian Amann
Solid Earth, 11, 1699–1729, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1699-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1699-2020, 2020
Joseph Doetsch, Hannes Krietsch, Cedric Schmelzbach, Mohammadreza Jalali, Valentin Gischig, Linus Villiger, Florian Amann, and Hansruedi Maurer
Solid Earth, 11, 1441–1455, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1441-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1441-2020, 2020
Marco Broccardo, Arnaud Mignan, Francesco Grigoli, Dimitrios Karvounis, Antonio Pio Rinaldi, Laurentiu Danciu, Hannes Hofmann, Claus Milkereit, Torsten Dahm, Günter Zimmermann, Vala Hjörleifsdóttir, and Stefan Wiemer
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1573–1593, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1573-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1573-2020, 2020
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This study presents a first-of-its-kind pre-drilling probabilistic induced seismic risk analysis for the Geldinganes (Iceland) deep-hydraulic stimulation. The results of the assessment indicate that the individual risk within a radius of 2 km around the injection point is below the safety limits. However, the analysis is affected by a large variability due to the presence of pre-drilling deep uncertainties. This suggests the need for online risk updating during the stimulation.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Dominik Zbinden, Antonio Pio Rinaldi, Tobias Diehl, and Stefan Wiemer
Solid Earth, 11, 909–933, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-909-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-909-2020, 2020
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The deep geothermal project in St. Gallen, Switzerland, aimed at generating electricity and heat. The fluid pumped into the underground caused hundreds of small earthquakes and one larger one felt by the local population. Here we use computer simulations to study the physical processes that led to the earthquakes. We find that gas present in the subsurface could have intensified the seismicity, which may have implications for future geothermal projects conducted in similar geological conditions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Linus Villiger, Valentin Samuel Gischig, Joseph Doetsch, Hannes Krietsch, Nathan Oliver Dutler, Mohammadreza Jalali, Benoît Valley, Paul Antony Selvadurai, Arnaud Mignan, Katrin Plenkers, Domenico Giardini, Florian Amann, and Stefan Wiemer
Solid Earth, 11, 627–655, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-627-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-627-2020, 2020
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Hydraulic stimulation summarizes fracture initiation and reactivation due to high-pressure fluid injection. Several borehole intervals covering intact rock and pre-existing fractures were targets for high-pressure fluid injections within a decameter-scale, crystalline rock volume. The observed induced seismicity strongly depends on the target geology. In addition, the severity of the induced seismicity per experiment counter correlates with the observed transmissivity enhancement.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Michèle Marti, Michael Stauffacher, and Stefan Wiemer
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2677–2700, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2677-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2677-2019, 2019
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Maps are an established way to illustrate natural hazards and regularly used to communicate with non-experts. However, there is evidence that they are frequently misconceived. Using a real case, our study shows that applying or disregarding best practices in visualization, editing, and presentation significantly impacts the comprehensibility of seismic hazard information. We suggest scrutinizing current natural-hazard communication strategies and empirically testing new products.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Donald W. Vasco, Joseph Doetsch, and Ralf Brauchler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4541–4560, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4541-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4541-2019, 2019
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This paper presents the application of a new approach for calculating the path of a pressure transient in a heterogeneous porous medium containing a slightly compressible fluid. Unlike previous asymptotic approaches, the expressions for the path and travel time are valid in the presence of rapid variations in material properties. The technique is applied to both synthetic transient pressure variations from a test example and actual field data from a field experiment in Widen, Switzerland.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nathan Dutler, Benoît Valley, Valentin Gischig, Linus Villiger, Hannes Krietsch, Joseph Doetsch, Bernard Brixel, Mohammadreza Jalali, and Florian Amann
Solid Earth, 10, 1877–1904, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1877-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1877-2019, 2019
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In this study, we present seismo-hydromechanical results from six hydraulic fracturing experiments executed in the framework of the In-situ Stimulation and Circulation (ISC) project. The well-characterized and extensively monitored target rock allows for the study of (1) the response of the rock mass, (2) the injection and pore pressure response, and (3) the geometry of newly created fractures and their interaction with the natural fracture network.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lisbeth Langhammer, Melchior Grab, Andreas Bauder, and Hansruedi Maurer
The Cryosphere, 13, 2189–2202, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2189-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2189-2019, 2019
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We have developed a novel procedure for glacier thickness estimations that combines traditional glaciological modeling constraints with ground-truth data, for example, those obtained with ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurements. This procedure is very useful for determining ice volume when only limited data are available. Furthermore, we outline a strategy for acquiring GPR data on glaciers, such that the cost/benefit ratio is optimized.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jérôme Azzola, Benoît Valley, Jean Schmittbuhl, and Albert Genter
Solid Earth, 10, 1155–1180, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1155-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1155-2019, 2019
