Articles | Volume 13, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
09 Sep 2022
Research article |
| 09 Sep 2022
| 09 Sep 2022
Multiscale lineament analysis and permeability heterogeneity of fractured crystalline basement blocks
Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali – BiGeA, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna – via Zamboni, 67, 40126 Bologna, Italy
present address: Geological Institute, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Giulia Tartaglia
Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali – BiGeA, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna – via Zamboni, 67, 40126 Bologna, Italy
Marco Antonellini
Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali – BiGeA, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna – via Zamboni, 67, 40126 Bologna, Italy
Giulio Viola
Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali – BiGeA, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna – via Zamboni, 67, 40126 Bologna, Italy
Related authors
Peter Achtziger-Zupančič, Alberto Ceccato, Alba Simona Zappone, Giacomo Pozzi, Alexis Shakas, Florian Amann, Whitney Maria Behr, Daniel Escallon Botero, Domenico Giardini, Marian Hertrich, Mohammadreza Jalali, Xiaodong Ma, Men-Andrin Meier, Julian Osten, Stefan Wiemer, and Massimo Cocco
Solid Earth, 15, 1087–1112, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We detail the selection and characterization of a fault zone for earthquake experiments in the Fault Activation and Earthquake Ruptures (FEAR) project at the Bedretto Lab. FEAR, which studies earthquake processes, overcame data collection challenges near faults. The fault zone in Rotondo granite was selected based on geometry, monitorability, and hydro-mechanical properties. Remote sensing, borehole logging, and geological mapping were used to create a 3D model for precise monitoring.
Selina Bonini, Riccardo Asti, Giulio Viola, Giulia Tartaglia, Stefano Rodani, Gianluca Benedetti, Massimo Comedini, and Gianluca Vignaroli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-506, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-506, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Considering the structural complexity related to the internal architecture of active and capable faults, seismic hazard may be linked to different fault attributes depending on the fault domain crossed by a linear infrastructure. We propose a structural geology-based approach for the preliminary study of the area potentially affected by earthquake-induced surface ruptures during infrastructural design, based on the geometric relationships between the active fault and the infrastructure itself.
Riccardo Asti, Selina Bonini, Giulio Viola, and Gianluca Vignaroli
Solid Earth, 15, 1525–1551, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1525-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1525-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study addresses the tectonic evolution of the seismogenic Monti Martani Fault System (northern Apennines, Italy). By applying a field-based structural geology approach, we reconstruct the evolution of the stress field and we challenge the current interpretation of the fault system in terms of both geometry and state of activity. We stress that the peculiar behavior of this system during post-orogenic extension is still significantly influenced by the pre-orogenic structural template.
Peter Achtziger-Zupančič, Alberto Ceccato, Alba Simona Zappone, Giacomo Pozzi, Alexis Shakas, Florian Amann, Whitney Maria Behr, Daniel Escallon Botero, Domenico Giardini, Marian Hertrich, Mohammadreza Jalali, Xiaodong Ma, Men-Andrin Meier, Julian Osten, Stefan Wiemer, and Massimo Cocco
Solid Earth, 15, 1087–1112, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We detail the selection and characterization of a fault zone for earthquake experiments in the Fault Activation and Earthquake Ruptures (FEAR) project at the Bedretto Lab. FEAR, which studies earthquake processes, overcame data collection challenges near faults. The fault zone in Rotondo granite was selected based on geometry, monitorability, and hydro-mechanical properties. Remote sensing, borehole logging, and geological mapping were used to create a 3D model for precise monitoring.
Matthew S. Hodge, Guri Venvik, Jochen Knies, Roelant van der Lelij, Jasmin Schönenberger, Øystein Nordgulen, Marco Brönner, Aziz Nasuti, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 15, 589–615, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-589-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-589-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Smøla island, in the mid-Norwegian margin, has complex fracture and fault patterns resulting from tectonic activity. This study uses a multiple-method approach to unravel Smøla's tectonic history. We found five different phases of deformation related to various fracture geometries and minerals dating back hundreds of millions of years. 3D models of these features visualise these structures in space. This approach may help us to understand offshore oil and gas reservoirs hosted in the basement.
Emilia Chiapponi, Sonia Silvestri, Denis Zannoni, Marco Antonellini, and Beatrice M. S. Giambastiani
Biogeosciences, 21, 73–91, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-73-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-73-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal wetlands are important for their ability to store carbon, but they also emit methane, a potent greenhouse gas. This study conducted in four wetlands in Ravenna, Italy, aims at understanding how environmental factors affect greenhouse gas emissions. Temperature and irradiance increased emissions from water and soil, while water column depth and salinity limited them. Understanding environmental factors is crucial for mitigating climate change in wetland ecosystems.
Gerardo Romano, Marco Antonellini, Domenico Patella, Agata Siniscalchi, Andrea Tallarico, Simona Tripaldi, and Antonello Piombo
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2719–2735, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2719-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2719-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Nirano Salse (northern Apennines, Italy) is characterized by several active mud vents and hosts thousands of visitors every year. New resistivity models describe the area down to 250 m, improving our geostructural knowledge of the area and giving useful indications for a better understanding of mud volcano dynamics and for the better planning of safer tourist access to the area.
Giulio Viola, Giovanni Musumeci, Francesco Mazzarini, Lorenzo Tavazzani, Manuel Curzi, Espen Torgersen, Roelant van der Lelij, and Luca Aldega
Solid Earth, 13, 1327–1351, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A structural-geochronological approach helps to unravel the Zuccale Fault's architecture. By mapping its internal structure and dating some of its fault rocks, we constrained a deformation history lasting 20 Myr starting at ca. 22 Ma. Such long activity is recorded by now tightly juxtaposed brittle structural facies, i.e. different types of fault rocks. Our results also have implications on the regional evolution of the northern Apennines, of which the Zuccale Fault is an important structure.
Leonardo Del Sole, Marco Antonellini, Roger Soliva, Gregory Ballas, Fabrizio Balsamo, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 11, 2169–2195, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2169-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2169-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the impact of deformation bands on fluid flow and diagenesis in porous sandstones in two different case studies (northern Apennines, Italy; Provence, France) by combining a variety of multiscalar mapping techniques, detailed field and microstructural observations, and stable isotope analysis. We show that deformation bands buffer and compartmentalize fluid flow and foster and localize diagenesis, recorded by carbonate cement nodules spatially associated with the bands.
Marco Antonellini, Beatrice Maria Sole Giambastiani, Nicolas Greggio, Luciana Bonzi, Lorenzo Calabrese, Paolo Luciani, Luisa Perini, and Paolo Severi
Proc. IAHS, 382, 263–268, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-263-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-263-2020, 2020
Francesca Prando, Luca Menegon, Mark Anderson, Barbara Marchesini, Jussi Mattila, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 11, 489–511, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-489-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-489-2020, 2020
Barbara Marchesini, Paolo Stefano Garofalo, Luca Menegon, Jussi Mattila, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 10, 809–838, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-809-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-809-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We documented the role of fluids in the initial embrittlement of the Svecofennian basement and subsequent strain localization and fault evolution at the brittle–ductile transition zone. We studied the fault rocks of a deeply exhumed fault system characterized by mixed brittle–ductile deformation. Results from fluid inclusions, mineral chemistry, and geothermometry of synkinematic minerals document the ingress of distinct fluid batches and fluid pressure oscillations.
