Articles | Volume 10, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-809-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-809-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
13 Jun 2019
Research article |
| 13 Jun 2019
| 13 Jun 2019
Fluid-mediated, brittle–ductile deformation at seismogenic depth – Part 1: Fluid record and deformation history of fault veins in a nuclear waste repository (Olkiluoto Island, Finland)
Barbara Marchesini
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali,
Università di Bologna, Italy
Paolo Stefano Garofalo
Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali,
Università di Bologna, Italy
Luca Menegon
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of
Plymouth, PL48AA Plymouth, UK
The Njord Centre, Department of Geoscience, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1048 Blindern, Norway
Jussi Mattila
Geological Survey of Finland (GTK), Espoo, Finland
Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali,
Università di Bologna, Italy
Related authors
Francesca Prando, Luca Menegon, Mark Anderson, Barbara Marchesini, Jussi Mattila, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 11, 489–511, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-489-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-489-2020, 2020
Selina Bonini, Riccardo Asti, Giulio Viola, Giulia Tartaglia, Stefano Rodani, Gianluca Benedetti, Massimo Comedini, and Gianluca Vignaroli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-506, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-506, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Considering the structural complexity related to the internal architecture of active and capable faults, seismic hazard may be linked to different fault attributes depending on the fault domain crossed by a linear infrastructure. We propose a structural geology-based approach for the preliminary study of the area potentially affected by earthquake-induced surface ruptures during infrastructural design, based on the geometric relationships between the active fault and the infrastructure itself.
Riccardo Asti, Selina Bonini, Giulio Viola, and Gianluca Vignaroli
Solid Earth, 15, 1525–1551, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1525-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1525-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study addresses the tectonic evolution of the seismogenic Monti Martani Fault System (northern Apennines, Italy). By applying a field-based structural geology approach, we reconstruct the evolution of the stress field and we challenge the current interpretation of the fault system in terms of both geometry and state of activity. We stress that the peculiar behavior of this system during post-orogenic extension is still significantly influenced by the pre-orogenic structural template.
Matthew S. Hodge, Guri Venvik, Jochen Knies, Roelant van der Lelij, Jasmin Schönenberger, Øystein Nordgulen, Marco Brönner, Aziz Nasuti, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 15, 589–615, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-589-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-589-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Smøla island, in the mid-Norwegian margin, has complex fracture and fault patterns resulting from tectonic activity. This study uses a multiple-method approach to unravel Smøla's tectonic history. We found five different phases of deformation related to various fracture geometries and minerals dating back hundreds of millions of years. 3D models of these features visualise these structures in space. This approach may help us to understand offshore oil and gas reservoirs hosted in the basement.
Alberto Ceccato, Giulia Tartaglia, Marco Antonellini, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 13, 1431–1453, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's surface is commonly characterized by the occurrence of fractures, which can be mapped, and their can be geometry quantified on digital representations of the surface at different scales of observation. Here we present a series of analytical and statistical tools, which can aid the quantification of fracture spatial distribution at different scales. In doing so, we can improve our understanding of how fracture geometry and geology affect fluid flow within the fractured Earth crust.
Giulio Viola, Giovanni Musumeci, Francesco Mazzarini, Lorenzo Tavazzani, Manuel Curzi, Espen Torgersen, Roelant van der Lelij, and Luca Aldega
Solid Earth, 13, 1327–1351, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A structural-geochronological approach helps to unravel the Zuccale Fault's architecture. By mapping its internal structure and dating some of its fault rocks, we constrained a deformation history lasting 20 Myr starting at ca. 22 Ma. Such long activity is recorded by now tightly juxtaposed brittle structural facies, i.e. different types of fault rocks. Our results also have implications on the regional evolution of the northern Apennines, of which the Zuccale Fault is an important structure.
Henning Lorenz, Jan-Erik Rosberg, Christopher Juhlin, Iwona Klonowska, Rodolphe Lescoutre, George Westmeijer, Bjarne S. G. Almqvist, Mark Anderson, Stefan Bertilsson, Mark Dopson, Jens Kallmeyer, Jochem Kück, Oliver Lehnert, Luca Menegon, Christophe Pascal, Simon Rejkjær, and Nick N. W. Roberts
Sci. Dril., 30, 43–57, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-30-43-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-30-43-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides project provides insights into the deep structure and bedrock of a ca. 400 Ma old major orogen to study deformation processes that are hidden at depth from direct access in modern mountain belts. This paper describes the successful operations at the second site. It provides an overview of the retrieved geological section that differs from the expected and summarises the scientific potential of the accomplished data sets and drill core.
Leonardo Del Sole, Marco Antonellini, Roger Soliva, Gregory Ballas, Fabrizio Balsamo, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 11, 2169–2195, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2169-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2169-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the impact of deformation bands on fluid flow and diagenesis in porous sandstones in two different case studies (northern Apennines, Italy; Provence, France) by combining a variety of multiscalar mapping techniques, detailed field and microstructural observations, and stable isotope analysis. We show that deformation bands buffer and compartmentalize fluid flow and foster and localize diagenesis, recorded by carbonate cement nodules spatially associated with the bands.
Francesca Prando, Luca Menegon, Mark Anderson, Barbara Marchesini, Jussi Mattila, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 11, 489–511, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-489-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-489-2020, 2020
Roger Soliva, Frantz Maerten, Laurent Maerten, and Jussi Mattila
Solid Earth, 10, 1141–1154, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1141-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1141-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We propose innovative parametric modeling allowing for analysis of a very large number of fault-slip numerical simulations on 3-D discrete fault network. The approach allows for the first time producing failure envelopes of large rock volumes containing faults, using variations of geological conditions such as remote stresses, cohesion, friction, and fluid pressure. This tool helps to define the most conservative fault slip hazard case or to account for potential uncertainties in the input data.
Mirko Carlini, Giulio Viola, Jussi Mattila, and Luca Castellucci
Solid Earth, 10, 343–356, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-343-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-343-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Physical properties of layered sedimentary rocks affect nucleation and propagation of discontinuities therein. Fractures developing through sedimentary sequences characterized by the alternation of strong and weak layers are strongly deviated along their track at layers’ boundaries, and depending on the layer they cross-cut, they show very thick (strong layers) or very thin (weak layers) infills of precipitated minerals, potentially representing pathways for ore deposits and oil/water resources.
Alberto Ceccato, Luca Menegon, Giorgio Pennacchioni, and Luiz Fernando Grafulha Morales
Solid Earth, 9, 1399–1419, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1399-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1399-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Metamorphic fine-grained reaction products make continental crust rocks weaker. Microstructural processes related to the transformation of strong K-feldspar into weak aggregates of plagioclase and quartz during crustal deformation have been investigated through electron microscopy. Rheological calculations show that the occurrence of even small amounts of weak aggregates, whose deformation is mainly diffusion-assisted, would lead to a decrease in rock viscosity of several orders of magnitude.
James Gilgannon, Florian Fusseis, Luca Menegon, Klaus Regenauer-Lieb, and Jim Buckman
Solid Earth, 8, 1193–1209, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1193-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1193-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We examine rocks from the middle crust to explore how fluids circulate and influence a rock’s response to larger-scale tectonic movements. A model is developed in which fluids deep in the Earth migrate to clusters of pores generated during those movements. We document how distinct pores form in a specific order in association with local changes in how quartz deforms. The porosity evolves out of the deformation, changing the rate the rock moved under tectonic forces.
Giancarlo Molli, Luca Menegon, and Alessandro Malasoma
Solid Earth, 8, 767–788, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-767-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-767-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new case study on the role of brittle precursors in nucleating shear zone. Our studied sample shows a high-pressure, low-temperature (HP/LT) microscale ultramylonite developed by brittle precursors induced during deformation within a host HP/LT granitic mylonite. We infer that the studied structures may be considered as a small-scale example of fault structures related to stick-slip strain accommodation during subduction of continental crust.
Gustavo Viegas, Luca Menegon, and Carlos Archanjo
Solid Earth, 7, 375–396, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-375-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-375-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents microstructural and chemical data of mylonitic granitoids deformed at the brittle-ductile transition in the continental crust. Through a combination of microstructures, chemical analyses and modelling of the strength of constituent phases, we were able to show that strain localisation in shear zones may be triggered primarily by brittle failure, without the need for reaction-softening mechanisms promoted by metamorphic fluids.