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In projects based on enhanced geothermal system (EGS) technology, knowledge of the in situ stress state is of central importance to predict the response of the rock mass to different stimulation programs. We propose a characterization of the in situ stress state from the analysis of ultrasonic borehole imager (UBI) data acquired at different key moments of the reservoir. We discuss a significant stress rotation at depth and the absence of a significant change in the stress magnitude.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Quinn C. Wenning, Claudio Madonna, Antoine de Haller, and Jean-Pierre Burg
Solid Earth, 9, 683–698, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-683-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-683-2018, 2018
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We measured the elastic and fluid flow properties in a ductile-brittle shear zone. The results suggest that although brittle deformation has persisted in the recent fault evolution, precursory ductile microstructure continues to control the petrophysical properties outside the fault core. The results are a glimpse into the evolutionary path of a shear zone during the ductile to brittle transition and are insightful for geothermal energy and geologic waste disposal exploitation and usage.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Valentin Samuel Gischig, Joseph Doetsch, Hansruedi Maurer, Hannes Krietsch, Florian Amann, Keith Frederick Evans, Morteza Nejati, Mohammadreza Jalali, Benoît Valley, Anne Christine Obermann, Stefan Wiemer, and Domenico Giardini
Solid Earth, 9, 39–61, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-39-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-39-2018, 2018
Katrin M. Wild, Patric Walter, and Florian Amann
Solid Earth, 8, 351–360, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-351-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-351-2017, 2017
Melchior Grab, Beatriz Quintal, Eva Caspari, Hansruedi Maurer, and Stewart Greenhalgh
Solid Earth, 8, 255–279, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-255-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-255-2017, 2017
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Hot fluids and hydraulically conductive rock formations are essential for the accessibility of geothermal resources. We use numerical modeling techniques to investigate how seismic waves change their shape in presence of these factors. We demonstrate how to parameterize such models depending on the local geology and as a function of depth. Finally, we show how the attenuation, i.e. the energy loss of the wave, can be indicative for permeable rock fractures saturated with a fluid of specific type.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Irene Molinari, John Clinton, Edi Kissling, György Hetényi, Domenico Giardini, Josip Stipčević, Iva Dasović, Marijan Herak, Vesna Šipka, Zoltán Wéber, Zoltán Gráczer, Stefano Solarino, the Swiss-AlpArray Field Team, and the AlpArray Working Group
Adv. Geosci., 43, 15–29, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-43-15-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-43-15-2016, 2016
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AlpArray is a collaborative seismological project in Europe that includes ~ 50 research institutes and seismological observatories. At its heart is the collection of top-quality seismological data from a dense network of stations in the Alpine region: the AlpArray Seismic Network (AASN). We report the Swiss contribution: site selections, installation, data quality and management. We deployed 27 temporary BB stations across 5 countries as result of a fruitful collaboration between 5 institutes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Related subject area
Geophysics
Post-Caledonian tectonic evolution of the Precambrian and Paleozoic platform boundary zone offshore Poland based on the new and vintage multi-channel reflection seismic data
Geodynamic controls on clastic-dominated base metal deposits
Geophysical downhole logging analysis within the shallow depth ICDP STAR drilling project (Central Italy)
Seismic wave modeling of fluid-saturated fractured porous rock: including fluid pressure diffusion effects of discretely distributed large-scale fractures
Comparison of surface-wave techniques to estimate S- and P-wave velocity models from active seismic data
Combining crosshole and reflection borehole-GPR for imaging controlled freezing in shallow aquifers
Integration of automatic implicit geological modelling in deterministic geophysical inversion
Complex fault system revealed by 3-D seismic reflection data with deep learning and fault network analysis
Numerical modeling of stresses and deformation in the Zagros–Iranian Plateau region
Advanced seismic characterization of a geothermal carbonate reservoir – insight into the structure and diagenesis of a reservoir in the German Molasse Basin
Electrical conductivity of anhydrous and hydrous gabbroic melt under high temperature and high pressure: implications for the high-conductivity anomalies in the mid-ocean ridge region
Ground motion emissions due to wind turbines: observations, acoustic coupling, and attenuation relationships
Formation and geophysical character of transitional crust at the passive continental margin around Walvis Ridge, Namibia
Seismic amplitude response to internal heterogeneity of mass-transport deposits
Investigation of the effects of surrounding media on the distributed acoustic sensing of a helically wound fibre-optic cable with application to the New Afton deposit, British Columbia
Utilisation of probabilistic magnetotelluric modelling to constrain magnetic data inversion: proof-of-concept and field application
Geophysical analysis of an area affected by subsurface dissolution – case study of an inland salt marsh in northern Thuringia, Germany
Comparison of straight-ray and curved-ray surface wave tomography approaches in near-surface studies
An efficient probabilistic workflow for estimating induced earthquake parameters in 3D heterogeneous media
3D deep geothermal reservoir imaging with wireline distributed acoustic sensing in two boreholes
3D high-resolution seismic imaging of the iron oxide deposits in Ludvika (Sweden) using full-waveform inversion and reverse time migration
Three-dimensional reflection seismic imaging of the iron oxide deposits in the Ludvika mining area, Sweden, using Fresnel volume migration
Drone-based magnetic and multispectral surveys to develop a 3D model for mineral exploration at Qullissat, Disko Island, Greenland
Ambient seismic noise analysis of LARGE-N data for mineral exploration in the Central Erzgebirge, Germany
Surface-wave tomography for mineral exploration: a successful combination of passive and active data (Siilinjärvi phosphorus mine, Finland)
Reflection tomography by depth warping: a case study across the Java trench
Dynamic motion monitoring of a 3.6 km long steel rod in a borehole during cold-water injection with distributed fiber-optic sensing
Impact of Timanian thrust systems on the late Neoproterozoic–Phanerozoic tectonic evolution of the Barents Sea and Svalbard
Forearc density structure of the overriding plate in the northern area of the giant 1960 Valdivia earthquake
Imaging crustal structures through a passive seismic imaging approach in a mining area in Saxony, Germany