Mirko Carlini, Giulio Viola, Jussi Mattila, and Luca Castellucci
Solid Earth, 10, 343–356, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-343-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-343-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Physical properties of layered sedimentary rocks affect nucleation and propagation of discontinuities therein. Fractures developing through sedimentary sequences characterized by the alternation of strong and weak layers are strongly deviated along their track at layers’ boundaries, and depending on the layer they cross-cut, they show very thick (strong layers) or very thin (weak layers) infills of precipitated minerals, potentially representing pathways for ore deposits and oil/water resources.
Related subject area
Subject area: Tectonic plate interactions, magma genesis, and lithosphere deformation at all scales | Editorial team: Structural geology and tectonics, paleoseismology, rock physics, experimental deformation | Discipline: Structural geology
Lithologically constrained velocity–density relationships and vertical stress gradients in the North Alpine Foreland Basin, SE Germany
Unbiased statistical length analysis of linear features: adapting survival analysis to geological applications
Earthquake swarms frozen in an exhumed hydrothermal system (Bolfin Fault Zone, Chile)
Reconciling post-orogenic faulting, paleostress evolution, and structural inheritance in the seismogenic northern Apennines (Italy): insights from the Monti Martani Fault System
Understanding the stress field at the lateral termination of a thrust fold using generic geomechanical models and clustering methods
Localized shear and distributed strain accumulation as competing shear accommodation mechanisms in crustal shear zones: constraining their dictating factors
Strike-slip kinematics from crustal to outcrop-scale: the impact of the material properties on the analogue modelling
Influence of water on crystallographic preferred orientation patterns in a naturally deformed quartzite
Geomorphic expressions of active rifting reflect the role of structural inheritance: a new model for the evolution of the Shanxi Rift, northern China
The Size Distributions of Faults and Earthquakes: Implications for Orogen-Internal Seismogenic Deformation
Poro-perm relations of Mesozoic carbonates and fault breccia, Araxos Promontory, NW Greece
Driven magmatism and crustal thinning of coastal southern China in response to subduction
Selection and characterization of the target fault for fluid-induced activation and earthquake rupture experiments
Naturally fractured reservoir characterisation in heterogeneous sandstones: insight for uranium in situ recovery (Imouraren, Niger)
Multiscalar 3D temporal structural characterisation of Smøla island, mid-Norwegian passive margin: an analogue for unravelling the tectonic history of offshore basement highs
Impact of faults on the remote stress state
Subduction plate interface shear stress associated with rapid subduction at deep slow earthquake depths: example from the Sanbagawa belt, southwestern Japan
Multiple phase rifting and subsequent inversion in the West Netherlands Basin: implications for geothermal reservoir characterization
Analogue modelling of basin inversion: implications for the Araripe Basin (Brazil)
Natural fracture patterns at Swift Reservoir anticline, NW Montana: the influence of structural position and lithology from multiple observation scales
Rapid hydration and weakening of anhydrite under stress: implications for natural hydration in the Earth's crust and mantle
Analogue experiments on releasing and restraining bends and their application to the study of the Barents Shear Margin
Structural framework and timing of the Pahtohavare Cu ± Au deposits, Kiruna mining district, Sweden
Does the syn- versus post-rift thickness ratio have an impact on the inversion-related structural style?
Inversion of accommodation zones in salt-bearing extensional systems: insights from analog modeling
Structural control of inherited salt structures during inversion of a domino basement-fault system from an analogue modelling approach
Kinematics and time-resolved evolution of the main thrust-sense shear zone in the Eo-Alpine orogenic wedge (the Vinschgau Shear Zone, eastern Alps)
Role of inheritance during tectonic inversion of a rift system in basement-involved to salt-decoupled transition: analogue modelling and application to the Pyrenean–Biscay system
Water release and homogenization by dynamic recrystallization of quartz
Hydrothermal activity of the Lake Abhe geothermal field (Djibouti): Structural controls and paths for further exploration
Time-dependent frictional properties of granular materials used in analogue modelling: implications for mimicking fault healing during reactivation and inversion
Large grain-size-dependent rheology contrasts of halite at low differential stress: evidence from microstructural study of naturally deformed gneissic Zechstein 2 rock salt (Kristallbrockensalz) from the northern Netherlands
Analogue modelling of the inversion of multiple extensional basins in foreland fold-and-thrust belts
A contribution to the quantification of crustal shortening and kinematics of deformation across the Western Andes ( ∼ 20–22° S)
Rift thermal inheritance in the SW Alps (France): insights from RSCM thermometry and 1D thermal numerical modelling
The Luangwa Rift Active Fault Database and fault reactivation along the southwestern branch of the East African Rift
Clustering has a meaning: optimization of angular similarity to detect 3D geometric anomalies in geological terrains
Shear zone evolution and the path of earthquake rupture
Mechanical compaction mechanisms in the input sediments of the Sumatra subduction complex – insights from microstructural analysis of cores from IODP Expedition 362
Detecting micro fractures: a comprehensive comparison of conventional and machine-learning-based segmentation methods
Structural characterization and K–Ar illite dating of reactivated, complex and heterogeneous fault zones: lessons from the Zuccale Fault, Northern Apennines
How do differences in interpreting seismic images affect estimates of geological slip rates?
Progressive veining during peridotite carbonation: insights from listvenites in Hole BT1B, Samail ophiolite (Oman)
Tectonic evolution of the Indio Hills segment of the San Andreas fault in southern California, southwestern USA
Structural diagenesis in ultra-deep tight sandstones in the Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, China
Variscan structures and their control on latest to post-Variscan basin architecture: insights from the westernmost Bohemian Massif and southeastern Germany
Multi-disciplinary characterizations of the BedrettoLab – a new underground geoscience research facility
Biotite supports long-range diffusive transport in dissolution–precipitation creep in halite through small porosity fluctuations
De-risking the energy transition by quantifying the uncertainties in fault stability
Virtual field trip to the Esla Nappe (Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain): delivering traditional geological mapping skills remotely using real data
Peter Obermeier, Florian Duschl, and Michael C. Drews
Solid Earth, 16, 425–440, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-425-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-425-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate geophysical properties and the distribution of vertical stress, which is defined by the weight of the rock column above a certain location in the subsurface, in the upper 5 km of the North Alpine Foreland Basin in Germany. Our results help us to understand the present-day geological configuration and to improve safety for subsurface use, such as deep geothermal energy production in the study area.
Gabriele Benedetti, Stefano Casiraghi, Daniela Bertacchi, and Andrea Bistacchi
Solid Earth, 16, 367–390, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-367-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-367-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
At any scale, the limited size of a study area introduces a bias in the interpretation of linear features, defined as right-censoring bias. We show the effects of not considering such bias and apply survival analysis techniques to obtain unbiased estimates of multiple parametrical distributions in three censored length datasets. Finally, we propose a novel approach to select the most representative model from a sensible candidate pool using the probability integral transform technique.
Simone Masoch, Giorgio Pennacchioni, Michele Fondriest, Rodrigo Gomila, Piero Poli, José Cembrano, and Giulio Di Toro
Solid Earth, 16, 23–43, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-23-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-23-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate an exhumed hydrothermal system in the Atacama Desert (Chile) to understand how earthquake swarms form. Wall rocks near fault veins experienced high-stress pulses, and fault veins underwent cyclic crack opening and shearing. These findings suggest ancient earthquake swarm activity, from dynamic crack propagation to repeated crack opening and shearing. This system represents a unique geological record of earthquake swarms, providing insights into their initiation and evolution.
