Articles | Volume 10, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2137-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2137-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
20 Dec 2019
Research article |
| 20 Dec 2019
| 20 Dec 2019
An automated fracture trace detection technique using the complex shearlet transform
Rahul Prabhakaran
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geoscience and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
Pierre-Olivier Bruna
Department of Geoscience and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Giovanni Bertotti
Department of Geoscience and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
David Smeulders
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
Related authors
Rahul Prabhakaran, Giovanni Bertotti, Janos Urai, and David Smeulders
Solid Earth, 12, 2159–2209, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2159-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2159-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Rock fractures are organized as networks with spatially varying arrangements. Due to networks' influence on bulk rock behaviour, it is important to quantify network spatial variation. We utilize an approach where fracture networks are treated as spatial graphs. By combining graph similarity measures with clustering techniques, spatial clusters within large-scale fracture networks are identified and organized hierarchically. The method is validated on a dataset with nearly 300 000 fractures.
Christopher Weismüller, Rahul Prabhakaran, Martijn Passchier, Janos L. Urai, Giovanni Bertotti, and Klaus Reicherter
Solid Earth, 11, 1773–1802, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1773-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1773-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We photographed a fractured limestone pavement with a drone to compare manual and automatic fracture tracing and analyze the evolution and spatial variation of the fracture network in high resolution. We show that automated tools can produce results comparable to manual tracing in shorter time but do not yet allow the interpretation of fracture generations. This work pioneers the automatic fracture mapping of a complete outcrop in detail, and the results can be used as fracture benchmark.
Pierre-Olivier Bruna, Julien Straubhaar, Rahul Prabhakaran, Giovanni Bertotti, Kevin Bisdom, Grégoire Mariethoz, and Marco Meda
Solid Earth, 10, 537–559, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-537-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-537-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Natural fractures influence fluid flow in subsurface reservoirs. Our research presents a new methodology to predict the arrangement of these fractures in rocks. Contrary to the commonly used statistical models, our approach integrates more geology into the simulation process. The method is simply based on the drawing of images, can be applied to any type of rocks in various geological contexts, and is suited for fracture network prediction in water, geothermal, or hydrocarbon reservoirs.
Annelotte Weert, Kei Ogata, Francesco Vinci, Coen Leo, Giovanni Bertotti, Jerome Amory, and Stefano Tavani
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1126, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1126, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
On the road to a sustainable planet, geothermal energy is considered as one of the main substitutes when it comes to heating. The geological history of an area can have a major influence on the application of these geothermal systems, as demonstrated in the West Netherlands Basin. Here, multiple episodes of rifting and subsequent inversion have influenced the distribution of the reservoir rocks, thus influencing the locations where geothermal energy can be applied.
Rahul Prabhakaran, Giovanni Bertotti, Janos Urai, and David Smeulders
Solid Earth, 12, 2159–2209, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2159-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2159-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Rock fractures are organized as networks with spatially varying arrangements. Due to networks' influence on bulk rock behaviour, it is important to quantify network spatial variation. We utilize an approach where fracture networks are treated as spatial graphs. By combining graph similarity measures with clustering techniques, spatial clusters within large-scale fracture networks are identified and organized hierarchically. The method is validated on a dataset with nearly 300 000 fractures.
Christopher Weismüller, Rahul Prabhakaran, Martijn Passchier, Janos L. Urai, Giovanni Bertotti, and Klaus Reicherter
Solid Earth, 11, 1773–1802, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1773-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1773-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We photographed a fractured limestone pavement with a drone to compare manual and automatic fracture tracing and analyze the evolution and spatial variation of the fracture network in high resolution. We show that automated tools can produce results comparable to manual tracing in shorter time but do not yet allow the interpretation of fracture generations. This work pioneers the automatic fracture mapping of a complete outcrop in detail, and the results can be used as fracture benchmark.
Pierre-Olivier Bruna, Julien Straubhaar, Rahul Prabhakaran, Giovanni Bertotti, Kevin Bisdom, Grégoire Mariethoz, and Marco Meda
Solid Earth, 10, 537–559, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-537-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-537-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Natural fractures influence fluid flow in subsurface reservoirs. Our research presents a new methodology to predict the arrangement of these fractures in rocks. Contrary to the commonly used statistical models, our approach integrates more geology into the simulation process. The method is simply based on the drawing of images, can be applied to any type of rocks in various geological contexts, and is suited for fracture network prediction in water, geothermal, or hydrocarbon reservoirs.
Related subject area
Subject area: Tectonic plate interactions, magma genesis, and lithosphere deformation at all scales | Editorial team: Structural geology and tectonics, paleoseismology, rock physics, experimental deformation | Discipline: Structural geology
Natural fracture patterns at Swift Reservoir anticline, NW Montana: the influence of structural position and lithology from multiple observation scales
Rapid hydration and weakening of anhydrite under stress: implications for natural hydration in the Earth's crust and mantle
Analogue experiments on releasing and restraining bends and their application to the study of the Barents Shear Margin
Structural framework and timing of the Pahtohavare Cu ± Au deposits, Kiruna mining district, Sweden
Does the syn- versus post-rift thickness ratio have an impact on the inversion-related structural style?