Investigating the effects of intersection flow localization in equivalent-continuum-based upscaling of flow in discrete fracture networks
Cross-diffusion waves resulting from multiscale, multiphysics instabilities: application to earthquakes
Reverse time migration (RTM) imaging of iron oxide deposits in the Ludvika mining area, Sweden
Near-surface structure of the Sodankylä area in Finland, obtained by passive seismic interferometry
Evolution of the Iberian Massif as deduced from its crustal thickness and geometry of a mid-crustal (Conrad) discontinuity
Four-dimensional tracer flow reconstruction in fractured rock through borehole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) monitoring
Moho topography beneath the European Eastern Alps by global-phase seismic interferometry
Seismic imaging across fault systems in the Abitibi greenstone belt – an analysis of pre- and post-stack migration approaches in the Chibougamau area, Quebec, Canada
Early Cenozoic Eurekan strain partitioning and decoupling in central Spitsbergen, Svalbard
On the comparison of strain measurements from fibre optics with a dense seismometer array at Etna volcano (Italy)
Cross-diffusion waves resulting from multiscale, multi-physics instabilities: theory
Multi-scale analysis and modelling of aeromagnetic data over the Bétaré-Oya area in eastern Cameroon, for structural evidence investigations
The impact of seismic interpretation methods on the analysis of faults: a case study from the Snøhvit field, Barents Sea
Wireline distributed acoustic sensing allows 4.2 km deep vertical seismic profiling of the Rotliegend 150 °C geothermal reservoir in the North German Basin
Integrated land and water-borne geophysical surveys shed light on the sudden drying of large karst lakes in southern Mexico
Sparse 3D reflection seismic survey for deep-targeting iron oxide deposits and their host rocks, Ludvika Mines, Sweden
Fault sealing and caprock integrity for CO2 storage: an in situ injection experiment
What can seismic noise tell us about the Alpine reactivation of the Iberian Massif? An example in the Iberian Central System
In situ hydromechanical responses during well drilling recorded by fiber-optic distributed strain sensing
Coherent diffraction imaging for enhanced fault and fracture network characterization
Quang Nguyen, Michal Malinowski, Stanisław Mazur, Sergiy Stovba, Małgorzata Ponikowska, and Christian Hübscher
Solid Earth, 15, 1029–1046, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1029-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1029-2024, 2024
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Our work demonstrates the following: (1) an efficient seismic data-processing strategy focused on suppressing shallow-water multiple reflections. (2) An improvement in the quality of legacy marine seismic data. (3) A seismic interpretation of sedimentary successions overlying the basement in the transition zone from the Precambrian to Paleozoic platforms. (4) The tectonic evolution of the Koszalin Fault and its relation to the Caledonian Deformation Front offshore Poland.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Anne C. Glerum, Sascha Brune, Joseph M. Magnall, Philipp Weis, and Sarah A. Gleeson
Solid Earth, 15, 921–944, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-921-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-921-2024, 2024
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High-value zinc–lead deposits formed in sedimentary basins created when tectonic plates rifted apart. We use computer simulations of rifting and the associated sediment erosion and deposition to understand why they formed in some basins but not in others. Basins that contain a metal source, faults that focus fluids, and rocks that can host deposits occurred in both narrow and wide rifts for ≤ 3 Myr. The largest and the most deposits form in narrow margins of narrow asymmetric rifts.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Paola Montone, Simona Pierdominici, Maria Teresa Mariucci, Francesco Mirabella, Marco Urbani, Assel Akimbekova, Lauro Chiaraluce, Wade Johnson, and Massimiliano Rinaldo Barchi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1249, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1249, 2024
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The STAR project set out to drill 6 shallow holes and use geophysical logging to figure out the best depth for placing seismometers and strainmeters, to image the upper crust and in particular the Alto Tiberina fault, Italy. These measurements give us a better idea of what the rocks are like, helping us connect what we know from literature with what we find underground, giving solid information on rock properties, which helps understand the first couple hundred meters of the Earth's crust.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yingkai Qi, Xuehua Chen, Qingwei Zhao, Xin Luo, and Chunqiang Feng
Solid Earth, 15, 535–554, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-535-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-535-2024, 2024
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Fractures tend to dominate the mechanical and hydraulic properties of porous rock and impact the scattering characteristics of passing waves. This study takes into account the poroelastic effects of fractures in numerical modeling. Our results demonstrate that scattered waves from complex fracture systems are strongly affected by the fractures.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Farbod Khosro Anjom, Frank Adler, and Laura Valentina Socco
Solid Earth, 15, 367–386, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-367-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-367-2024, 2024
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Most surface-wave techniques focus on estimating the S-wave velocity (VS) model and consider the P-wave velocity (VP) model as prior information in the inversion step. Here, we show the application of three surface-wave methods to estimate both VS and VP models. We apply the methods to the data from a hard-rock site that were acquired through the irregular source–receiver recording technique. We compare the outcomes and performances of the methods in detail.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Peter Jung, Götz Hornbruch, Andreas Dahmke, Peter Dietrich, and Ulrike Werban
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-257, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-257, 2024
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We demonstrate the feasibility of imaging vertical freezing boundaries using borehole-GPR in an experimental geological latent heat storage, where a part of a shallow quaternary aquifer is frozen. To get insight on the current thermal state in the subsurface the dimension of the frozen volume is assessed. We show, that a combination of crosshole and reflection measurements enables to image the ice body with high accuracy in the, for GPR, challenging environment of saturated sediments.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jérémie Giraud, Guillaume Caumon, Lachlan Grose, Vitaliy Ogarko, and Paul Cupillard