H. J. Kjøll, G. Viola, L. Menegon, and B. E. Sørensen
Solid Earth, 6, 681–699, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-681-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-681-2015, 2015
Related subject area
Subject area: Tectonic plate interactions, magma genesis, and lithosphere deformation at all scales | Editorial team: Structural geology and tectonics, paleoseismology, rock physics, experimental deformation | Discipline: Structural geology
The size distributions of fractures and earthquakes: implications for orogen-internal seismogenic deformation
Strike-slip kinematics from crustal to outcrop-scale: the impact of material properties on analogue modelling
Lithologically constrained velocity–density relationships and vertical stress gradients in the North Alpine Foreland Basin, SE Germany
Unbiased statistical length analysis of linear features: adapting survival analysis to geological applications
Earthquake swarms frozen in an exhumed hydrothermal system (Bolfin Fault Zone, Chile)
Dissolution-precipitation creep in polymineralic granitoid shear zones in experiments I: Strain localization mechanisms
Reconciling post-orogenic faulting, paleostress evolution, and structural inheritance in the seismogenic northern Apennines (Italy): insights from the Monti Martani Fault System
Understanding the stress field at the lateral termination of a thrust fold using generic geomechanical models and clustering methods
Localized shear and distributed strain accumulation as competing shear accommodation mechanisms in crustal shear zones: constraining their dictating factors
Influence of water on crystallographic preferred orientation patterns in a naturally deformed quartzite
Geomorphic expressions of active rifting reflect the role of structural inheritance: a new model for the evolution of the Shanxi Rift, northern China
Poro-perm relations of Mesozoic carbonates and fault breccia, Araxos Promontory, NW Greece
Driven magmatism and crustal thinning of coastal southern China in response to subduction
Selection and characterization of the target fault for fluid-induced activation and earthquake rupture experiments
Naturally fractured reservoir characterisation in heterogeneous sandstones: insight for uranium in situ recovery (Imouraren, Niger)
Multiscalar 3D temporal structural characterisation of Smøla island, mid-Norwegian passive margin: an analogue for unravelling the tectonic history of offshore basement highs
Impact of faults on the remote stress state
Subduction plate interface shear stress associated with rapid subduction at deep slow earthquake depths: example from the Sanbagawa belt, southwestern Japan
Multiple phase rifting and subsequent inversion in the West Netherlands Basin: implications for geothermal reservoir characterization
Analogue modelling of basin inversion: implications for the Araripe Basin (Brazil)
Natural fracture patterns at Swift Reservoir anticline, NW Montana: the influence of structural position and lithology from multiple observation scales
Rapid hydration and weakening of anhydrite under stress: implications for natural hydration in the Earth's crust and mantle
Analogue experiments on releasing and restraining bends and their application to the study of the Barents Shear Margin
Structural framework and timing of the Pahtohavare Cu ± Au deposits, Kiruna mining district, Sweden
Does the syn- versus post-rift thickness ratio have an impact on the inversion-related structural style?
Inversion of accommodation zones in salt-bearing extensional systems: insights from analog modeling
Structural control of inherited salt structures during inversion of a domino basement-fault system from an analogue modelling approach
Kinematics and time-resolved evolution of the main thrust-sense shear zone in the Eo-Alpine orogenic wedge (the Vinschgau Shear Zone, eastern Alps)
Role of inheritance during tectonic inversion of a rift system in basement-involved to salt-decoupled transition: analogue modelling and application to the Pyrenean–Biscay system
Water release and homogenization by dynamic recrystallization of quartz
Hydrothermal activity of the Lake Abhe geothermal field (Djibouti): Structural controls and paths for further exploration
Time-dependent frictional properties of granular materials used in analogue modelling: implications for mimicking fault healing during reactivation and inversion
Large grain-size-dependent rheology contrasts of halite at low differential stress: evidence from microstructural study of naturally deformed gneissic Zechstein 2 rock salt (Kristallbrockensalz) from the northern Netherlands
Analogue modelling of the inversion of multiple extensional basins in foreland fold-and-thrust belts
A contribution to the quantification of crustal shortening and kinematics of deformation across the Western Andes ( ∼ 20–22° S)
Rift thermal inheritance in the SW Alps (France): insights from RSCM thermometry and 1D thermal numerical modelling
The Luangwa Rift Active Fault Database and fault reactivation along the southwestern branch of the East African Rift
Clustering has a meaning: optimization of angular similarity to detect 3D geometric anomalies in geological terrains
Shear zone evolution and the path of earthquake rupture
Mechanical compaction mechanisms in the input sediments of the Sumatra subduction complex – insights from microstructural analysis of cores from IODP Expedition 362
Detecting micro fractures: a comprehensive comparison of conventional and machine-learning-based segmentation methods
Multiscale lineament analysis and permeability heterogeneity of fractured crystalline basement blocks
Structural characterization and K–Ar illite dating of reactivated, complex and heterogeneous fault zones: lessons from the Zuccale Fault, Northern Apennines
How do differences in interpreting seismic images affect estimates of geological slip rates?
Progressive veining during peridotite carbonation: insights from listvenites in Hole BT1B, Samail ophiolite (Oman)
Tectonic evolution of the Indio Hills segment of the San Andreas fault in southern California, southwestern USA
Structural diagenesis in ultra-deep tight sandstones in the Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, China
Variscan structures and their control on latest to post-Variscan basin architecture: insights from the westernmost Bohemian Massif and southeastern Germany
Multi-disciplinary characterizations of the BedrettoLab – a new underground geoscience research facility
Biotite supports long-range diffusive transport in dissolution–precipitation creep in halite through small porosity fluctuations
Sandro Truttmann, Tobias Diehl, Marco Herwegh, and Stefan Wiemer
Solid Earth, 16, 641–662, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-641-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-641-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study investigates the statistical relationship between geological fractures and earthquakes in the southwestern Swiss Alps. We analyze how the fracture size and earthquake rupture are related and find differences in how fractures at different depths rupture seismically. While shallow fractures tend to rupture only partially, deeper fractures are more likely to rupture along their entire length, potentially resulting in larger earthquakes.
Luigi Massaro, Jürgen Adam, Elham Jonade, Silvia Negrão, and Yasuhiro Yamada
Solid Earth, 16, 531–550, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-531-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-531-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this manuscript, we investigated the kinematics and dynamics of strike-slip damage zones using laboratory mechanical tests and analogue modelling techniques. The results underline the importance of a multi-scale approach (from crustal to outcrop-scale) to improve the understanding of such deformation processes, deriving fundamental correlations with the physical and mechanical properties of the model materials applied in the experiments.
Peter Obermeier, Florian Duschl, and Michael C. Drews
Solid Earth, 16, 425–440, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-425-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-425-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate geophysical properties and the distribution of vertical stress, which is defined by the weight of the rock column above a certain location in the subsurface, in the upper 5 km of the North Alpine Foreland Basin in Germany. Our results help us to understand the present-day geological configuration and to improve safety for subsurface use, such as deep geothermal energy production in the study area.
Gabriele Benedetti, Stefano Casiraghi, Daniela Bertacchi, and Andrea Bistacchi
Solid Earth, 16, 367–390, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-367-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-367-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
At any scale, the limited size of a study area introduces a bias in the interpretation of linear features, defined as right-censoring bias. We show the effects of not considering such bias and apply survival analysis techniques to obtain unbiased estimates of multiple parametrical distributions in three censored length datasets. Finally, we propose a novel approach to select the most representative model from a sensible candidate pool using the probability integral transform technique.
Simone Masoch, Giorgio Pennacchioni, Michele Fondriest, Rodrigo Gomila, Piero Poli, José Cembrano, and Giulio Di Toro
Solid Earth, 16, 23–43, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-23-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-23-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate an exhumed hydrothermal system in the Atacama Desert (Chile) to understand how earthquake swarms form. Wall rocks near fault veins experienced high-stress pulses, and fault veins underwent cyclic crack opening and shearing. These findings suggest ancient earthquake swarm activity, from dynamic crack propagation to repeated crack opening and shearing. This system represents a unique geological record of earthquake swarms, providing insights into their initiation and evolution.
Natalia Nevskaya, Alfons Berger, Holger Stünitz, Weijia Zhan, Markus Ohl, Oliver Plümper, and Marco Herwegh
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3968, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3968, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Rheology of polymineralic rocks is crucial to unravel the strain and stress distribution in Earth’s middle crust with implications for e.g. seismicity or geothermal systems. Our experimental study of the viscous rheology of natural, fine-grained, granitoid rocks shows that dissolution-precipitation creep and pinning is active in extremely weak narrow zones. Due to the polymineralic character, strain localizes with and without a precursory fracture in zones weaker than monomineralic quartz.