Inversion of accommodation zones in salt-bearing extensional systems: insights from analog modeling
Structural control of inherited salt structures during inversion of a domino basement-fault system from an analogue modelling approach
Kinematics and time-resolved evolution of the main thrust-sense shear zone in the Eo-Alpine orogenic wedge (the Vinschgau Shear Zone, eastern Alps)
Role of inheritance during tectonic inversion of a rift system in basement-involved to salt-decoupled transition: analogue modelling and application to the Pyrenean–Biscay system
Water release and homogenization by dynamic recrystallization of quartz
Time-dependent frictional properties of granular materials used in analogue modelling: implications for mimicking fault healing during reactivation and inversion
Large grain-size-dependent rheology contrasts of halite at low differential stress: evidence from microstructural study of naturally deformed gneissic Zechstein 2 rock salt (Kristallbrockensalz) from the northern Netherlands
Analogue modelling of the inversion of multiple extensional basins in foreland fold-and-thrust belts
A contribution to the quantification of crustal shortening and kinematics of deformation across the Western Andes ( ∼ 20–22° S)
Rift thermal inheritance in the SW Alps (France): insights from RSCM thermometry and 1D thermal numerical modelling
Analogue modelling of basin inversion: the role of oblique kinematics and implications for the Araripe Basin (Brazil)
The Luangwa Rift Active Fault Database and fault reactivation along the southwestern branch of the East African Rift
Clustering has a meaning: optimization of angular similarity to detect 3D geometric anomalies in geological terrains
Shear zone evolution and the path of earthquake rupture
Mechanical compaction mechanisms in the input sediments of the Sumatra subduction complex – insights from microstructural analysis of cores from IODP Expedition 362
Detecting micro fractures: a comprehensive comparison of conventional and machine-learning-based segmentation methods
Multiscale lineament analysis and permeability heterogeneity of fractured crystalline basement blocks
Structural characterization and K–Ar illite dating of reactivated, complex and heterogeneous fault zones: lessons from the Zuccale Fault, Northern Apennines
How do differences in interpreting seismic images affect estimates of geological slip rates?
Progressive veining during peridotite carbonation: insights from listvenites in Hole BT1B, Samail ophiolite (Oman)
Tectonic evolution of the Indio Hills segment of the San Andreas fault in southern California, southwestern USA
Structural diagenesis in ultra-deep tight sandstones in the Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, China
Variscan structures and their control on latest to post-Variscan basin architecture: insights from the westernmost Bohemian Massif and southeastern Germany
Multi-disciplinary characterizations of the BedrettoLab – a new underground geoscience research facility
Biotite supports long-range diffusive transport in dissolution–precipitation creep in halite through small porosity fluctuations
De-risking the energy transition by quantifying the uncertainties in fault stability
Virtual field trip to the Esla Nappe (Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain): delivering traditional geological mapping skills remotely using real data
Marine forearc structure of eastern Java and its role in the 1994 Java tsunami earthquake
Roughness of fracture surfaces in numerical models and laboratory experiments
Impact of basement thrust faults on low-angle normal faults and rift basin evolution: a case study in the Enping sag, Pearl River Basin
Evidence for and significance of the Late Cretaceous Asteroussia event in the Gondwanan Ios basement terranes
Investigating spatial heterogeneity within fracture networks using hierarchical clustering and graph distance metrics
Dating folding beyond folding, from layer-parallel shortening to fold tightening, using mesostructures: lessons from the Apennines, Pyrenees, and Rocky Mountains
Deformation-enhanced diagenesis and bacterial proliferation in the Nankai accretionary prism
Rheological stratification in impure rock salt during long-term creep: morphology, microstructure, and numerical models of multilayer folds in the Ocnele Mari salt mine, Romania
Geodynamic and seismotectonic model of a long-lived transverse structure: The Schio-Vicenza Fault System (NE Italy)
Neogene kinematics of the Giudicarie Belt and eastern Southern Alpine orogenic front (northern Italy)
Fault interpretation uncertainties using seismic data, and the effects on fault seal analysis: a case study from the Horda Platform, with implications for CO2 storage
Reply to Norini and Groppelli's comment on “Estimating the depth and evolution of intrusions at resurgent calderas: Los Humeros (Mexico)” by Urbani et al. (2020)
Emplacement of “exotic” Zechstein slivers along the inverted Sontra Graben (northern Hessen, Germany): clues from balanced cross sections and geometrical forward modeling
Kinematics of subduction in the Ibero-Armorican arc constrained by 3D microstructural analysis of garnet and pseudomorphed lawsonite porphyroblasts from Île de Groix (Variscan belt)
Frictional properties and microstructural evolution of dry and wet calcite–dolomite gouges
Experimental evidence that viscous shear zones generate periodic pore sheets
Influence of inherited structural domains and their particular strain distributions on the Roer Valley graben evolution from inversion to extension
The Piuquencillo fault system: a long-lived, Andean-transverse fault system and its relationship with magmatic and hydrothermal activity
Adam J. Cawood, Hannah Watkins, Clare E. Bond, Marian J. Warren, and Mark A. Cooper
Solid Earth, 14, 1005–1030, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1005-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1005-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here we test conceptual models of fracture development by investigating fractures across multiple scales. We find that most fractures increase in abundance towards the fold hinge, and we interpret these as being fold related. Other fractures at the site show inconsistent orientations and are unrelated to fold formation. Our results show that predicting fracture patterns requires the consideration of multiple geologic variables.