Solid Earth, 15, 63–89, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-63-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-63-2024, 2024
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We present and test an algorithm that integrates geological modelling into deterministic geophysical inversion. This is motivated by the need to model the Earth using all available data and to reconcile the different types of measurements. We introduce the methodology and test our algorithm using two idealised scenarios. Results suggest that the method we propose is effectively capable of improving the models recovered by geophysical inversion and may be applied in real-world scenarios.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Thilo Wrona, Indranil Pan, Rebecca E. Bell, Christopher A.-L. Jackson, Robert L. Gawthorpe, Haakon Fossen, Edoseghe E. Osagiede, and Sascha Brune
Solid Earth, 14, 1181–1195, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1181-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1181-2023, 2023
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We need to understand where faults are to do the following: (1) assess their seismic hazard, (2) explore for natural resources and (3) store CO2 safely in the subsurface. Currently, we still map subsurface faults primarily by hand using seismic reflection data, i.e. acoustic images of the Earth. Mapping faults this way is difficult and time-consuming. Here, we show how to use deep learning to accelerate fault mapping and how to use networks or graphs to simplify fault analyses.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Srishti Singh and Radheshyam Yadav
Solid Earth, 14, 937–959, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-937-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-937-2023, 2023
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We use numerical models to study the stresses arising from gravitational potential energy (GPE) variations and shear tractions associated with mantle convection in the Zagros–Iran region. The joint models predicted consistent deviatoric stresses that can explain most of the deformation indicators. Stresses associated with mantle convection are found to be higher than those from GPE, thus indicating the deformation in this region may primarily be caused by the mantle, except in eastern Iran.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sonja H. Wadas, Johanna F. Krumbholz, Vladimir Shipilin, Michael Krumbholz, David C. Tanner, and Hermann Buness
Solid Earth, 14, 871–908, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-871-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-871-2023, 2023
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The geothermal carbonate reservoir below Munich, Germany, is extremely heterogeneous because it is controlled by many factors like lithology, diagenesis, karstification, and tectonic deformation. We used a 3D seismic single- and multi-attribute analysis combined with well data and a neural-net-based lithology classification to obtain an improved reservoir concept outlining its structural and diagenetic evolution and to identify high-quality reservoir zones in the Munich area.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mengqi Wang, Lidong Dai, Haiying Hu, Ziming Hu, Chenxin Jing, Chuanyu Yin, Song Luo, and Jinhua Lai
Solid Earth, 14, 847–858, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-847-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-847-2023, 2023
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This is the first time that the electrical conductivity of gabbroic melt was assessed at high temperature and high pressure. The dependence of electrical conductivity on the degree of depolymerization was also explored. Electrical conductivity of gabbroic melts can be employed to interpret high-conductivity anomalies in the Mohns Ridge of the Arctic Ocean. This is of widespread interest to potential readers in high-pressure rock physics, solid geophysics, and deep Earth science.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Laura Gaßner and Joachim Ritter
Solid Earth, 14, 785–803, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-785-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-785-2023, 2023
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In this work we analyze signals emitted from wind turbines. They induce sound as well as ground motion waves which propagate through the subsurface and are registered by sensitive instruments. In our data we observe when these signals are present and how strong they are. Some signals are present in ground motion and sound data, providing the opportunity to study similarities and better characterize emissions. Furthermore, we study the amplitudes with distance to improve the signal prediction.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Gesa Franz, Marion Jegen, Max Moorkamp, Christian Berndt, and Wolfgang Rabbel
Solid Earth, 14, 237–259, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-237-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-237-2023, 2023
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Our study focuses on the correlation of two geophysical parameters (electrical resistivity and density) with geological units. We use this computer-aided correlation to improve interpretation of the Earth’s formation history along the Namibian coast and the associated formation of the South Atlantic Ocean. It helps to distinguish different types of sediment cover and varieties of oceanic crust, as well as to identify typical features associated with the breakup of continents.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jonathan Ford, Angelo Camerlenghi, Francesca Zolezzi, and Marilena Calarco
Solid Earth, 14, 137–151, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-137-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-137-2023, 2023
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Submarine landslides commonly appear as low-amplitude zones in seismic data. Previous studies have attributed this to a lack of preserved internal structure. We use seismic modelling to show that an amplitude reduction can be generated even when there is still metre-scale internal structure, by simply deforming the bedding. This has implications for interpreting failure type, for core-seismic correlation and for discriminating landslides from other "transparent" phenomena such as free gas.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sepidehalsadat Hendi, Mostafa Gorjian, Gilles Bellefleur, Christopher D. Hawkes, and Don White
Solid Earth, 14, 89–99, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-89-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-89-2023, 2023