Riccardo Asti, Selina Bonini, Giulio Viola, and Gianluca Vignaroli
Solid Earth, 15, 1525–1551, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1525-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1525-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study addresses the tectonic evolution of the seismogenic Monti Martani Fault System (northern Apennines, Italy). By applying a field-based structural geology approach, we reconstruct the evolution of the stress field and we challenge the current interpretation of the fault system in terms of both geometry and state of activity. We stress that the peculiar behavior of this system during post-orogenic extension is still significantly influenced by the pre-orogenic structural template.
Anthony Adwan, Bertrand Maillot, Pauline Souloumiac, Christophe Barnes, Christophe Nussbaum, Meinert Rahn, and Thomas Van Stiphout
Solid Earth, 15, 1445–1463, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1445-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1445-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use computer simulations to study how stress is distributed in large-scale geological models, focusing on how fault lines behave under pressure. By running many 2D and 3D simulations with varying conditions, we discover patterns in how faults form and interact. Our findings reveal that even small changes in conditions can lead to different stress outcomes. This research helps us better understand earthquake mechanics and could improve predictions of fault behavior in real-world scenarios.
Pramit Chatterjee, Arnab Roy, and Nibir Mandal
Solid Earth, 15, 1281–1301, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1281-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1281-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding strain accumulation processes in shear zones is essential for explaining failure mechanisms at great crustal depths. This study explores the rheological and kinematic factors determining the varying modes of shear accommodation in natural shear zones. Numerical simulations suggest that an interplay of parameters – initial viscosity, bulk shear rate, and internal cohesion – governs the dominance of one accommodation mechanism over another.
Luigi Massaro, Jürgen Adam, Elham Jonade, Silvia Negrão, and Yasuhiro Yamada
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3116, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3116, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this manuscript, we investigated the kinematics and dynamics of strike-slip damage zones using laboratory mechanical tests and analogue modelling techniques. The results underline the importance of a multi-scale approach (from crustal to outcrop-scale) to improve the understanding of such deformation processes, deriving fundamental correlations with the physical and mechanical properties of the model materials applied in the experiments.
Jeffrey M. Rahl, Brendan Moehringer, Kenneth S. Befus, and John S. Singleton
Solid Earth, 15, 1233–1240, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1233-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1233-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
At the high temperatures present in the deeper crust, minerals such as quartz can flow much like silly putty. The detailed mechanisms of how atoms are reorganized depends upon several factors, such as the temperature and the rate of which the mineral changes shape. We present observations from a naturally deformed rock showing that the amount of water present also influences the type of deformation in quartz, with implications for geological interpretations.
Malte Froemchen, Ken J. W. McCaffrey, Mark B. Allen, Jeroen van Hunen, Thomas B. Phillips, and Yueren Xu
Solid Earth, 15, 1203–1231, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1203-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1203-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Shanxi Rift is a young, active rift in northern China that formed atop a Proterozoic orogen. The impact of these structures on active rift faults is poorly understood. Here, we quantify the landscape response to active faulting and compare it with published maps of inherited structures. We find that inherited structures played an important role in the segmentation of the Shanxi Rift and in the development of rift interaction zones, which are the most active regions in the Shanxi Rift.
Sandro Truttmann, Tobias Diehl, Marco Herwegh, and Stefan Wiemer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2975, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2975, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study investigates the statistical relationship between geological faults and earthquakes in the Southwestern Swiss Alps. We analyze how the fault size and earthquake rupture are related and find differences in how faults at different depths rupture seismically. While shallow faults tend to rupture only partially, deeper faults are more likely to rupture along their entire length, potentially resulting in larger earthquakes.
Sergio C. Vinciguerra, Federico Vagnon, Irene Bottero, Jerome Fortin, Angela Vita Petrullo, Dimitrios Spanos, Aristotelis Pagoulatos, and Fabrizio Agosta
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2823, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2823, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the poro-perm relations of both host rocks and fault rocks of Mesozoic carbonate rocks, by integrating a laboratory petrophysical studyn with a digital image analysis. Three different protocols were employed to compute permeability: i) Effective Medium Theory on laboratory data, ii) constant crack aperture and iii) crack density values from 2D images. Carbonate host rocks did not show a clear poro-perm trend due to the presence of stiff, sub-rounded pores and of small vugs.
Jinbao Su, Wenbin Zhu, and Guangwei Li
Solid Earth, 15, 1133–1141, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1133-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1133-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The late Mesozoic igneous rocks in the South China Block exhibit flare-ups and lulls, which form in compressional or extensional backgrounds. The ascending of magma forms a mush-like head and decreases crustal thickness. The presence of faults and pre-existing magmas will accelerate emplacement of underplating magma. The magmatism at different times may be formed under similar subduction conditions, and the boundary compression forces will delay magma ascent.
Peter Achtziger-Zupančič, Alberto Ceccato, Alba Simona Zappone, Giacomo Pozzi, Alexis Shakas, Florian Amann, Whitney Maria Behr, Daniel Escallon Botero, Domenico Giardini, Marian Hertrich, Mohammadreza Jalali, Xiaodong Ma, Men-Andrin Meier, Julian Osten, Stefan Wiemer, and Massimo Cocco
Solid Earth, 15, 1087–1112, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We detail the selection and characterization of a fault zone for earthquake experiments in the Fault Activation and Earthquake Ruptures (FEAR) project at the Bedretto Lab. FEAR, which studies earthquake processes, overcame data collection challenges near faults. The fault zone in Rotondo granite was selected based on geometry, monitorability, and hydro-mechanical properties. Remote sensing, borehole logging, and geological mapping were used to create a 3D model for precise monitoring.
Maxime Jamet, Gregory Ballas, Roger Soliva, Olivier Gerbeaud, Thierry Lefebvre, Christine Leredde, and Didier Loggia
Solid Earth, 15, 895–920, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-895-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-895-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study characterizes the Tchirezrine II sandstone reservoir in northern Niger. Crucial for potential uranium in situ recovery (ISR), our multifaceted approach reveals (i) a network of homogeneously distributed orthogonal structures, (ii) the impact of clustered E–W fault structures on anisotropic fluid flow, and (iii) local changes in the matrix behaviour of the reservoir as a function of the density and nature of the deformation structure.
Matthew S. Hodge, Guri Venvik, Jochen Knies, Roelant van der Lelij, Jasmin Schönenberger, Øystein Nordgulen, Marco Brönner, Aziz Nasuti, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 15, 589–615, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-589-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-589-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Smøla island, in the mid-Norwegian margin, has complex fracture and fault patterns resulting from tectonic activity. This study uses a multiple-method approach to unravel Smøla's tectonic history. We found five different phases of deformation related to various fracture geometries and minerals dating back hundreds of millions of years. 3D models of these features visualise these structures in space. This approach may help us to understand offshore oil and gas reservoirs hosted in the basement.
Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, and Moritz O. Ziegler
Solid Earth, 15, 305–327, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-305-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-305-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
It is generally assumed that faults have an influence on the stress state of the Earth’s crust. It is questionable whether this influence is still present far away from a fault. Simple numerical models were used to investigate the extent of the influence of faults on the stress state. Several models with different fault representations were investigated. The stress fluctuations further away from the fault (> 1 km) are very small.