Riccardo Asti, Selina Bonini, Giulio Viola, and Gianluca Vignaroli
Solid Earth, 15, 1525–1551, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1525-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1525-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study addresses the tectonic evolution of the seismogenic Monti Martani Fault System (northern Apennines, Italy). By applying a field-based structural geology approach, we reconstruct the evolution of the stress field and we challenge the current interpretation of the fault system in terms of both geometry and state of activity. We stress that the peculiar behavior of this system during post-orogenic extension is still significantly influenced by the pre-orogenic structural template.
Anthony Adwan, Bertrand Maillot, Pauline Souloumiac, Christophe Barnes, Christophe Nussbaum, Meinert Rahn, and Thomas Van Stiphout
Solid Earth, 15, 1445–1463, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1445-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1445-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use computer simulations to study how stress is distributed in large-scale geological models, focusing on how fault lines behave under pressure. By running many 2D and 3D simulations with varying conditions, we discover patterns in how faults form and interact. Our findings reveal that even small changes in conditions can lead to different stress outcomes. This research helps us better understand earthquake mechanics and could improve predictions of fault behavior in real-world scenarios.
Pramit Chatterjee, Arnab Roy, and Nibir Mandal
Solid Earth, 15, 1281–1301, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1281-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1281-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding strain accumulation processes in shear zones is essential for explaining failure mechanisms at great crustal depths. This study explores the rheological and kinematic factors determining the varying modes of shear accommodation in natural shear zones. Numerical simulations suggest that an interplay of parameters – initial viscosity, bulk shear rate, and internal cohesion – governs the dominance of one accommodation mechanism over another.
Jeffrey M. Rahl, Brendan Moehringer, Kenneth S. Befus, and John S. Singleton
Solid Earth, 15, 1233–1240, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1233-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1233-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
At the high temperatures present in the deeper crust, minerals such as quartz can flow much like silly putty. The detailed mechanisms of how atoms are reorganized depends upon several factors, such as the temperature and the rate of which the mineral changes shape. We present observations from a naturally deformed rock showing that the amount of water present also influences the type of deformation in quartz, with implications for geological interpretations.
Malte Froemchen, Ken J. W. McCaffrey, Mark B. Allen, Jeroen van Hunen, Thomas B. Phillips, and Yueren Xu
Solid Earth, 15, 1203–1231, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1203-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1203-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Shanxi Rift is a young, active rift in northern China that formed atop a Proterozoic orogen. The impact of these structures on active rift faults is poorly understood. Here, we quantify the landscape response to active faulting and compare it with published maps of inherited structures. We find that inherited structures played an important role in the segmentation of the Shanxi Rift and in the development of rift interaction zones, which are the most active regions in the Shanxi Rift.
Sergio C. Vinciguerra, Federico Vagnon, Irene Bottero, Jerome Fortin, Angela Vita Petrullo, Dimitrios Spanos, Aristotelis Pagoulatos, and Fabrizio Agosta
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2823, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2823, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the poro-perm relations of both host rocks and fault rocks of Mesozoic carbonate rocks, by integrating a laboratory petrophysical studyn with a digital image analysis. Three different protocols were employed to compute permeability: i) Effective Medium Theory on laboratory data, ii) constant crack aperture and iii) crack density values from 2D images. Carbonate host rocks did not show a clear poro-perm trend due to the presence of stiff, sub-rounded pores and of small vugs.
Jinbao Su, Wenbin Zhu, and Guangwei Li
Solid Earth, 15, 1133–1141, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1133-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1133-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The late Mesozoic igneous rocks in the South China Block exhibit flare-ups and lulls, which form in compressional or extensional backgrounds. The ascending of magma forms a mush-like head and decreases crustal thickness. The presence of faults and pre-existing magmas will accelerate emplacement of underplating magma. The magmatism at different times may be formed under similar subduction conditions, and the boundary compression forces will delay magma ascent.
Peter Achtziger-Zupančič, Alberto Ceccato, Alba Simona Zappone, Giacomo Pozzi, Alexis Shakas, Florian Amann, Whitney Maria Behr, Daniel Escallon Botero, Domenico Giardini, Marian Hertrich, Mohammadreza Jalali, Xiaodong Ma, Men-Andrin Meier, Julian Osten, Stefan Wiemer, and Massimo Cocco
Solid Earth, 15, 1087–1112, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We detail the selection and characterization of a fault zone for earthquake experiments in the Fault Activation and Earthquake Ruptures (FEAR) project at the Bedretto Lab. FEAR, which studies earthquake processes, overcame data collection challenges near faults. The fault zone in Rotondo granite was selected based on geometry, monitorability, and hydro-mechanical properties. Remote sensing, borehole logging, and geological mapping were used to create a 3D model for precise monitoring.
Maxime Jamet, Gregory Ballas, Roger Soliva, Olivier Gerbeaud, Thierry Lefebvre, Christine Leredde, and Didier Loggia
Solid Earth, 15, 895–920, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-895-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-895-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study characterizes the Tchirezrine II sandstone reservoir in northern Niger. Crucial for potential uranium in situ recovery (ISR), our multifaceted approach reveals (i) a network of homogeneously distributed orthogonal structures, (ii) the impact of clustered E–W fault structures on anisotropic fluid flow, and (iii) local changes in the matrix behaviour of the reservoir as a function of the density and nature of the deformation structure.
Matthew S. Hodge, Guri Venvik, Jochen Knies, Roelant van der Lelij, Jasmin Schönenberger, Øystein Nordgulen, Marco Brönner, Aziz Nasuti, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 15, 589–615, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-589-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-589-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Smøla island, in the mid-Norwegian margin, has complex fracture and fault patterns resulting from tectonic activity. This study uses a multiple-method approach to unravel Smøla's tectonic history. We found five different phases of deformation related to various fracture geometries and minerals dating back hundreds of millions of years. 3D models of these features visualise these structures in space. This approach may help us to understand offshore oil and gas reservoirs hosted in the basement.
Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, and Moritz O. Ziegler
Solid Earth, 15, 305–327, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-305-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-305-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
It is generally assumed that faults have an influence on the stress state of the Earth’s crust. It is questionable whether this influence is still present far away from a fault. Simple numerical models were used to investigate the extent of the influence of faults on the stress state. Several models with different fault representations were investigated. The stress fluctuations further away from the fault (> 1 km) are very small.
Yukinojo Koyama, Simon R. Wallis, and Takayoshi Nagaya
Solid Earth, 15, 143–166, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-143-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-143-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Stress along a subduction plate boundary is important for understanding subduction phenomena such as earthquakes. We estimated paleo-stress using quartz recrystallized grain size combined with deformation temperature and P–T paths of exhumed rocks. The obtained results show differential stresses of 30.8–82.7 MPa consistent over depths of 17–27 km in the paleo-subduction boundary. The obtained stress may represent the initial conditions under which slow earthquakes nucleated in the same domain.
Annelotte Weert, Kei Ogata, Francesco Vinci, Coen Leo, Giovanni Bertotti, Jerome Amory, and Stefano Tavani
Solid Earth, 15, 121–141, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
On the road to a sustainable planet, geothermal energy is considered one of the main substitutes when it comes to heating. The geological history of an area can have a major influence on the application of these geothermal systems, as demonstrated in the West Netherlands Basin. Here, multiple episodes of rifting and subsequent basin inversion have controlled the distribution of the reservoir rocks, thus influencing the locations where geothermal energy can be exploited.
Pâmela C. Richetti, Frank Zwaan, Guido Schreurs, Renata S. Schmitt, and Timothy C. Schmid
Solid Earth, 14, 1245–1266, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1245-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1245-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Araripe Basin in NE Brazil was originally formed during Cretaceous times, as South America and Africa broke up. The basin is an important analogue to offshore South Atlantic break-up basins; its sediments were uplifted and are now found at 1000 m height, allowing for studies thereof, but the cause of the uplift remains debated. Here we ran a series of tectonic laboratory experiments that show how a specific plate tectonic configuration can explain the evolution of the Araripe Basin.
Adam J. Cawood, Hannah Watkins, Clare E. Bond, Marian J. Warren, and Mark A. Cooper
Solid Earth, 14, 1005–1030, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1005-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1005-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here we test conceptual models of fracture development by investigating fractures across multiple scales. We find that most fractures increase in abundance towards the fold hinge, and we interpret these as being fold related. Other fractures at the site show inconsistent orientations and are unrelated to fold formation. Our results show that predicting fracture patterns requires the consideration of multiple geologic variables.