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In this study, the modelling results are used to help understand the performance of a helically wound fibre (HWC) from a field study at the New Afton mine, British Columbia. We introduce the numerical 3D model to model strain values in HWC to design more effective HWC system. The DAS dataset at New Afton, interpreted in the context of our modelling, serves as a practical demonstration of the extreme effects of surrounding media and coupling on HWC data quality.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jérémie Giraud, Hoël Seillé, Mark D. Lindsay, Gerhard Visser, Vitaliy Ogarko, and Mark W. Jessell
Solid Earth, 14, 43–68, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-43-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-43-2023, 2023
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We propose and apply a workflow to combine the modelling and interpretation of magnetic anomalies and resistivity anomalies to better image the basement. We test the method on a synthetic case study and apply it to real world data from the Cloncurry area (Queensland, Australia), which is prospective for economic minerals. Results suggest a new interpretation of the composition and structure towards to east of the profile that we modelled.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sonja H. Wadas, Hermann Buness, Raphael Rochlitz, Peter Skiba, Thomas Günther, Michael Grinat, David C. Tanner, Ulrich Polom, Gerald Gabriel, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 13, 1673–1696, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1673-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1673-2022, 2022
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The dissolution of rocks poses a severe hazard because it can cause subsidence and sinkhole formation. Based on results from our study area in Thuringia, Germany, using P- and SH-wave reflection seismics, electrical resistivity and electromagnetic methods, and gravimetry, we develop a geophysical investigation workflow. This workflow enables identifying the initial triggers of subsurface dissolution and its control factors, such as structural constraints, fluid pathways, and mass movement.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mohammadkarim Karimpour, Evert Slob, and Laura Valentina Socco
Solid Earth, 13, 1569–1583, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1569-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1569-2022, 2022
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Near-surface characterisation is of great importance. Surface wave tomography (SWT) is a powerful tool to model the subsurface. In this work we compare straight-ray and curved-ray SWT at near-surface scale. We apply both approaches to four datasets and compare the results in terms of the quality of the final model and the computational cost. We show that in the case of high data coverage, straight-ray SWT can produce similar results to curved-ray SWT but with less computational cost.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
La Ode Marzujriban Masfara, Thomas Cullison, and Cornelis Weemstra
Solid Earth, 13, 1309–1325, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1309-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1309-2022, 2022
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Induced earthquakes are natural phenomena in which the events are associated with human activities. Although the magnitudes of these events are mostly smaller than tectonic events, in some cases, the magnitudes can be high enough to damage buildings near the event's location. To study these (high-magnitude) induced events, we developed a workflow in which the recorded data from an earthquake are used to describe the source and monitor the area for other (potentially high-magnitude) earthquakes.
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Evgeniia Martuganova, Manfred Stiller, Ben Norden, Jan Henninges, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 13, 1291–1307, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1291-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1291-2022, 2022
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We demonstrate the applicability of vertical seismic profiling (VSP) acquired using wireline distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology for deep geothermal reservoir imaging and characterization. Borehole DAS data provide critical input for seismic interpretation and help assess small-scale geological structures. This case study can be used as a basis for detailed structural exploration of geothermal reservoirs and provide insightful information for geothermal exploration projects.
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Brij Singh, Michał Malinowski, Andrzej Górszczyk, Alireza Malehmir, Stefan Buske, Łukasz Sito, and Paul Marsden
Solid Earth, 13, 1065–1085, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1065-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1065-2022, 2022
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Fast depletion of shallower deposits is pushing the mining industry to look for cutting-edge technologies for deep mineral targeting. We demonstrated a joint workflow including two state-of-the-art technologies: full-waveform inversion and reverse time migration. We produced Earth images with significant details which can help with better estimation of areas with high mineralisation, better mine planning and safety measures.
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Felix Hloušek, Michal Malinowski, Lena Bräunig, Stefan Buske, Alireza Malehmir, Magdalena Markovic, Lukasz Sito, Paul Marsden, and Emma Bäckström
Solid Earth, 13, 917–934, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-917-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-917-2022, 2022
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Methods for mineral exploration play an important role within the EU. Exploration must be environmentally friendly, cost effective, and feasible in populated areas. Seismic methods have the potential to deliver detailed images of mineral deposits but suffer from these demands. We show the results for a sparse 3D seismic dataset acquired in Sweden. The 3D depth image allows us to track the known mineralizations beyond the known extent and gives new insights into the geometry of the deposit.
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Robert Jackisch, Björn H. Heincke, Robert Zimmermann, Erik V. Sørensen, Markku Pirttijärvi, Moritz Kirsch, Heikki Salmirinne, Stefanie Lode, Urpo Kuronen, and Richard Gloaguen
Solid Earth, 13, 793–825, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-793-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-793-2022, 2022
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We integrate UAS-based magnetic and multispectral data with legacy exploration data of a Ni–Cu–PGE prospect on Disko Island, West Greenland. The basalt unit has a complex magnetization, and we use a constrained 3D magnetic vector inversion to estimate magnetic properties and spatial dimensions of the target unit. Our 3D modelling reveals a horizontal sheet and a strong remanent magnetization component. We highlight the advantage of UAS use in rugged and remote terrain.