Yukinojo Koyama, Simon R. Wallis, and Takayoshi Nagaya
Solid Earth, 15, 143–166, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-143-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-143-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Stress along a subduction plate boundary is important for understanding subduction phenomena such as earthquakes. We estimated paleo-stress using quartz recrystallized grain size combined with deformation temperature and P–T paths of exhumed rocks. The obtained results show differential stresses of 30.8–82.7 MPa consistent over depths of 17–27 km in the paleo-subduction boundary. The obtained stress may represent the initial conditions under which slow earthquakes nucleated in the same domain.
Annelotte Weert, Kei Ogata, Francesco Vinci, Coen Leo, Giovanni Bertotti, Jerome Amory, and Stefano Tavani
Solid Earth, 15, 121–141, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
On the road to a sustainable planet, geothermal energy is considered one of the main substitutes when it comes to heating. The geological history of an area can have a major influence on the application of these geothermal systems, as demonstrated in the West Netherlands Basin. Here, multiple episodes of rifting and subsequent basin inversion have controlled the distribution of the reservoir rocks, thus influencing the locations where geothermal energy can be exploited.
Pâmela C. Richetti, Frank Zwaan, Guido Schreurs, Renata S. Schmitt, and Timothy C. Schmid
Solid Earth, 14, 1245–1266, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1245-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1245-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Araripe Basin in NE Brazil was originally formed during Cretaceous times, as South America and Africa broke up. The basin is an important analogue to offshore South Atlantic break-up basins; its sediments were uplifted and are now found at 1000 m height, allowing for studies thereof, but the cause of the uplift remains debated. Here we ran a series of tectonic laboratory experiments that show how a specific plate tectonic configuration can explain the evolution of the Araripe Basin.
Adam J. Cawood, Hannah Watkins, Clare E. Bond, Marian J. Warren, and Mark A. Cooper
Solid Earth, 14, 1005–1030, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1005-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1005-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here we test conceptual models of fracture development by investigating fractures across multiple scales. We find that most fractures increase in abundance towards the fold hinge, and we interpret these as being fold related. Other fractures at the site show inconsistent orientations and are unrelated to fold formation. Our results show that predicting fracture patterns requires the consideration of multiple geologic variables.
Johanna Heeb, David Healy, Nicholas E. Timms, and Enrique Gomez-Rivas
Solid Earth, 14, 985–1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-985-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-985-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hydration of rocks is a key process in the Earth’s crust and mantle that is accompanied by changes in physical traits and mechanical behaviour of rocks. This study assesses the influence of stress on hydration reaction kinetics and mechanics in experiments on anhydrite. We show that hydration occurs readily under stress and results in localized hydration along fractures and mechanic weakening. New gypsum growth is selective and depends on the stress field and host anhydrite crystal orientation.
Roy Helge Gabrielsen, Panagiotis Athanasios Giannenas, Dimitrios Sokoutis, Ernst Willingshofer, Muhammad Hassaan, and Jan Inge Faleide
Solid Earth, 14, 961–983, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-961-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-961-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Barents Shear Margin defines the border between the relatively shallow Barents Sea that is situated on a continental plate and the deep ocean. This margin's evolution history was probably influenced by plate tectonic reorganizations. From scaled experiments, we deduced several types of structures (faults, folds, and sedimentary basins) that help us to improve the understanding of the history of the opening of the North Atlantic.
Leslie Logan, Ervin Veress, Joel B. H. Andersson, Olof Martinsson, and Tobias E. Bauer
Solid Earth, 14, 763–784, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-763-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-763-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Pahtohavare Cu ± Au deposits in the Kiruna mining district have a dubious timing of formation and have not been contextualized within an up-to-date tectonic framework. Structural mapping was carried out to reveal that the deposits are hosted in brittle structures that cut a noncylindrical, SE-plunging anticline constrained to have formed during the late-Svecokarelian orogeny. These results show that Cu ± Au mineralization formed more than ca. 80 Myr after iron oxide–apatite mineralization.
Alexandra Tamas, Dan M. Tamas, Gabor Tari, Csaba Krezsek, Alexandru Lapadat, and Zsolt Schleder
Solid Earth, 14, 741–761, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-741-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tectonic processes are complex and often difficult to understand due to the limitations of surface or subsurface data. One such process is inversion tectonics, which means that an area initially developed in an extension (such as the opening of an ocean) is reversed to compression (the process leading to mountain building). In this research, we use a laboratory method (analogue modelling), and with the help of a sandbox, we try to better understand structures (folds/faults) related to inversion.
Elizabeth Parker Wilson, Pablo Granado, Pablo Santolaria, Oriol Ferrer, and Josep Anton Muñoz
Solid Earth, 14, 709–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-709-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-709-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work focuses on the control of accommodation zones on extensional and subsequent inversion in salt-detached domains using sandbox analogue models. During extension, the transfer zone acts as a pathway for the movement of salt, changing the expected geometries. When inverted, the salt layer and syn-inversion sedimentation control the deformation style in the salt-detached cover system. Three natural cases are compared to the model results and show similar inversion geometries.
Oriol Ferrer, Eloi Carola, and Ken McClay
Solid Earth, 14, 571–589, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-571-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-571-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using an experimental approach based on scaled sandbox models, this work aims to understand how salt above different rotational fault blocks influences the cover geometry and evolution, first during extension and then during inversion. The results show that inherited salt structures constrain contractional deformation. We show for the first time how welds and fault welds are reopened during contractional deformation, having direct implications for the subsurface exploration of natural resources.
Chiara Montemagni, Stefano Zanchetta, Martina Rocca, Igor M. Villa, Corrado Morelli, Volkmar Mair, and Andrea Zanchi
Solid Earth, 14, 551–570, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Vinschgau Shear Zone (VSZ) is one of the largest and most significant shear zones developed within the Late Cretaceous thrust stack in the Austroalpine domain of the eastern Alps. 40Ar / 39Ar geochronology constrains the activity of the VSZ between 97 and 80 Ma. The decreasing vorticity towards the core of the shear zone, coupled with the younging of mylonites, points to a shear thinning behavior. The deepest units of the Eo-Alpine orogenic wedge were exhumed along the VSZ.
Jordi Miró, Oriol Ferrer, Josep Anton Muñoz, and Gianreto Manastchal
Solid Earth, 14, 425–445, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-425-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-425-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using the Asturian–Basque–Cantabrian system and analogue (sandbox) models, this work focuses on the linkage between basement-controlled and salt-decoupled domains and how deformation is accommodated between the two during extension and subsequent inversion. Analogue models show significant structural variability in the transitional domain, with oblique structures that can be strongly modified by syn-contractional sedimentation. Experimental results are consistent with the case study.
Junichi Fukuda, Takamoto Okudaira, and Yukiko Ohtomo
Solid Earth, 14, 409–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-409-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-409-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured water distributions in deformed quartz by infrared spectroscopy mapping and used the results to discuss changes in water distribution resulting from textural development. Because of the grain size reduction process (dynamic recrystallization), water contents decrease from 40–1750 wt ppm in host grains of ~2 mm to 100–510 wt ppm in recrystallized regions composed of fine grains of ~10 µm. Our results indicate that water is released and homogenized by dynamic recrystallization.
Bastien Walter, Yves Géraud, Alexiane Favier, Nadjib Chibati, and Marc Diraison
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-397, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-397, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Lake Abhe in southwestern Djibouti is known for its exposures of massive hydrothermal chimneys and hot springs on the lake’s eastern shore. This study highlights the control of the main structural faults of the area on the development of these hydrothermal features. This work contributes to better understand hydrothermal fluid pathways in this area and may help further exploration for the geothermal development of this remarkable site.