Johanna Heeb, David Healy, Nicholas E. Timms, and Enrique Gomez-Rivas
Solid Earth, 14, 985–1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-985-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-985-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hydration of rocks is a key process in the Earth’s crust and mantle that is accompanied by changes in physical traits and mechanical behaviour of rocks. This study assesses the influence of stress on hydration reaction kinetics and mechanics in experiments on anhydrite. We show that hydration occurs readily under stress and results in localized hydration along fractures and mechanic weakening. New gypsum growth is selective and depends on the stress field and host anhydrite crystal orientation.
Roy Helge Gabrielsen, Panagiotis Athanasios Giannenas, Dimitrios Sokoutis, Ernst Willingshofer, Muhammad Hassaan, and Jan Inge Faleide
Solid Earth, 14, 961–983, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-961-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-961-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Barents Shear Margin defines the border between the relatively shallow Barents Sea that is situated on a continental plate and the deep ocean. This margin's evolution history was probably influenced by plate tectonic reorganizations. From scaled experiments, we deduced several types of structures (faults, folds, and sedimentary basins) that help us to improve the understanding of the history of the opening of the North Atlantic.
Leslie Logan, Ervin Veress, Joel B. H. Andersson, Olof Martinsson, and Tobias E. Bauer
Solid Earth, 14, 763–784, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-763-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-763-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Pahtohavare Cu ± Au deposits in the Kiruna mining district have a dubious timing of formation and have not been contextualized within an up-to-date tectonic framework. Structural mapping was carried out to reveal that the deposits are hosted in brittle structures that cut a noncylindrical, SE-plunging anticline constrained to have formed during the late-Svecokarelian orogeny. These results show that Cu ± Au mineralization formed more than ca. 80 Myr after iron oxide–apatite mineralization.
Alexandra Tamas, Dan M. Tamas, Gabor Tari, Csaba Krezsek, Alexandru Lapadat, and Zsolt Schleder
Solid Earth, 14, 741–761, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-741-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tectonic processes are complex and often difficult to understand due to the limitations of surface or subsurface data. One such process is inversion tectonics, which means that an area initially developed in an extension (such as the opening of an ocean) is reversed to compression (the process leading to mountain building). In this research, we use a laboratory method (analogue modelling), and with the help of a sandbox, we try to better understand structures (folds/faults) related to inversion.
Elizabeth Parker Wilson, Pablo Granado, Pablo Santolaria, Oriol Ferrer, and Josep Anton Muñoz
Solid Earth, 14, 709–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-709-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-709-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work focuses on the control of accommodation zones on extensional and subsequent inversion in salt-detached domains using sandbox analogue models. During extension, the transfer zone acts as a pathway for the movement of salt, changing the expected geometries. When inverted, the salt layer and syn-inversion sedimentation control the deformation style in the salt-detached cover system. Three natural cases are compared to the model results and show similar inversion geometries.
Oriol Ferrer, Eloi Carola, and Ken McClay
Solid Earth, 14, 571–589, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-571-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-571-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using an experimental approach based on scaled sandbox models, this work aims to understand how salt above different rotational fault blocks influences the cover geometry and evolution, first during extension and then during inversion. The results show that inherited salt structures constrain contractional deformation. We show for the first time how welds and fault welds are reopened during contractional deformation, having direct implications for the subsurface exploration of natural resources.
Chiara Montemagni, Stefano Zanchetta, Martina Rocca, Igor M. Villa, Corrado Morelli, Volkmar Mair, and Andrea Zanchi
Solid Earth, 14, 551–570, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Vinschgau Shear Zone (VSZ) is one of the largest and most significant shear zones developed within the Late Cretaceous thrust stack in the Austroalpine domain of the eastern Alps. 40Ar / 39Ar geochronology constrains the activity of the VSZ between 97 and 80 Ma. The decreasing vorticity towards the core of the shear zone, coupled with the younging of mylonites, points to a shear thinning behavior. The deepest units of the Eo-Alpine orogenic wedge were exhumed along the VSZ.
Jordi Miró, Oriol Ferrer, Josep Anton Muñoz, and Gianreto Manastchal
Solid Earth, 14, 425–445, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-425-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-425-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using the Asturian–Basque–Cantabrian system and analogue (sandbox) models, this work focuses on the linkage between basement-controlled and salt-decoupled domains and how deformation is accommodated between the two during extension and subsequent inversion. Analogue models show significant structural variability in the transitional domain, with oblique structures that can be strongly modified by syn-contractional sedimentation. Experimental results are consistent with the case study.
Junichi Fukuda, Takamoto Okudaira, and Yukiko Ohtomo
Solid Earth, 14, 409–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-409-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-409-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured water distributions in deformed quartz by infrared spectroscopy mapping and used the results to discuss changes in water distribution resulting from textural development. Because of the grain size reduction process (dynamic recrystallization), water contents decrease from 40–1750 wt ppm in host grains of ~2 mm to 100–510 wt ppm in recrystallized regions composed of fine grains of ~10 µm. Our results indicate that water is released and homogenized by dynamic recrystallization.
Bastien Walter, Yves Géraud, Alexiane Favier, Nadjib Chibati, and Marc Diraison
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-397, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-397, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Lake Abhe in southwestern Djibouti is known for its exposures of massive hydrothermal chimneys and hot springs on the lake’s eastern shore. This study highlights the control of the main structural faults of the area on the development of these hydrothermal features. This work contributes to better understand hydrothermal fluid pathways in this area and may help further exploration for the geothermal development of this remarkable site.
Michael Rudolf, Matthias Rosenau, and Onno Oncken
Solid Earth, 14, 311–331, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Analogue models of tectonic processes rely on the reproduction of their geometry, kinematics and dynamics. An important property is fault behaviour, which is linked to the frictional characteristics of the fault gouge. This is represented by granular materials, such as quartz sand. In our study we investigate the time-dependent frictional properties of various analogue materials and highlight their impact on the suitability of these materials for analogue models focusing on fault reactivation.
Jessica Barabasch, Joyce Schmatz, Jop Klaver, Alexander Schwedt, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 14, 271–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed Zechstein salt with microscopes and observed specific microstructures that indicate much faster deformation in rock salt with fine halite grains when compared to salt with larger grains. This is important because people build large cavities in the subsurface salt for energy storage or want to deposit radioactive waste inside it. When engineers and scientists use grain-size data and equations that include this mechanism, it will help to make better predictions in geological models.
Nicolás Molnar and Susanne Buiter
Solid Earth, 14, 213–235, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Progression of orogenic wedges over pre-existing extensional structures is common in nature, but deciphering the spatio-temporal evolution of deformation from the geological record remains challenging. Our laboratory experiments provide insights on how horizontal stresses are transferred across a heterogeneous crust, constrain which pre-shortening conditions can either favour or hinder the reactivatation of extensional structures, and explain what implications they have on critical taper theory.
Tania Habel, Martine Simoes, Robin Lacassin, Daniel Carrizo, and German Aguilar
Solid Earth, 14, 17–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-17-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-17-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Central Andes are one of the most emblematic reliefs on Earth, but their western flank remains understudied. Here we explore two rare key sites in the hostile conditions of the Atacama desert to build cross-sections, quantify crustal shortening, and discuss the timing of this deformation at ∼20–22°S. We propose that the structures of the Western Andes accommodated significant crustal shortening here, but only during the earliest stages of mountain building.
Naïm Célini, Frédéric Mouthereau, Abdeltif Lahfid, Claude Gout, and Jean-Paul Callot
Solid Earth, 14, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the peak temperature of sedimentary rocks of the SW Alps (France), using Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material. This method provides an estimate of the peak temperature achieved by organic-rich rocks. To determine the timing and the tectonic context of the origin of these temperatures we use 1D thermal modelling. We find that the high temperatures up to 300 °C were achieved during precollisional extensional events, not during tectonic burial in the Western Alps.
Luke N. J. Wedmore, Tess Turner, Juliet Biggs, Jack N. Williams, Henry M. Sichingabula, Christine Kabumbu, and Kawawa Banda
Solid Earth, 13, 1731–1753, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mapping and compiling the attributes of faults capable of hosting earthquakes are important for the next generation of seismic hazard assessment. We document 18 active faults in the Luangwa Rift, Zambia, in an active fault database. These faults are between 9 and 207 km long offset Quaternary sediments, have scarps up to ~30 m high, and are capable of hosting earthquakes from Mw 5.8 to 8.1. We associate the Molaza Fault with surface ruptures from two unattributed M 6+ 20th century earthquakes.