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Trond Ryberg, Moritz Kirsch, Christian Haberland, Raimon Tolosana-Delgado, Andrea Viezzoli, and Richard Gloaguen
Solid Earth, 13, 519–533, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-519-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-519-2022, 2022
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Novel methods for mineral exploration play an important role in future resource exploration. The methods have to be environmentally friendly, socially accepted and cost effective by integrating multidisciplinary methodologies. We investigate the potential of passive, ambient noise tomography combined with 3D airborne electromagnetics for mineral exploration in Geyer, Germany. We show that the combination of the two geophysical data sets has promising potential for future mineral exploration.
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Chiara Colombero, Myrto Papadopoulou, Tuomas Kauti, Pietari Skyttä, Emilia Koivisto, Mikko Savolainen, and Laura Valentina Socco
Solid Earth, 13, 417–429, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-417-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-417-2022, 2022
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Passive-source surface waves may be exploited in mineral exploration for deeper investigations. We propose a semi-automatic workflow for their processing. The geological interpretation of the results obtained at a mineral site (Siilinjärvi phosphorus mine) shows large potentialities and effectiveness of the proposed workflow.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yueyang Xia, Dirk Klaeschen, Heidrun Kopp, and Michael Schnabel
Solid Earth, 13, 367–392, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-367-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-367-2022, 2022
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Geological interpretations based on seismic depth images depend on an accurate subsurface velocity model. Reflection tomography is one method to iteratively update a velocity model based on depth error analysis. We used a warping method to estimate closely spaced data-driven depth error displacement fields. The application to a multichannel seismic line across the Sunda subduction zone illustrates the approach which leads to more accurate images of complex geological structures.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Martin Peter Lipus, Felix Schölderle, Thomas Reinsch, Christopher Wollin, Charlotte Krawczyk, Daniela Pfrang, and Kai Zosseder
Solid Earth, 13, 161–176, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-161-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-161-2022, 2022
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A fiber-optic cable was installed along a freely suspended rod in a deep geothermal well in Munich, Germany. A cold-water injection test was monitored with fiber-optic distributed acoustic and temperature sensing. During injection, we observe vibrational events in the lower part of the well. On the basis of a mechanical model, we conclude that the vibrational events are caused by thermal contraction of the rod. The results illustrate potential artifacts when analyzing downhole acoustic data.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl, Craig Magee, and Ingrid M. Anell
Solid Earth, 13, 85–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-85-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-85-2022, 2022
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The present study shows evidence of fault systems (large cracks in the Earth's crust) hundreds to thousands of kilometers long and several kilometers thick extending from northwestern Russia to the northern Norwegian Barents Sea and the Svalbard Archipelago using seismic, magnetic, and gravimetric data. The study suggests that the crust in Svalbard and the Barents Sea was already attached to Norway and Russia at ca. 650–550 Ma, thus challenging existing models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Andrei Maksymowicz, Daniela Montecinos-Cuadros, Daniel Díaz, María José Segovia, and Tomás Reyes
Solid Earth, 13, 117–136, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-117-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-117-2022, 2022
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This work analyses the density structure of the continental forearc in the northern segment of the 1960 Mw 9.6 Valdivia earthquake. Results show a segmentation of the continental wedge along and perpendicular to the margin. The extension of the less rigid basement units conforming the marine wedge and Coastal Cordillera domain could modify the process of stress loading during the interseismic periods. This analysis highlights the role of the overriding plate on the seismotectonic process.
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Hossein Hassani, Felix Hloušek, Stefan Buske, and Olaf Wallner
Solid Earth, 12, 2703–2715, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2703-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2703-2021, 2021
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Passive seismic imaging methods use natural earthquakes as seismic sources, while in active seismic imaging methods, artificial sources (e.g. explosives) are used to generate seismic waves. We imaged some structures related to a major fault plane through a passive seismic imaging approach using microearthquakes with magnitudes smaller than 0.9 (Mw). These structures have not been illuminated by a previously conducted 3D active seismic survey due to their large dip angles.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Maximilian O. Kottwitz, Anton A. Popov, Steffen Abe, and Boris J. P. Kaus
Solid Earth, 12, 2235–2254, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2235-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2235-2021, 2021
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Upscaling fluid flow in fractured reservoirs is an important practice in subsurface resource utilization. In this study, we first conduct numerical simulations of direct fluid flow at locations where fractures intersect to analyze the arising hydraulic complexities. Next, we develop a model that integrates these effects into larger-scale continuum models of fracture networks to investigate their impact on the upscaling. For intensively fractured systems, these effects become important.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Klaus Regenauer-Lieb, Manman Hu, Christoph Schrank, Xiao Chen, Santiago Peña Clavijo, Ulrich Kelka, Ali Karrech, Oliver Gaede, Tomasz Blach, Hamid Roshan, Antoine B. Jacquey, Piotr Szymczak, and Qingpei Sun
Solid Earth, 12, 1829–1849, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1829-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1829-2021, 2021
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This paper presents a trans-disciplinary approach bridging the gap between observations of instabilities from the molecular scale to the very large scale. We show that all scales communicate via propagation of volumetric deformation waves. Similar phenomena are encountered in quantum optics where wave collisions can release sporadic bursts of light. Ocean waves show a similar phenomenon of rogue waves that seem to come from nowhere. This mechanism is proposed to be the trigger for earthquakes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yinshuai Ding and Alireza Malehmir