Michael Rudolf, Matthias Rosenau, and Onno Oncken
Solid Earth, 14, 311–331, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Analogue models of tectonic processes rely on the reproduction of their geometry, kinematics and dynamics. An important property is fault behaviour, which is linked to the frictional characteristics of the fault gouge. This is represented by granular materials, such as quartz sand. In our study we investigate the time-dependent frictional properties of various analogue materials and highlight their impact on the suitability of these materials for analogue models focusing on fault reactivation.
Jessica Barabasch, Joyce Schmatz, Jop Klaver, Alexander Schwedt, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 14, 271–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed Zechstein salt with microscopes and observed specific microstructures that indicate much faster deformation in rock salt with fine halite grains when compared to salt with larger grains. This is important because people build large cavities in the subsurface salt for energy storage or want to deposit radioactive waste inside it. When engineers and scientists use grain-size data and equations that include this mechanism, it will help to make better predictions in geological models.
Nicolás Molnar and Susanne Buiter
Solid Earth, 14, 213–235, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Progression of orogenic wedges over pre-existing extensional structures is common in nature, but deciphering the spatio-temporal evolution of deformation from the geological record remains challenging. Our laboratory experiments provide insights on how horizontal stresses are transferred across a heterogeneous crust, constrain which pre-shortening conditions can either favour or hinder the reactivatation of extensional structures, and explain what implications they have on critical taper theory.
Tania Habel, Martine Simoes, Robin Lacassin, Daniel Carrizo, and German Aguilar
Solid Earth, 14, 17–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-17-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-17-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Central Andes are one of the most emblematic reliefs on Earth, but their western flank remains understudied. Here we explore two rare key sites in the hostile conditions of the Atacama desert to build cross-sections, quantify crustal shortening, and discuss the timing of this deformation at ∼20–22°S. We propose that the structures of the Western Andes accommodated significant crustal shortening here, but only during the earliest stages of mountain building.
Naïm Célini, Frédéric Mouthereau, Abdeltif Lahfid, Claude Gout, and Jean-Paul Callot
Solid Earth, 14, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the peak temperature of sedimentary rocks of the SW Alps (France), using Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material. This method provides an estimate of the peak temperature achieved by organic-rich rocks. To determine the timing and the tectonic context of the origin of these temperatures we use 1D thermal modelling. We find that the high temperatures up to 300 °C were achieved during precollisional extensional events, not during tectonic burial in the Western Alps.
Luke N. J. Wedmore, Tess Turner, Juliet Biggs, Jack N. Williams, Henry M. Sichingabula, Christine Kabumbu, and Kawawa Banda
Solid Earth, 13, 1731–1753, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mapping and compiling the attributes of faults capable of hosting earthquakes are important for the next generation of seismic hazard assessment. We document 18 active faults in the Luangwa Rift, Zambia, in an active fault database. These faults are between 9 and 207 km long offset Quaternary sediments, have scarps up to ~30 m high, and are capable of hosting earthquakes from Mw 5.8 to 8.1. We associate the Molaza Fault with surface ruptures from two unattributed M 6+ 20th century earthquakes.
Michał P. Michalak, Lesław Teper, Florian Wellmann, Jerzy Żaba, Krzysztof Gaidzik, Marcin Kostur, Yuriy P. Maystrenko, and Paulina Leonowicz
Solid Earth, 13, 1697–1720, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1697-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1697-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
When characterizing geological/geophysical surfaces, various geometric attributes are calculated, such as dip angle (1D) or dip direction (2D). However, the boundaries between specific values may be subjective and without optimization significance, resulting from using default color palletes. This study proposes minimizing cosine distance among within-cluster observations to detect 3D anomalies. Our results suggest that the method holds promise for identification of megacylinders or megacones.
Erik M. Young, Christie D. Rowe, and James D. Kirkpatrick
Solid Earth, 13, 1607–1629, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1607-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1607-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Studying how earthquakes spread deep within the faults they originate from is crucial to improving our understanding of the earthquake process. We mapped preserved ancient earthquake surfaces that are now exposed in South Africa and studied their relationship with the shape and type of rocks surrounding them. We determined that these surfaces are not random and are instead associated with specific kinds of rocks and that their shape is linked to the evolution of the faults in which they occur.
Sivaji Lahiri, Kitty L. Milliken, Peter Vrolijk, Guillaume Desbois, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 13, 1513–1539, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1513-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1513-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the mechanism of mechanical compaction is important. Previous studies on mechanical compaction were mostly done by performing experiments. Studies on natural rocks are rare due to compositional heterogeneity of the sedimentary succession with depth. Due to remarkable similarity in composition and grain size, the Sumatra subduction complex provides a unique opportunity to study the micromechanism of mechanical compaction on natural samples.
Dongwon Lee, Nikolaos Karadimitriou, Matthias Ruf, and Holger Steeb
Solid Earth, 13, 1475–1494, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1475-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1475-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research article focuses on filtering and segmentation methods employed in high-resolution µXRCT studies for crystalline rocks, bearing fractures, or fracture networks, of very small aperture. Specifically, we focus on the identification of artificially induced (via quenching) fractures in Carrara marble samples. Results from the same dataset from all five different methods adopted were produced and compared with each other in terms of their output quality and time efficiency.
Giulio Viola, Giovanni Musumeci, Francesco Mazzarini, Lorenzo Tavazzani, Manuel Curzi, Espen Torgersen, Roelant van der Lelij, and Luca Aldega
Solid Earth, 13, 1327–1351, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A structural-geochronological approach helps to unravel the Zuccale Fault's architecture. By mapping its internal structure and dating some of its fault rocks, we constrained a deformation history lasting 20 Myr starting at ca. 22 Ma. Such long activity is recorded by now tightly juxtaposed brittle structural facies, i.e. different types of fault rocks. Our results also have implications on the regional evolution of the northern Apennines, of which the Zuccale Fault is an important structure.
Wan-Lin Hu
Solid Earth, 13, 1281–1290, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1281-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1281-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Having a seismic image is generally expected to enable us to better determine fault geometry and thus estimate geological slip rates accurately. However, the process of interpreting seismic images may introduce unintended uncertainties, which have not yet been widely discussed. Here, a case of a shear fault-bend fold in the frontal Himalaya is used to demonstrate how differences in interpretations can affect the following estimates of slip rates and dependent conclusions.
Manuel D. Menzel, Janos L. Urai, Estibalitz Ukar, Thierry Decrausaz, and Marguerite Godard
Solid Earth, 13, 1191–1218, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1191-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1191-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mantle rocks can bind large quantities of carbon by reaction with CO2, but this capacity requires fluid pathways not to be clogged by carbonate. We studied mantle rocks from Oman to understand the mechanisms allowing their transformation into carbonate and quartz. Using advanced imaging techniques, we show that abundant veins were essential fluid pathways driving the reaction. Our results show that tectonic stress was important for fracture opening and a key ingredient for carbon fixation.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl, Steffen G. Bergh, and Arthur G. Sylvester
Solid Earth, 13, 1169–1190, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The San Andreas fault is a major active fault associated with ongoing earthquake sequences in southern California. The present study investigates the development of the Indio Hills area in the Coachella Valley along the main San Andreas fault and the Indio Hills fault. The Indio Hills area is located near an area with high ongoing earthquake activity (Brawley seismic zone), and, therefore, its recent tectonic evolution has implications for earthquake prediction.