Michał P. Michalak, Lesław Teper, Florian Wellmann, Jerzy Żaba, Krzysztof Gaidzik, Marcin Kostur, Yuriy P. Maystrenko, and Paulina Leonowicz
Solid Earth, 13, 1697–1720, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1697-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1697-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
When characterizing geological/geophysical surfaces, various geometric attributes are calculated, such as dip angle (1D) or dip direction (2D). However, the boundaries between specific values may be subjective and without optimization significance, resulting from using default color palletes. This study proposes minimizing cosine distance among within-cluster observations to detect 3D anomalies. Our results suggest that the method holds promise for identification of megacylinders or megacones.
Erik M. Young, Christie D. Rowe, and James D. Kirkpatrick
Solid Earth, 13, 1607–1629, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1607-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1607-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Studying how earthquakes spread deep within the faults they originate from is crucial to improving our understanding of the earthquake process. We mapped preserved ancient earthquake surfaces that are now exposed in South Africa and studied their relationship with the shape and type of rocks surrounding them. We determined that these surfaces are not random and are instead associated with specific kinds of rocks and that their shape is linked to the evolution of the faults in which they occur.
Sivaji Lahiri, Kitty L. Milliken, Peter Vrolijk, Guillaume Desbois, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 13, 1513–1539, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1513-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1513-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the mechanism of mechanical compaction is important. Previous studies on mechanical compaction were mostly done by performing experiments. Studies on natural rocks are rare due to compositional heterogeneity of the sedimentary succession with depth. Due to remarkable similarity in composition and grain size, the Sumatra subduction complex provides a unique opportunity to study the micromechanism of mechanical compaction on natural samples.
Dongwon Lee, Nikolaos Karadimitriou, Matthias Ruf, and Holger Steeb
Solid Earth, 13, 1475–1494, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1475-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1475-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research article focuses on filtering and segmentation methods employed in high-resolution µXRCT studies for crystalline rocks, bearing fractures, or fracture networks, of very small aperture. Specifically, we focus on the identification of artificially induced (via quenching) fractures in Carrara marble samples. Results from the same dataset from all five different methods adopted were produced and compared with each other in terms of their output quality and time efficiency.
Alberto Ceccato, Giulia Tartaglia, Marco Antonellini, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 13, 1431–1453, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's surface is commonly characterized by the occurrence of fractures, which can be mapped, and their can be geometry quantified on digital representations of the surface at different scales of observation. Here we present a series of analytical and statistical tools, which can aid the quantification of fracture spatial distribution at different scales. In doing so, we can improve our understanding of how fracture geometry and geology affect fluid flow within the fractured Earth crust.
Giulio Viola, Giovanni Musumeci, Francesco Mazzarini, Lorenzo Tavazzani, Manuel Curzi, Espen Torgersen, Roelant van der Lelij, and Luca Aldega
Solid Earth, 13, 1327–1351, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A structural-geochronological approach helps to unravel the Zuccale Fault's architecture. By mapping its internal structure and dating some of its fault rocks, we constrained a deformation history lasting 20 Myr starting at ca. 22 Ma. Such long activity is recorded by now tightly juxtaposed brittle structural facies, i.e. different types of fault rocks. Our results also have implications on the regional evolution of the northern Apennines, of which the Zuccale Fault is an important structure.
Wan-Lin Hu
Solid Earth, 13, 1281–1290, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1281-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1281-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Having a seismic image is generally expected to enable us to better determine fault geometry and thus estimate geological slip rates accurately. However, the process of interpreting seismic images may introduce unintended uncertainties, which have not yet been widely discussed. Here, a case of a shear fault-bend fold in the frontal Himalaya is used to demonstrate how differences in interpretations can affect the following estimates of slip rates and dependent conclusions.
Manuel D. Menzel, Janos L. Urai, Estibalitz Ukar, Thierry Decrausaz, and Marguerite Godard
Solid Earth, 13, 1191–1218, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1191-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1191-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mantle rocks can bind large quantities of carbon by reaction with CO2, but this capacity requires fluid pathways not to be clogged by carbonate. We studied mantle rocks from Oman to understand the mechanisms allowing their transformation into carbonate and quartz. Using advanced imaging techniques, we show that abundant veins were essential fluid pathways driving the reaction. Our results show that tectonic stress was important for fracture opening and a key ingredient for carbon fixation.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl, Steffen G. Bergh, and Arthur G. Sylvester
Solid Earth, 13, 1169–1190, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The San Andreas fault is a major active fault associated with ongoing earthquake sequences in southern California. The present study investigates the development of the Indio Hills area in the Coachella Valley along the main San Andreas fault and the Indio Hills fault. The Indio Hills area is located near an area with high ongoing earthquake activity (Brawley seismic zone), and, therefore, its recent tectonic evolution has implications for earthquake prediction.
Jin Lai, Dong Li, Yong Ai, Hongkun Liu, Deyang Cai, Kangjun Chen, Yuqiang Xie, and Guiwen Wang
Solid Earth, 13, 975–1002, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-975-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-975-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
(1) Structural diagenesis analysis is performed on the ultra-deep tight sandstone. (2) Fracture and intergranular pores are related to the low in situ stress magnitudes. (3) Dissolution is associated with the presence of fracture.
Hamed Fazlikhani, Wolfgang Bauer, and Harald Stollhofen
Solid Earth, 13, 393–416, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Interpretation of newly acquired FRANKEN 2D seismic survey data in southeeastern Germany shows that upper Paleozoic low-grade metasedimentary rocks and possible nappe units are transported by Variscan shear zones to ca. 65 km west of the Franconian Fault System (FFS). We show that the locations of post-Variscan upper Carboniferous–Permian normal faults and associated graben and half-graben basins are controlled by the geometry of underlying Variscan shear zones.
Xiaodong Ma, Marian Hertrich, Florian Amann, Kai Bröker, Nima Gholizadeh Doonechaly, Valentin Gischig, Rebecca Hochreutener, Philipp Kästli, Hannes Krietsch, Michèle Marti, Barbara Nägeli, Morteza Nejati, Anne Obermann, Katrin Plenkers, Antonio P. Rinaldi, Alexis Shakas, Linus Villiger, Quinn Wenning, Alba Zappone, Falko Bethmann, Raymi Castilla, Francisco Seberto, Peter Meier, Thomas Driesner, Simon Loew, Hansruedi Maurer, Martin O. Saar, Stefan Wiemer, and Domenico Giardini
Solid Earth, 13, 301–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Questions on issues such as anthropogenic earthquakes and deep geothermal energy developments require a better understanding of the fractured rock. Experiments conducted at reduced scales but with higher-resolution observations can shed some light. To this end, the BedrettoLab was recently established in an existing tunnel in Ticino, Switzerland, with preliminary efforts to characterize realistic rock mass behavior at the hectometer scale.
Berit Schwichtenberg, Florian Fusseis, Ian B. Butler, and Edward Andò
Solid Earth, 13, 41–64, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-41-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-41-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Hydraulic rock properties such as porosity and permeability are relevant factors that have an impact on groundwater resources, geological repositories and fossil fuel reservoirs. We investigate the influence of chemical compaction upon the porosity evolution in salt–biotite mixtures and related transport length scales by conducting laboratory experiments in combination with 4-D analysis. Our observations invite a renewed discussion of the effect of sheet silicates on chemical compaction.
Cited articles
Aaltonen, I., Lahti, M., Engström, J., Mattila, J., Paananen, M.,
Paulamäki, S., Gehör, S., Kärki, A., Ahokas, T., Torvela, T., and
Front, K.: Geological model of the Olkiluoto site, Version 2.0, Posiva
Working Report 2010-70, Posiva Oy, Eurajoki, 2010.
Aaltonen, I., Engström, J., Front, K., Gehör, S., Kosunen, P., and
Kärki, A.: Geology of Olkiluoto, Posiva Working Report 2016-16, Posiva
Oy, Eurajoki, 2016.
Andersen, T., Austrheim, H., and Burke, E. A. J.: Fluid inclusions in
granulites and eclogites from the Bergen Arcs, Caledonides of W. Norway,
Mineral. Mag., 54, 145–158, 1990.
Ault, A. K. and Selverstone, J.: Microtextural constraints on the interplay
between fluid-rock reactions and deformation, Contrib. Mineral. Petr.,
156, 501–515, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-008-0298-9, 2008.
Bakker, R.: Re-Equilibration Processes in Fluid Inclusion Assemblages,
Minerals, 7, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.3390/min7070117, 2017.
Bakker, R. J. and Jansen, J. B. H.: Preferential water leakage from fluid
inclusions by means of mobile dislocations, Nature, 345, 58–60,
https://doi.org/10.1038/345058a0, 1990.