Solid Earth, 12, 1707–1718, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1707-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1707-2021, 2021
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In this article, we investigate the potential of reverse time migration (RTM) for deep targeting iron oxide deposits and the possible AVO effect that is potentially seen in the common image gathers from this migration algorithm. The results are promising and help to delineate the deposits and host rock structures using a 2D dataset from the Ludvika mines of central Sweden.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nikita Afonin, Elena Kozlovskaya, Suvi Heinonen, and Stefan Buske
Solid Earth, 12, 1563–1579, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1563-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1563-2021, 2021
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In our study, we show the results of a passive seismic interferometry application for mapping the uppermost crust in the area of active mineral exploration in northern Finland. The obtained velocity models agree well with geological data and complement the results of reflection seismic data interpretation.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Puy Ayarza, José Ramón Martínez Catalán, Ana Martínez García, Juan Alcalde, Juvenal Andrés, José Fernando Simancas, Immaculada Palomeras, David Martí, Irene DeFelipe, Chris Juhlin, and Ramón Carbonell
Solid Earth, 12, 1515–1547, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1515-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1515-2021, 2021
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Vertical incidence seismic profiling on the Iberian Massif images a mid-crustal-scale discontinuity at the top of the reflective lower crust. This feature shows that upper- and lower-crustal reflections merge into it, suggesting that it has often behaved as a detachment. The orogen-scale extension of this discontinuity, present in Gondwanan and Avalonian affinity terranes into the Iberian Massif, demonstrates its relevance, leading us to interpret it as the Conrad discontinuity.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Peter-Lasse Giertzuch, Joseph Doetsch, Alexis Shakas, Mohammadreza Jalali, Bernard Brixel, and Hansruedi Maurer
Solid Earth, 12, 1497–1513, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1497-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1497-2021, 2021
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Two time-lapse borehole ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were conducted during saline tracer experiments in weakly fractured crystalline rock with sub-millimeter fractures apertures, targeting electrical conductivity changes. The combination of time-lapse reflection and transmission GPR surveys from different boreholes allowed monitoring the tracer flow and reconstructing the flow path and its temporal evolution in 3D and provided a realistic visualization of the hydrological processes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Irene Bianchi, Elmer Ruigrok, Anne Obermann, and Edi Kissling
Solid Earth, 12, 1185–1196, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1185-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1185-2021, 2021
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The European Alps formed during collision between the European and Adriatic plates and are one of the most studied orogens for understanding the dynamics of mountain building. In the Eastern Alps, the contact between the colliding plates is still a matter of debate. We have used the records from distant earthquakes to highlight the geometries of the crust–mantle boundary in the Eastern Alpine area; our results suggest a complex and faulted internal crustal structure beneath the higher crests.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Saeid Cheraghi, Alireza Malehmir, Mostafa Naghizadeh, David Snyder, Lucie Mathieu, and Pierre Bedeaux
Solid Earth, 12, 1143–1164, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1143-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1143-2021, 2021
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High-resolution seismic profiles in 2D are acquired in the north and south of the Chibougamau area, Quebec, Canada located in the northeast of the Abitibi Greenstone belt. The area mostly includes volcanic rocks, and both profiles cross over several fault zones. The seismic method is acquired to image the subsurface down to depth of 12 km. The main aim of this study is to image major fault zones and the geological formations connected to those faults to investigate metal endowment in the area.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl
Solid Earth, 12, 1025–1049, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1025-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1025-2021, 2021
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By using seismic data and fieldwork, this contribution shows that soft, coal-rich sedimentary rocks absorbed most of early Cenozoic, Eurekan, contractional deformation in central Spitsbergen, thus suggesting that no contractional deformation event is needed in the Late Devonian to explain the deformation differences among late Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. It also shows that the Billefjorden Fault Zone, a major crack in the Earth's crust in Svalbard, is probably segmented.
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Gilda Currenti, Philippe Jousset, Rosalba Napoli, Charlotte Krawczyk, and Michael Weber
Solid Earth, 12, 993–1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-993-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-993-2021, 2021
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We investigate the capability of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) to record dynamic strain changes related to Etna volcano activity in 2019. To validate the DAS measurements, we compute strain estimates from seismic signals recorded by a dense broadband array. A general good agreement is found between array-derived strain and DAS measurements along the fibre optic cable. Localised short wavelength discrepancies highlight small-scale structural heterogeneities in the investigated area.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Klaus Regenauer-Lieb, Manman Hu, Christoph Schrank, Xiao Chen, Santiago Peña Clavijo, Ulrich Kelka, Ali Karrech, Oliver Gaede, Tomasz Blach, Hamid Roshan, and Antoine B. Jacquey
Solid Earth, 12, 869–883, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-869-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-869-2021, 2021
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In this paper we expand on a recent discovery of slow cross-diffusion hydromechanical waves cast into a new concise reaction–diffusion equation for THMC coupling. If waves are excited through the THMC reaction terms unbounded reactions can be captured by inclusion of statistical information from the lower scale through nonlocal reaction–diffusion equations. These cross-diffusion coefficients regularize extreme earthquake-like events (rogue waves) through a new form of quasi-soliton wave.