Jin Lai, Dong Li, Yong Ai, Hongkun Liu, Deyang Cai, Kangjun Chen, Yuqiang Xie, and Guiwen Wang
Solid Earth, 13, 975–1002, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-975-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-975-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
(1) Structural diagenesis analysis is performed on the ultra-deep tight sandstone. (2) Fracture and intergranular pores are related to the low in situ stress magnitudes. (3) Dissolution is associated with the presence of fracture.
Hamed Fazlikhani, Wolfgang Bauer, and Harald Stollhofen
Solid Earth, 13, 393–416, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Interpretation of newly acquired FRANKEN 2D seismic survey data in southeeastern Germany shows that upper Paleozoic low-grade metasedimentary rocks and possible nappe units are transported by Variscan shear zones to ca. 65 km west of the Franconian Fault System (FFS). We show that the locations of post-Variscan upper Carboniferous–Permian normal faults and associated graben and half-graben basins are controlled by the geometry of underlying Variscan shear zones.
Xiaodong Ma, Marian Hertrich, Florian Amann, Kai Bröker, Nima Gholizadeh Doonechaly, Valentin Gischig, Rebecca Hochreutener, Philipp Kästli, Hannes Krietsch, Michèle Marti, Barbara Nägeli, Morteza Nejati, Anne Obermann, Katrin Plenkers, Antonio P. Rinaldi, Alexis Shakas, Linus Villiger, Quinn Wenning, Alba Zappone, Falko Bethmann, Raymi Castilla, Francisco Seberto, Peter Meier, Thomas Driesner, Simon Loew, Hansruedi Maurer, Martin O. Saar, Stefan Wiemer, and Domenico Giardini
Solid Earth, 13, 301–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Questions on issues such as anthropogenic earthquakes and deep geothermal energy developments require a better understanding of the fractured rock. Experiments conducted at reduced scales but with higher-resolution observations can shed some light. To this end, the BedrettoLab was recently established in an existing tunnel in Ticino, Switzerland, with preliminary efforts to characterize realistic rock mass behavior at the hectometer scale.
Berit Schwichtenberg, Florian Fusseis, Ian B. Butler, and Edward Andò
Solid Earth, 13, 41–64, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-41-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-41-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Hydraulic rock properties such as porosity and permeability are relevant factors that have an impact on groundwater resources, geological repositories and fossil fuel reservoirs. We investigate the influence of chemical compaction upon the porosity evolution in salt–biotite mixtures and related transport length scales by conducting laboratory experiments in combination with 4-D analysis. Our observations invite a renewed discussion of the effect of sheet silicates on chemical compaction.
David Healy and Stephen Paul Hicks
Solid Earth, 13, 15–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-15-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-15-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The energy transition requires operations in faulted rocks. To manage the technical challenges and public concern over possible induced earthquakes, we need to quantify the risks. We calculate the probability of fault slip based on uncertain inputs, stresses, fluid pressures, and the mechanical properties of rocks in fault zones. Our examples highlight the specific gaps in our knowledge. Citizen science projects could produce useful data and include the public in the discussions about hazards.
Manuel I. de Paz-Álvarez, Thomas G. Blenkinsop, David M. Buchs, George E. Gibbons, and Lesley Cherns
Solid Earth, 13, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a virtual geological mapping course implemented in response to travelling and social restrictions derived from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The course was designed to replicate a physical mapping exercise as closely as possible with the aid of real field data and photographs collected by the authors during previous years in the Cantabrian Zone (NW Spain). The course is delivered through Google Earth via a KMZ file with outcrop descriptions and links to GitHub-hosted photographs.
Cited articles
Achtziger-Zupančič, P., Loew, S., and Mariéthoz, G.: A new global database to improve predictions of permeability distribution in crystalline rocks at site scale, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 122, 3513–3539, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB014106, 2017.
Ackermann, R. V., Schlische, R. W., and Withjack, M. O.: The geometric and statistical evolution of normal fault systems: an experimental study of the effects of mechanical layer thickness on scaling laws, J. Struct. Geol., 23, 1803–1819, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00028-1, 2001.
Andrews, B. J., Roberts, J. J., Shipton, Z. K., Bigi, S., Tartarello, M. C., and Johnson, G.: How do we see fractures? Quantifying subjective bias in fracture data collection, Solid Earth, 10, 487–516, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-487-2019, 2019.
Bell, R. E., Jackson, C. A. L., Whipp, P. S., and Clements, B.: Strain migration during multiphase extension: Observations from the northern North Sea, Tectonics, 33, 1936–1963, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014TC003551, 2014.
Bertrand, L., Géraud, Y., Le Garzic, E., Place, J., Diraison, M., Walter, B., and Haffen, S.: A multiscale analysis of a fracture pattern in granite: A case study of the Tamariu granite, Catalunya, Spain, J. Struct. Geol., 78, 52–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2015.05.013, 2015.
Bistacchi, A., Mittempergher, S., Martinelli, M., and Storti, F.: On a new robust workflow for the statistical and spatial analysis of fracture data collected with scanlines (or the importance of stationarity), Solid Earth, 11, 2535–2547, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2535-2020, 2020.
Bonnet, E., Bour, O., Odling, N. E., Davy, P., Main, I., Cowie, P., and Berkowitz, B.: Scaling of fracture systems in geological media, Rev. Geophys., 39, 347–383, 2001.
Bossennec, C., Frey, M., Seib, L., Bär, K., and Sass, I.: Multiscale characterisation of fracture patterns of a crystalline reservoir analogue, Geosciences, 11, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11090371, 2021.
Bossennec, C., Seib, L., Frey, M., van der Vaart, J., and Sass, I.: Structural Architecture and Permeability Patterns of Crystalline Reservoir Rocks in the Northern Upper Rhine Graben: Insights from Surface Analogues of the Odenwald, Energies, 15, 1310, https://doi.org/10.3390/EN15041310, 2022.
Bour, O., Davy, P., Darcel, C., and Odling, N.: A statistical scaling model for fracture network geometry, with validation on a multiscale mapping of a joint network (Hornelen Basin, Norway), J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 107, ETG 4-1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000176, 2002.
Brace, W. F.: Permeability of Crystalline Rocks: New in Situ Measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 4327–4330, https://doi.org/10.1029/jb089ib06p04327, 1984.
Caine, J. S. and Tomusiak, S. R. A.: Brittle structures and their role in controlling porosity and permeability in a complex Precambrian crystalline-rock aquifer system in the Colorado Rocky Mountain Front Range, GSA Bull., 115, 1410–1424, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25088.1, 2003.
Caine, J. S., Evans, J. P., and Forster, C. B.: Fault zone architecture and permeability structure, Geology, 24, 1025–1028, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<1025:FZAAPS>2.3.CO;2, 1996.
Cao, W. and Lei, Q.: Influence of Landscape Coverage on Measuring Spatial and Length Properties of Rock Fracture Networks: Insights from Numerical Simulation, Pure Appl. Geophys., 175, 2167–2179, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-1774-4, 2018.
Castaing, C., Halawani, M. A., Gervais, F., Chilès, J. P., Genter, A., Bourgine, B., Ouillon, G., Brosse, J. M., Martin, P., Genna, A., and Janjou, D.: Scaling relationships in intraplate fracture systems related to Red Sea rifting, Tectonophysics, 261, 291–314, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(95)00177-8, 1996.