Bakker, R. J. and Jansen, J. B. H.: Experimental post-entrapment water loss
from synthetic CO2-H2O inclusions in natural quartz, Geochim. Cosmochim.
Ac., 55, 2215–2230, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90098-P, 1991.
Bakker, R. J. and Jansen, J. B. H.: A mechanism for preferential H2O leakage
from fluid inclusions in quartz, based on TEM observations, Contrib. Mineral. Petr., 116, 7–20, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00310686, 1994.
Basson, I. J. and Viola, G.: Passive kimberlite intrusion into actively
dilating dyke-fracture arrays: Evidence from fibrous calcite veins and
extensional fracture cleavage, Lithos, 76, 283–297,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2004.03.041, 2004.
Bestmann, M., Pennacchioni, G., Nielsen, S., Göken, M., and de Wall, H.:
Deformation and ultrafine dynamic recrystallization of quartz in
pseudotachylyte-bearing brittle faults: A matter of a few seconds, J. Struct.
Geol., 38, 21–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2011.10.001, 2012.
Bodnar, R. J.: The origin of fluid inclusions, in: Fluid inclusions: Analysis and
Interpretation, edited by: Samson, I., Anderson, A.,
and Marshall, D.,
Vancouver, Canada: Mineralogical Association of Canada, 11–18, 2003a.
Bodnar, R. J.: Re-equilibration of fluid inclusions, in: Fluid inclusions: Analysis and
Interpretation, edited by: Samson, I.,
Anderson, A., and Marshall, D., Vancouver, Canada: Mineralogical Association of Canada,
213–230, 2003b.
Boiron, M., Cathelineau, M., Banks, D. A., Fourcade, S., and Vallance, J.:
Mixing of metamorphic and surficial fluids during the uplift of the Hercynian
upper crust: consequences for gold deposition, Chem. Geol., 194, 119–141,
2003.
Bons, P. D.: The formation of large quartz veins by rapid ascent of fluids in
mobile hydrofractures, Tectonophysics, 336, 1–17,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00090-7, 2001.
Bons, P. D., Elburg, M. A., and Gomez-Rivas, E.: A review of the formation of
tectonic veins and their microstructures, J. Struct. Geol., 43, 33–62,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2012.07.005, 2012.
Bourdelle, F. and Cathelineau, M.: Low-temperature chlorite geothermometry: a
graphical representation based on a a T–R2+–Si diagram, Eur. J. Mineral.,
27, 617–626, https://doi.org/10.1127/ejm/2015/0027-2467, 2015.
Caine, J. S., Evans, J. P., and Forster, C. B.: Fault zone architechture and
permeability structure, Geology, 24, 1025–1028,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<1025, 1996.
Compton, K. E., Kirkpatrick, J. D., and Holk, G. J.: Cyclical shear fracture
and viscous flow during transitional ductile-brittle deformation in the
Saddlebag Lake Shear Zone, California, Tectonophysics, 708, 1–14,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.04.006, 2017.
Cox, S., Knackstedt, M., and Braun, J.: Principles of structural control on
permeability and fluid flow in hydrothermal systems, Rev. Econ. Geol.,
14, 1–24, 2001.
Cox, S. F.: Faulting processes at high fluid pressures: An example of fault
valve behavior from the Wattle Gully Fault, Victoria, Australia, J. Geophys.
Res., 100, 841–859, 1995.
Cox, S. F.: Coupling between deformation, fluid pressures and fluid flow in
ore-producing hydrothermal environments, Econ. Geol., 100th Anniversary
Volume, 39–75, 2005.
Cox, S. F.: Injection-driven swarm seismicity and permeability enhancement:
Implications for the dynamics of hydrothermal ore systems in high fluid-flux,
overpressured faulting regimes – An invited paper, Econ. Geol., 111,
559–587, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.111.3.559, 2016.
Crider, J. G. and Peacock, D. C. P.: Initiation of brittle faults in the
upper crust: A review of field observations, J. Struct. Geol., 26,
691–707, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2003.07.007, 2004.
De Paola, N., Collettini, C., Trippetta, F., Barchi, M. R., and Minelli, G.: A
mechanical model for complex fault patterns induced by evaporite dehydration
and cyclic changes in fluid pressure, J. Struct. Geol., 29, 1573–1584,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2007.07.015, 2007.
Derez, T., Pennock, G., Drury, M., and Sintubin, M.: Low-temperature
intracrystalline deformation microstructures in quartz, J. Struct. Geol., 71,
3–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2014.07.015, 2015.
Diamond, L. W.: Introduction to gas-bearing, aqueous fluid inclusions, in:
Fluid Inclusions: Analysis and Interpretation, edited by: Samson, I.,
Anderson, A., and Marshall, D., 363–372, 2003.
Diamond, L. W., Tarantola, A., and Stünitz, H.: Modification of fluid
inclusions in quartz by deviatoric stress. II: Experimentally induced changes
in inclusion volume and composition, Contrib. Mineral. Petr., 160,
845–864, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-010-0510-6, 2010.
Dubessy, J., Buschaert, S., Lamb, W., Pironon, J., and Thiéry, R.:
Methane-bearing aqueous fluid inclusions: Raman analysis, thermodynamic
modelling and application to petroleum basins, Chem. Geol., 173,
193–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00275-8, 2001.
Ehlers, C., Lindroos, A., and Selonen, O.: The late Svecofennian
granite-migmatite zone of southern Finland-a belt of transpressive
deformation and granite emplacement, Precambrian Res., 64, 295–309,
1993.
Fall, A., Donald, R., and Bodnar, R. J.: The effect of fluid inclusion size on
determination of homogenization temperature and density of liquid-rich
aqueous inclusions, Am. Mineral., 94, 1569–1579,
https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2009.3186, 2009.
Famin, V., Hébert, R., Philippot, P., and Jolivet, L.: Evolution of
hydrothermal regime along a crustal shear zone, Tinos Island, Greece,
Tectonics, 23, TC5004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003TC001509, 2004.
Famin, V., Hébert, R., Phillippot, P., and Jolivet, L.: Ion probe and
fluid inclusion evidence for co-seismic fluid infiltration in a crustal
detachment, Contrib. Mineral Petrol., 150, 354–367,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-005-0031-x, 2005.
Garofalo, P. S.: Mass transfer during gold precipitation within a vertically
extensive vein network (Sigma deposit – Abitibi greenstone belt – Canada).
Part II. Mass transfer calculations, Eur. J. Mineral., 16, 761–776,
https://doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2004/0016-0761, 2004.
Garofalo, P. S., Matthäi, S. K., and Heinrich, C. A.: Three-dimensional
geometry, ore distribution, and time-integrated mass transfer through the
quartz-tourmaline-gold vein network of the Sigma deposit (Abitibi belt –
Canada), Geofluids, 2, 217–232, 2002.
Garofalo, P. S., Fricker, M. B., Günther, D., Bersani, D., and Lottici,
P.: Physical-chemical properties and metal budget of Au-transporting
hydrothermal fluids in orogenic deposits, Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ.,
402, 71–102, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP402.8, 2014.
Goddard, J. V. and Evans, J. P.: Chemical changes and fluid-rock interaction
in faults of crystalline thrust sheets, northwestern Wyoming, USA, J.
Struct. Geol., 17, 533–547, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(94)00068-B, 1995.
Goldstein, R. H.: Petrographic analysis of fluid inclusions, in: Fluid inclusions: Analysis and Interpretation: Mineralogical Association of Canada, edited by: Samson, I., Anderson, A., and Marshall, D., 1–45, 2003.
Goldstein, R. H. and Reynolds, T. J.: Fluid inclusion microthermometry, in: Systematics of fluid inclusions in diagenetic minerals – SEPM Short Course 31. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), edited by: Goldstein, R. H., Tulsa, Oklahoma, 87–121,
1994.
Gorbatschev, R. and Bogdanova, S.: Frontiers in the Baltic Shield,
Precambrian Res., 64, 3–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(93)90066-B, 1993.
Griffith, A. A.: The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids, Philos. T.
Roy. Soc. Lond., 221, 163–198, 1920.
Guermani, A. and Pennacchioni, G.: Brittle precursors of plastic deformation
in a granite: An example from the Mont Blanc massif (Helvetic, western Alps),
J. Struct. Geol., 20, 135–148, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(97)00080-1,
1998.
Healy, J. H., Rubey, W. W., Griggs, D. T., and Raleigh, C. B.: The Denver
Earthquakes. Disposal of waste fluids by injection into a deep well has
riggered earthquakes near Denver, Colorado, Science, 161, 1301–1310,
1968.