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Christian Emile Nyaban, Théophile Ndougsa-Mbarga, Marcelin Bikoro-Bi-Alou, Stella Amina Manekeng Tadjouteu, and Stephane Patrick Assembe
Solid Earth, 12, 785–800, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-785-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-785-2021, 2021
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A multi-scale analysis of aeromagnetic data combining tilt derivative, Euler deconvolution, upward continuation, and 2.75D modelling was applied over Cameroon between the latitudes 5°30'–6° N and the longitudes 13°30'–14°45' E. Major families of faults oriented ENE–WSW, E–W, NW–SE, and N–S with a NE–SW prevalence were mapped. Depths of interpreted faults range from 1000 to 3400 m, mylonitic veins were identified, and 2.75D modelling revealed fault depths greater than 1200 m.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jennifer E. Cunningham, Nestor Cardozo, Chris Townsend, and Richard H. T. Callow
Solid Earth, 12, 741–764, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-741-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-741-2021, 2021
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This work investigates the impact of commonly used seismic interpretation methods on the analysis of faults. Fault analysis refers to fault length, displacement, and the impact these factors have on geological modelling and hydrocarbon volume calculation workflows. This research was conducted to give geoscientists a better understanding of the importance of interpretation methods and the impact of unsuitable methology on geological analyses.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jan Henninges, Evgeniia Martuganova, Manfred Stiller, Ben Norden, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 12, 521–537, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-521-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-521-2021, 2021
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We performed a seismic survey in two 4.3 km deep geothermal research wells using the novel method of distributed acoustic sensing and wireline cables. The characteristics of the acquired data, methods for data processing and quality improvement, and interpretations on the geometry and structure of the sedimentary and volcanic reservoir rocks are presented. The method enables measurements at high temperatures and reduced cost compared to conventional sensors.
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Matthias Bücker, Adrián Flores Orozco, Jakob Gallistl, Matthias Steiner, Lukas Aigner, Johannes Hoppenbrock, Ruth Glebe, Wendy Morales Barrera, Carlos Pita de la Paz, César Emilio García García, José Alberto Razo Pérez, Johannes Buckel, Andreas Hördt, Antje Schwalb, and Liseth Pérez
Solid Earth, 12, 439–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-439-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-439-2021, 2021
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We use seismic, electromagnetic, and geoelectrical methods to assess sediment thickness and lake-bottom geology of two karst lakes. An unexpected drainage event provided us with the unusual opportunity to compare water-borne measurements with measurements carried out on the dry lake floor. The resulting data set does not only provide insight into the specific lake-bottom geology of the studied lakes but also evidences the potential and limitations of the employed field methods.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alireza Malehmir, Magdalena Markovic, Paul Marsden, Alba Gil, Stefan Buske, Lukasz Sito, Emma Bäckström, Martiya Sadeghi, and Stefan Luth
Solid Earth, 12, 483–502, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-483-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-483-2021, 2021
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A smooth transition toward decarbonization demands access to more minerals of critical importance. Europe has a good geology for many of these mineral deposits, but at a depth requiring sensitive, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective methods for their exploration. In this context, we present a sparse 3D seismic dataset that allowed identification of potential iron oxide resources at depth and helped to characterise key geological structures and a historical tailing in central Sweden.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alba Zappone, Antonio Pio Rinaldi, Melchior Grab, Quinn C. Wenning, Clément Roques, Claudio Madonna, Anne C. Obermann, Stefano M. Bernasconi, Matthias S. Brennwald, Rolf Kipfer, Florian Soom, Paul Cook, Yves Guglielmi, Christophe Nussbaum, Domenico Giardini, Marco Mazzotti, and Stefan Wiemer
Solid Earth, 12, 319–343, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-319-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-319-2021, 2021
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The success of the geological storage of carbon dioxide is linked to the availability at depth of a capable reservoir and an impermeable caprock. The sealing capacity of the caprock is a key parameter for long-term CO2 containment. Faults crosscutting the caprock might represent preferential pathways for CO2 to escape. A decameter-scale experiment on injection in a fault, monitored by an integrated network of multiparamerter sensors, sheds light on the mobility of fluids within the fault.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Juvenal Andrés, Puy Ayarza, Martin Schimmel, Imma Palomeras, Mario Ruiz, and Ramon Carbonell
Solid Earth, 11, 2499–2513, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2499-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2499-2020, 2020
Yi Zhang, Xinglin Lei, Tsutomu Hashimoto, and Ziqiu Xue
Solid Earth, 11, 2487–2497, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2487-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2487-2020, 2020
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Spatially continuous strain responses in two monitoring wells induced by a well-drilling process were monitored using high-resolution fiber-optic distributed strain sensing (DSS). The modeling results suggest that the strain polarities and magnitudes along the wellbores may be indicative of the layered-permeability structure or heterogeneous formation damage. The performance and value of DSS as a novel hydrogeophysical tool for in situ subsurface monitoring are emphasized.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Benjamin Schwarz and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 11, 1891–1907, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1891-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1891-2020, 2020
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Intricate fault and fracture networks cut through the upper crust, and their detailed delineation and characterization play an important role in the Earth sciences. While conventional geophysical sounding techniques only provide indirect means of detection, we present scale-spanning field data examples, in which coherent diffraction imaging – a framework inspired by optics and visual perception – enables the direct imaging of these crustal features at an unprecedented spatial resolution.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
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