Ceccato, A., Viola, G., Antonellini, M., Tartaglia, G., and Ryan, E. J.: Constraints upon fault zone properties by combined structural analysis of virtual outcrop models and discrete fracture network modelling, J. Struct. Geol., 152, 104444, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2021.104444, 2021a.
Ceccato, A., Viola, G., Tartaglia, G., and Antonellini, M.: In–situ quantification of mechanical and permeability properties on outcrop analogues of offshore fractured and weathered crystalline basement: Examples from the Rolvsnes granodiorite, Bømlo, Norway, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 124, 104859, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104859, 2021b.
Ceccato, A., Tartaglia, G., Antonellini, M., and Viola, G.: “Online Data Repository for Ceccato et al. 2022 – SolidEarth”, Mendeley Data [data set], V1, https://doi.org/10.17632/3ymhkpmr9s.1, 2022.
Chabani, A., Trullenque, G., Ledésert, B. A., and Klee, J.: Multiscale characterization of fracture patterns: A case study of the noble hills range (Death valley, CA, USA), application to geothermal reservoirs, Geosciences, 11, 25–27, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11070280, 2021.
Davy, P., Bour, O., De Dreuzy, J. R., and Darcel, C.: Flow in multiscale fractal fracture networks, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 261, 31–45, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.261.01.03, 2006.
Dershowitz, W. S. and Herda, H. H.: Interpretation of fracture spacing and intensity. The 33rd U. S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS), Santa Fe, New Mexico, June 1992, 757–766, http://onepetro.org/ARMAUSRMS/proceedings-pdf/ARMA92/All-ARMA92/ARMA-92-0757/1987502/arma-92-0757.pdf (last access: 6 September 2022), 1992.
Dichiarante, A. M., McCaffrey, K. J. W., Holdsworth, R. E., Bjørnarå, T. I., and Dempsey, E. D.: Fracture attribute scaling and connectivity in the Devonian Orcadian Basin with implications for geologically equivalent sub-surface fractured reservoirs, Solid Earth, 11, 2221–2244, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2221-2020, 2020.
Evans, J. P., Forster, C. B., and Goddard, J. V.: Permeability of fault-related rocks, and implications for hydraulic structure of fault zones, J. Struct. Geol., 19, 1393–1404, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(97)00057-6, 1997.
Fossen, H., Khani, H. F., Faleide, J. I., Ksienzyk, A. K., and Dunlap, W. J.: Post-Caledonian extension in the West Norway–northern North Sea region: the role of structural inheritance, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 439, 465–486, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP439.6, 2017.
Fossen, H., Ksienzyk, A. K., Rotevatn, A., Bauck, M. S., and Wemmer, K.: From widespread faulting to localised rifting: Evidence from K-Ar fault gouge dates from the Norwegian North Sea rift shoulder, Basin Res., 33, 1934–1953, https://doi.org/10.1111/BRE.12541/CITE/REFWORKS, 2021.
Fredin, O., Viola, G., Zwingmann, H., Sørlie, R., Brönner, M., Lie, J. E., Grandal, E. M., Müller, A., Margreth, A., Vogt, C., and Knies, J.: The inheritance of a mesozoic landscape in western Scandinavia, Nat. Commun., 8, 14879, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14879, 2017.
Gabrielsen, R. H. and Braathen, A.: Models of fracture lineaments – Joint swarms, fracture corridors and faults in crystalline rocks, and their genetic relations, Tectonophysics, 628, 26–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.04.022, 2014.
Gabrielsen, R. H., Braathen, A., Dehis, J., and Roberts, D.: Tectonic lineaments of Norway, Norsk Geol. Tidsskr., 82, 153–174, 2002.
Gee, D. G., Fossen, H., Henriksen, N., and Higgins, A. K.: From the Early Paleozoic Platforms of Baltica and Laurentia to the Caledonide Orogen of Scandinavia and Greenland, Episodes, 31, 44–51, https://doi.org/10.18814/EPIIUGS/2008/V31I1/007, 2008.
Gillespie, P. A., Howard, C. B., Walsh, J. J., and Watterson, J.: Measurement and characterisation of spatial distributions of fractures, Tectonophysics, 226, 113–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90114-Y, 1993.
Gillespie, P. A., Walsh, J. J., Watterson, J., Bonson, C. G., and Manzocchi, T.: Scaling relationships of joint and vein arrays from The Burren, Co. Clare, Ireland, J. Struct. Geol., 23, 183–201, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00090-0, 2001.
Hardebol, N. J., Maier, C., Nick, H., Geiger, S., Bertotti, G., and Boro, H.: Multiscale fracture network characterization and impact on flow: A case study on the Latemar carbonate platform, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 120, 8197–8222, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB011879, 2015.
Healy, D., Rizzo, R. E., Cornwell, D. G., Farrell, N. J. C., Watkins, H., Timms, N. E., Gomez-Rivas, E., and Smith, M.: FracPaQ: A MATLABTM toolbox for the quantification of fracture patterns, J. Struct. Geol., 95, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2016.12.003, 2017.
Hirata, T.: Fractal Dimension of Fault Systems in Japan: Fractal Structure in Rock Fracture Geometry at Various Scales, Fractals Geophys., 131, 157–170, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-6389-6_9, 1989.
Holdsworth, R. E., McCaffrey, K. J. W., Dempsey, E., Roberts, N. M. W., Hardman, K., Morton, A., Feely, M., Hunt, J., Conway, A., and Robertson, A.: Natural fracture propping and earthquake-induced oil migration in fractured basement reservoirs, Geology, 47, 700–704, https://doi.org/10.1130/G46280.1, 2019.
Kolyukhin, D. and Torabi, A.: Power-Law Testing for Fault Attributes Distributions, Pure Appl. Geophys., 170, 2173–2183, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-013-0644-3, 2013.
Kruhl, J. H.: Fractal-geometry techniques in the quantification of complex rock structures: A special view on scaling regimes, inhomogeneity and anisotropy, J. Struct. Geol., 46, 2–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2012.10.002, 2013.
Le Garzic, E., de L'Hamaide, T., Diraison, M., Géraud, Y., Sausse, J., de Urreiztieta, M., Hauville, B., and Champanhet, J. M.: Scaling and geometric properties of extensional fracture systems in the proterozoic basement of Yemen. Tectonic interpretation and fluid flow implications, J. Struct. Geol., 33, 519–536, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2011.01.012, 2011.
Lundmark, A. M., Sæther, T., and Sørlie, R.: Ordovician to silurian magmatism on the Utsira High, North Sea: Implications for correlations between the onshore and offshore Caledonides, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 390, 513–523, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP390.21, 2014.
Manzocchi, T., Walsh, J. J., and Bailey, W. R.: Population scaling biases in map samples of power-law fault systems, J. Struct. Geol., 31, 1612–1626, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2009.06.004, 2009.
Marrett, R., Gale, J. F. W., Gómez, L. A., and Laubach, S. E.: Correlation analysis of fracture arrangement in space, J. Struct. Geol., 108, 16–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2017.06.012, 2018.
McCaffrey, K. J. W., Holdsworth, R. E., Pless, J., Franklin, B. S. G., and Hardman, K.: Basement reservoir plumbing: fracture aperture, length and topology analysis of the Lewisian Complex, NW Scotland, J. Geol. Soc. London, 177, 1281–1293, https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2019-143, 2020.
Michas, G., Vallianatos, F., and Sammonds, P.: Statistical mechanics and scaling of fault populations with increasing strain in the Corinth Rift, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 431, 150–163, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EPSL.2015.09.014, 2015.