Heinrich, C. A., Andrew, A. S., and Knill, M. D.: Regional metamorphism and
ore formation: Evidence from stable isotopes and other fluid tracers, Rev. Econ. Geol., 11, 97–117, 2000.
Hey, M. H.: A new review of the chlorites, Mineral. Mag. J. M. Soc.,
224, 277–292, https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1954.030.224.01, 1954.
Hudson, J. A. and Cosgrove, J.: Geological History and Its Impact on the Rock
Mechanics Properties of the Olkiluoto Site, Posiva Working Report 2006,
Posiva Oy, Eurajoki, 2006.
Invernizzi, C., Vityk, M., Cello, G., and Bodnar, R.: Fluid inclusions in high
pressure/low temperature rocks from the Calabrian Arc (Southern Italy): the
burial and exhumation history of the subduction-related Diamante-Terranova
unit, J. Metamorph. Geol., 16, 2, 247–258, 1998.
Jaques, L. and Pascal, C.: Full paleostress tensor reconstruction using
quartz veins of Panasqueira Mine, central Portugal; part I: Paleopressure
determination, J. Struct. Geol., 102, 58–74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2017.07.006,
2017.
Kaduri, M., Gratier, J. P., Renard, F., Çakir, Z., and Lasserre, C.: The
implications of fault zone transformation on aseismic creep: Example of the
North Anatolian Fault, Turkey, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 122,
4208–4236, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013803, 2017.
Kärki, A. and Paulamäki, S.: Petrology of Olkiluoto, Posiva Report
2006-02, Posiva Oy, Eurajoki, 2006.
Kerrich, R.: Some effects of tectonic recrystallisation on fluid inclusions
in vein quartz, Contrib. Mineral. Petr., 59, 195–202,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00371308, 1976.
Kjøll, H. J., Viola, G., Menegon, L., and Sørensen, B. E.: Brittle-viscous deformation of vein quartz under fluid-rich lower greenschist
facies conditions, Solid Earth, 6, 681–699, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-681-2015, 2015.
Kohlstedt, D. L., Evans, B., and Mackwell, S. J.: Strength of the lithosphere:
Constraints imposed by laboratory experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 100,
587–602, 1995.
Korja, A., Heikkinen, P., and Aaro, S.: Crustal structure of the northern
Baltic Sea palaeorift, Tectonophysics, 331, 341–358,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00290-0, 2001.
Kukkonen, I. T. and Lauri, L. S.: Modelling the thermal evolution of a
collisional Precambrian orogen: High heat production migmatitic granites of
southern Finland, Precambrian Res., 168, 233–246,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2008.10.004, 2009.
Lahtinen, R., Korja, A., and Nironen, M: Palaeoproterozoic tectonic evolution, in: Precambrian Geology of Finland: Key to the Evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield, edited by: Lehtinen, M., Nurmi, P. A., and Rämö, O. T., Developments in Precambrian Geology, 2005.
Mancktelow, N. S. and Pennacchioni, G.: The influence of grain boundary
fluids on the microstructure of quartz-feldspar mylonites, J. Struct. Geol.,
26, 47–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(03)00081-6, 2004.
Mancktelow, N. S. and Pennacchioni, G.: The control of precursor brittle
fracture and fluid-rock interaction on the development of single and paired
ductile shear zones, J. Struct. Geol., 27, 645–661,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2004.12.001, 2005.
Mattila, J. and Viola, G.: New constraints on 1.7Gyr of brittle tectonic
evolution in southwestern Finland derived from a structural study at the site
of a potential nuclear waste repository (Olkiluoto Island), J. Struct. Geol.,
67, 50–74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2014.07.003, 2014.
Menegon, L., Pennacchioni G., Malaspina N., Harris K., and Wood E.:
Earthquakes as Precursors of Ductile Shear Zones in the Dry and Strong Lower
Crust, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 18, 4356–4374, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GC006010, 2017.
Menegon, L., Marchesini, B., Prando, F., Garofalo, P. S., Viola, G.,
Anderson, M., and Mattila, J.: Brittle-viscous oscillations and different slip
behaviours in a conjugate set of strike-slip faults, Geophys. Res.,
Abstracts Vol. 20, EGU2018-14799, 2018.
Miller, S. A.: The Role of Fluids in Tectonic and Earthquake Processes,
edited by: Dmowska, R., Elsevier, 2013.
Mittempergher, S., Dallai, L., Pennacchioni, G., Renard, F., and Di Toro, G.:
Origin of hydrous fluids at seismogenic depth: Constraints from natural and
experimental fault rocks, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 385, 97–109,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.10.027, 2014.
Moritz, R., Ghazban, F., and Singer, B. S.: Eocene Gold Ore Formation at
Muteh, Sanandaj-Sirjan Tectonic Zone, Western Iran: A Result of Late-Stage
Extension and Exhumation of Metamorphic Basement Rocks within the Zagros
Orogen, Econ. Geol., 101, 1–28, 2006.
Morrison, J.: Meteoric water-rock interaction in the lower plate of the
Whipple Mountain metamorphic core complex, California, J. Metamorph.
Geol., 12, 827–840, 1994.
Morrison, J. and Anderson, J. L.: Footwall Refrigeration Along a Detachment
Fault: Implications for the Thermal Evolution of Core Complexes, Science,
279, 63–67, 1998.
Mulch, A.,
Teyssier, C.,
Cosca, M. A.,
Vanderhaeghe, O., and
Vennemann, T. W.: Reconstructing paleoelevation in eroded
orogens, 6, 525–528, https://doi.org/10.1130/G20394.1, 2004.
Nekrasov, I. J., Sorokin, V. I., and Osadchii, E. G.: Fe and Zn partitioning
between stannite and sphalerite and its application in geothermometry, Phys.
Chem. Earth, 11, 739–742, https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-1946(79)90069-7, 1979.
Oliver, N. H. S. and Bons P. D.: Mechanisms of fluid flow and fluid–rock
interaction in fossil metamorphic hydrothermal systems inferred from
vein–wallrock patterns, geometry and microstructure, Geofluids, 1, 137–162,
2001.
Olsen, M. P., Scholz, C. H., and Léger, A.: Healing and sealing of a
simulated fault gouge under hydrothermal conditions: Implications for fault
healing, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 7421, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB03402, 1998.
Pennacchioni, G., Di Toro, G., Brack, P., Menegon, L., and Villa, I. M.:
Brittle-ductile-brittle deformation during cooling of tonalite (Adamello,
Southern Italian Alps), Tectonophysics, 427, 171–197,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2006.05.019, 2006.
Prando, F., Menegon, L., Anderson, M. W., Marchesini, B., Mattila, J., and Viola, G.:
Fluid-mediated, brittle-ductile deformation at seismogenic depth: Part 2 – The microstructural record of oscillations of differential stress and fluid pressure in a shear zone in a nuclear waste repository (Olkiluoto Island, Finland), Solid Earth, in preparation, 2019.
Roedder, E.: Fluid Inclusions, Mineralogical Society of America, 1984.
Roedder, E. and Bodnar, R. J.: Geologic determinations from fluid inclusion
studies, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sc., 8, 263–301, 1980.
Rolandone, F. and Jaupart, C.: The distributions of slip rate and ductile
deformation in a strike-slip shear zone, Geophys. J. Int., 148, 179–192,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01574.x, 2002.
Rosso, K. M. and Bodnar, R. J.: Microthermometric and Raman spectroscopic
detection limits of CO2 in fluid inclusions and the Raman spectroscopic
characterization of CO2, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 59, 3961–3975,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)94441-H, 1995.
Scheffer, C., Tarantola, A., Vanderhaeghe, O., Rigaudier, T., and Photiades,
A.: CO2 flow during orogenic gravitational collapse: Syntectonic
decarbonation and fl uid mixing at the ductile-brittle transition, Chem.
Geol., 450, 248–263, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.12.005, 2017a.
Scheffer, C., Tarantola, A., Vanderhaeghe, O., Voudouris, P., Rigaudier, T.,
Photiades, A., Morin, D., and Alloucherie, A.: The Lavrion Pb-Zn-Fe-Cu-Ag
detachment-related district (Attica, Greece): Structural control on
hydrothermal flow and element transfer-deposition, Tectonophysics, 717,
607–627, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.06.029, 2017b.
Selverstone, J., Franz, G., Thomas, S., and Getty, S.: Fluid variability in 2
GPa eclogites as an indicator of fluid behavior during subduction, Contrib. Mineral. Petr., 112, 341–357, 1992.
Selverstone, J., Axen, G. J., and Bartley, J. M: Fluid inclusion constraints on
the kinematics of footwall uplift beneath the Brebber Line normal fault,
estern Alps, Tectonics, 14, 264–278, 1995.
Shimizu, M. and Shikazono, N.: Iron and zinc partitioning between coexisting
stannite and sphalerite: a possible indicator of temperature and sulfur
fugacity, Miner. Deposita, 20, 314–320, 1985.
Scholz, C. H.: The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting, Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Sibson, R. H.: Earthquake faulting as a structural process, J. Struct. Geol.,
11, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(89)90032-1, 1989.
Sibson, R. H.: Fault-valve behavior and the hydrostatic-lithostatic fluid
pressure interface, Earth Sci. Rev., 32, 141–144,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(92)90019-P, 1992a.
Sibson, R. H.: Implications of fault-valve behaviour for rupture nucleation
and recurrence, Tectonophysics, 211, 283–293, 1992b.
Sibson, R. H.: Load-strengthening versus load-weakening faulting, J. Struct.
Geol., 15, 123–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(93)90090-W, 1993.
Sibson, R. H.: Structural permeability of fluid-driven fault-fracture meshes,
J. Struct. Geol, 18, 1031–1042, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(96)00032-6, 1996.
Sibson, R. H., Robert, F., and Poulsen, K. H.: High-angle reverse faults,
fluid-pressure cycling, and mesothermal gold-quartz deposits, Geology,
16, 551–555, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0551:HARFFP>2.3.CO;2, 1988.
Siebenaller, L., Boiron, M. C., Vanderhaeghe, O., Hibsch, C., Jessell, M. W.,
Andre-Mayer, A. S., France-Lanord, C., and Photiades, A.: Fluid record of rock
exhumation across the brittle-ductile transition during formation of a
Metamorphic Core Complex (Naxos Island, Cyclades, Greece), J. Metamorph.
Geol., 31, 313–338, https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12023, 2013.
Siebenaller, L., Vanderhaeghe, O., Jessell, M., Boiron, M. C., and Hibsch, C.:
Syntectonic fluids redistribution and circulation coupled to quartz
recrystallization in the ductile crust (Naxos Island, Cyclades, Greece), J.
Geodyn., 101, 129–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2016.07.001, 2016.
Skyttä, P. and Torvela, T.: Brittle reactivation of ductile precursor
structures: The role of incomplete structural transposition at a nuclear
waste disposal site, Olkiluoto, Finland, J. Struct. Geol., 116, 253–259,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2018.06.009, 2018.
Spruzeniece, L. and Piazolo, S.: Strain localization in brittle-ductile shear zones: fluid-abundant vs. fluid-limited
conditions (an example from Wyangala area, Australia), Solid Earth, 6, 881–901, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-881-2015, 2015.
Steele-MacInnis, M., Lecumberri-Sanchez, P., and Bodnar, R. J.:
HokieFlincs_H2O-NaCl: A Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for
interpreting microthermometric data from fluid inclusions based on the PVTX
properties of H2O-NaCl, Comput. Geosci., 49, 334–337,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.01.022, 2012.
Sterner, S. M. and Bodnar J.: Synthetic fluid inclusions – VII.
Re-equilibration of fluid inclusions in quartz during laboratory-simulated
metamorphic burial and uplift, J. Metamorph. Geol., 7, 243–260, 1989.
Suominen, V.: The chronostratigraphy of southern Finland, with special
reference to Postjotnian and Subjotnian diabases, Bull. Geol. Surv. Finl.,
356, 100, 1991.
Tarantola, A., Diamond, L. W., and Stünitz, H.: Modification of fluid
inclusions in quartz by deviatoric stress I: Experimentally induced changes
in inclusion shapes and microstructures, Contrib. Mineral. Petr., 160,
825–843, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-010-0509-z, 2010.
Tchalenko, J. S.: Similarities between Shear Zones of Different Magnitudes,
Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 81, 1625–1640,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1625:SBSZOD]2.0.CO;2, 1970.
Tenthorey, E. and Cox, S. F.: Cohesive strengthening of fault zones during
the interseismic period: An experimental study, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea.,
111, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004122, 2006.
Trepmann, C. A. and Stöckhert, B.: Quartz microstructures developed
during non-steady state plastic flowat rapidly decaying stress and strain
rate, J. Struct. Geol., 25, 2035–2051,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(03)00073-7, 2003.
Trepmann, C. A. and Stöckhert, B.: Short-wavelength undulatory extinction in quartz recording coseismic deformation in the middle crust – an
experimental study, Solid Earth, 4, 263–276, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-263-2013, 2013.
Trepmann, C. A., Stöckhert, B., Dorner, D., Moghadam, R. H., Küster,
M., and Röller, K.: Simulating coseismic deformation of quartz in the
middle crust and fabric evolution during postseismic stress relaxation – An
experimental study, Tectonophysics, 442, 83–104,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.05.005, 2007.
Trepmann, C. A., Hsu, C., Hentschel, F., Döhler, K., Schneider, C., and
Wichmann, V.: Recrystallization of quartz after low-temperature plasticity –
The record of stress relaxation below the seismogenic zone, J. Struct. Geol.,
95, 77–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2016.12.004, 2017.
Van Noten, K., Muchez, P., and Sintubin, M.: Stress-state evolution of the
brittle upper crust during compressional tectonic inversion as defined by
successive quartz vein types (High-Ardenne slate belt, Germany), J. Geol.
Soc. London, 168, 407–422, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492010-112.Stress-state,
2011.
Van den Kerkhof, A., Kronz, A., and Simon, K.: Deciphering fluid inclusions in
high-grade rocks, Geosci. Front., 5, 683–695,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2014.03.005, 2014.
Viola, G., Mancktelow, N. S., and Miller, J. A.: Cyclic frictional-viscous
slip oscillations along the base of an advancing nappe complex: Insights into
brittle-ductile nappe emplacement mechanisms from the Naukluft Nappe Complex,
central Namibia, Tectonics, 25, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005TC001939, 2006.
Viola, G., Venvik Ganerød, G., and Wahlgren, C. H.: Unraveling 1.5 Ga of
brittle deformation history in the Laxemar-Simpevarp area, southeast Sweden:
A contribution to the Swedish site investigation study for the disposal of
highly radioactive nuclear waste, Tectonics, 28, 1–29,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009TC002461, 2009.
Viola, G., Mattila, J., Zwingmann, H., Todd, A., and Raven, M.: Structural and
K/Ar Illite Geochronological Constraints on the Brittle Deformation History
of the Olkiluoto Region, Southwest Finland, Posiva Working Report 2011,
Posiva Oy, Eurajoki, 2011.
Viola, G., Scheiber, T., Fredin, O., Zwingmann, H., Margreth, A., and Knies,
J.: Deconvoluting complex structural histories archived in brittle fault
zones, Nat. Commun., 7, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13448, 2016.
Vityk, M. O. and Bodnar, R. J.: Textural evolution of synthetic fluid
inclusions in quartz during reequilibration, with applications to tectonic
reconstruction, Contrib. Mineral. Petr., 121, 309–323,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02688246, 1995.
Vityk, M. O. and Bodnar, R. J.: Statistical microthermometry of synthetic
fluid inclusions in quartz during decompression reequilibration, Contrib. Mineral. Petr., 132, 149–162, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050413, 1998.
Vityk, M. O., Bodnar, R. J., and Schmidt, C. S.: Fluid inclusion as a
tectonothermobarometers: Relation between pressure-tempreture history and
reequilibration morphology during crystal thickening, Geology, 22, 731–734,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0731:FIATRB>2.3.CO, 1994.
Wehrens, P., Berger, A., Peters, M., Spillmann, T., and Herwegh, M.:
Deformation at the frictional-viscous transition: Evidence for cycles of
fluid-assisted embrittlement and ductile deformation in the granitoid crust,
Tectonophysics, 693, 66–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.10.022, 2016.
Wilkins, R. W. T. and Barkas, J. P.: Fluid inclusions, Deformation and
Recrystallization in Granite Tectonites, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 65,
293–299, 1978.
Short summary
We documented the role of fluids in the initial embrittlement of the Svecofennian basement and subsequent strain localization and fault evolution at the brittle–ductile transition zone. We studied the fault rocks of a deeply exhumed fault system characterized by mixed brittle–ductile deformation. Results from fluid inclusions, mineral chemistry, and geothermometry of synkinematic minerals document the ingress of distinct fluid batches and fluid pressure oscillations.
We documented the role of fluids in the initial embrittlement of the Svecofennian basement and...