Munro, M. A. and Blenkinsop, T. G.: MARD-A moving average rose diagram application for the geosciences, Comput. Geosci., 49, 112–120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.07.012, 2012.
Nyberg, B., Nixon, C. W., and Sanderson, D. J.: NetworkGT: A GIS tool for geometric and topological analysis of two-dimensional fracture networks, Geosphere, 14, 1618–1634, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01595.1, 2018.
Odling, N. E.: Scaling and connectivity of joint systems in sandstones from western Norway, J. Struct. Geol., 19, 1257–1271, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(97)00041-2, 1997.
Odling, N. E., Gillespie, P., Bourgine, B., Castaing, C., Chiles, J. P., Christensen, N. P., and Watterson, J.: Variations in fracture system geometry and their implications for fluid flow in fractures hydrocarbon reservoirs, Petrol. Geosci., 5, 373–384, https://doi.org/10.1144/petgeo.5.4.373, 1999.
Peacock, D. C. P. and Sanderson, D. J.: Structural analyses and fracture network characterisation: Seven pillars of wisdom, Earth-Sci. Rev., 184, 13–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.06.006, 2018.
Peacock, D. C. P., Sanderson, D. J., Bastesen, E., Rotevatn, A., and Storstein, T. H.: Causes of bias and uncertainty in fracture network analysis, Norw. J. Geol., 99, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.17850/njg99-1-06, 2019.
Pennacchioni, G., Ceccato, A., Fioretti, A. M., Mazzoli, C., Zorzi, F., and Ferretti, P.: Episyenites in meta-granitoids of the Tauern Window (Eastern Alps): unpredictable?, J. Geodyn., 101, 73–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2016.04.001, 2016.
Phillips, N. J. and Williams, R. T.: To D or not to D? Re-evaluating particle-size distributions in natural and experimental fault rocks, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 553, 116635, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EPSL.2020.116635, 2021.
Place, J., Géraud, Y., Diraison, M., Herquel, G., Edel, J. B., Bano, M., Le Garzic, E., and Walter, B.: Structural control of weathering processes within exhumed granitoids: Compartmentalisation of geophysical properties by faults and fractures, J. Struct. Geol., 84, 102–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2015.11.011, 2016.
Preiss, A. D. and Adam, J.: Basement fault trends in the Southern North Sea Basin, J. Struct. Geol., 153, 104449, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSG.2021.104449, 2021.
Rizzo, R. E., Healy, D., and De Siena, L.: Benefits of maximum likelihood estimators for fracture attribute analysis: Implications for permeability and up-scaling, J. Struct. Geol., 95, 17–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2016.12.005, 2017.
Sanderson, D. J. and Peacock, D. C. P.: Line sampling of fracture swarms and corridors, J. Struct. Geol., 122, 27–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.02.006, 2019.
Scheiber, T. and Viola, G.: Complex Bedrock Fracture Patterns: A Multipronged Approach to Resolve Their Evolution in Space and Time, Tectonics, 37, 1030–1062, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004763, 2018.
Scheiber, T., Fredin, O., Viola, G., Jarna, A., Gasser, D., and Łapińska-Viola, R.: Manual extraction of bedrock lineaments from high-resolution LiDAR data: methodological bias and human perception, GFF, 137, 362–372, https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2015.1085434, 2015.
Scheiber, T., Viola, G., Wilkinson, C. M., Ganerød, M., Skår, Ø., and Gasser, D.: Direct
Schneeberger, R., Egli, D., Lanyon, G. W., Mäder, U. K., Berger, A., Kober, F., and Herwegh, M.: Structural-permeability favorability in crystalline rocks and implications for groundwater flow paths: a case study from the Aar Massif (central Switzerland), Hydrogeol. J., 26, 2725–2738, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1826-y, 2018.
Scholz, C. H.: The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting, 2nd edn., Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511818516, 2002.
Schultz, R. A., Klimczak, C., Fossen, H., Olson, J. E., Exner, U., Reeves, D. M., and Soliva, R.: Statistical tests of scaling relationships for geologic structures, J. Struct. Geol., 48, 85–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSG.2012.12.005, 2013.
Slagstad, T., Davidsen, B., and Stephen Daly, J.: Age and composition of crystalline basement rocks on the norwegian continental margin: Offshore extension and continuity of the Caledonian-Appalachian orogenic belt, J. Geol. Soc. London, 168, 1167–1185, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492010-136, 2011.
Souque, C., Knipe, R. J., Davies, R. K., Jones, P., Welch, M. J., and Lorenz, J.: Fracture corridors and fault reactivation: Example from the Chalk, Isle of Thanet, Kent, England, J. Struct. Geol., 122, 11–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2018.12.004, 2019.
Stephens, M. A.: Use of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Cramér–Von Mises and Related Statistics Without Extensive Tables, J. Roy. Stat. Soc. B Met., 32, 115–122, https://doi.org/10.1111/J.2517-6161.1970.TB00821.X, 1970.
Stober, I. and Bucher, K.: Hydraulic conductivity of fractured upper crust: Insights from hydraulic tests in boreholes and fluid-rock interaction in crystalline basement rocks, Geofluids, 15, 161–178, https://doi.org/10.1111/gfl.12104, 2015.
Tartaglia, G., Viola, G., van der Lelij, R., Scheiber, T., Ceccato, A., and Schönenberger, J.: “Brittle structural facies” analysis: A diagnostic method to unravel and date multiple slip events of long-lived faults, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 545, 116420, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116420, 2020.
Tartaglia, G., Ceccato, A., Scheiber, T., van der Lelij, R., Schönenberger, J., and Viola, G.: Time-constrained multiphase brittle tectonic evolution of the onshore mid-Norwegian passive margin, GSA Bull., 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1130/b36312.1, 2022.
Torabi, A. and Berg, S. S.: Scaling of fault attributes: A review, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 28, 1444–1460, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.04.003, 2011.
Torabi, A., Alaei, B., and Ellingsen, T. S. S.: Faults and fractures in basement rocks, their architecture, petrophysical and mechanical properties, J. Struct. Geol., 117, 256–263, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSG.2018.07.001, 2018.
Trice, R., Hiorth, C., and Holdsworth, R.: Fractured basement play development on the UK and Norwegian rifted margins, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., SP495-2018-174, 495, https://doi.org/10.1144/sp495-2018-174, 2019.
Viola, G., Scheiber, T., Fredin, O., Zwingmann, H., Margreth, A., and Knies, J.: Deconvoluting complex structural histories archived in brittle fault zones, Nat. Commun., 71, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13448, 2016.
Xu, S. S., Nieto-Samaniego, A. F., Alaniz-Álvarez, S. A., and Velasquillo-Martínez, L. G.: Effect of sampling and linkage on fault length and length-displacement relationship, Int. J. Earth Sci., 95, 841–853, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-005-0065-3, 2006.
Yielding, G., Needham, T., and Jones, H.: Sampling of fault populations using sub-surface data: A review, J. Struct. Geol., 18, 135–146, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(96)80039-3, 1996.
Short summary
The Earth's surface is commonly characterized by the occurrence of fractures, which can be mapped, and their can be geometry quantified on digital representations of the surface at different scales of observation. Here we present a series of analytical and statistical tools, which can aid the quantification of fracture spatial distribution at different scales. In doing so, we can improve our understanding of how fracture geometry and geology affect fluid flow within the fractured Earth crust.
The Earth's surface is commonly characterized by the occurrence of fractures, which can be...