Johanna Heeb, David Healy, Nicholas E. Timms, and Enrique Gomez-Rivas
Solid Earth, 14, 985–1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-985-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-985-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hydration of rocks is a key process in the Earth’s crust and mantle that is accompanied by changes in physical traits and mechanical behaviour of rocks. This study assesses the influence of stress on hydration reaction kinetics and mechanics in experiments on anhydrite. We show that hydration occurs readily under stress and results in localized hydration along fractures and mechanic weakening. New gypsum growth is selective and depends on the stress field and host anhydrite crystal orientation.
Roy Helge Gabrielsen, Panagiotis Athanasios Giannenas, Dimitrios Sokoutis, Ernst Willingshofer, Muhammad Hassaan, and Jan Inge Faleide
Solid Earth, 14, 961–983, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-961-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-961-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Barents Shear Margin defines the border between the relatively shallow Barents Sea that is situated on a continental plate and the deep ocean. This margin's evolution history was probably influenced by plate tectonic reorganizations. From scaled experiments, we deduced several types of structures (faults, folds, and sedimentary basins) that help us to improve the understanding of the history of the opening of the North Atlantic.
Leslie Logan, Ervin Veress, Joel B. H. Andersson, Olof Martinsson, and Tobias E. Bauer
Solid Earth, 14, 763–784, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-763-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-763-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Pahtohavare Cu ± Au deposits in the Kiruna mining district have a dubious timing of formation and have not been contextualized within an up-to-date tectonic framework. Structural mapping was carried out to reveal that the deposits are hosted in brittle structures that cut a noncylindrical, SE-plunging anticline constrained to have formed during the late-Svecokarelian orogeny. These results show that Cu ± Au mineralization formed more than ca. 80 Myr after iron oxide–apatite mineralization.
Alexandra Tamas, Dan M. Tamas, Gabor Tari, Csaba Krezsek, Alexandru Lapadat, and Zsolt Schleder
Solid Earth, 14, 741–761, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-741-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tectonic processes are complex and often difficult to understand due to the limitations of surface or subsurface data. One such process is inversion tectonics, which means that an area initially developed in an extension (such as the opening of an ocean) is reversed to compression (the process leading to mountain building). In this research, we use a laboratory method (analogue modelling), and with the help of a sandbox, we try to better understand structures (folds/faults) related to inversion.
Elizabeth Parker Wilson, Pablo Granado, Pablo Santolaria, Oriol Ferrer, and Josep Anton Muñoz
Solid Earth, 14, 709–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-709-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-709-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work focuses on the control of accommodation zones on extensional and subsequent inversion in salt-detached domains using sandbox analogue models. During extension, the transfer zone acts as a pathway for the movement of salt, changing the expected geometries. When inverted, the salt layer and syn-inversion sedimentation control the deformation style in the salt-detached cover system. Three natural cases are compared to the model results and show similar inversion geometries.
Oriol Ferrer, Eloi Carola, and Ken McClay
Solid Earth, 14, 571–589, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-571-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-571-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using an experimental approach based on scaled sandbox models, this work aims to understand how salt above different rotational fault blocks influences the cover geometry and evolution, first during extension and then during inversion. The results show that inherited salt structures constrain contractional deformation. We show for the first time how welds and fault welds are reopened during contractional deformation, having direct implications for the subsurface exploration of natural resources.
Chiara Montemagni, Stefano Zanchetta, Martina Rocca, Igor M. Villa, Corrado Morelli, Volkmar Mair, and Andrea Zanchi
Solid Earth, 14, 551–570, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Vinschgau Shear Zone (VSZ) is one of the largest and most significant shear zones developed within the Late Cretaceous thrust stack in the Austroalpine domain of the eastern Alps. 40Ar / 39Ar geochronology constrains the activity of the VSZ between 97 and 80 Ma. The decreasing vorticity towards the core of the shear zone, coupled with the younging of mylonites, points to a shear thinning behavior. The deepest units of the Eo-Alpine orogenic wedge were exhumed along the VSZ.
Jordi Miró, Oriol Ferrer, Josep Anton Muñoz, and Gianreto Manastchal
Solid Earth, 14, 425–445, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-425-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-425-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using the Asturian–Basque–Cantabrian system and analogue (sandbox) models, this work focuses on the linkage between basement-controlled and salt-decoupled domains and how deformation is accommodated between the two during extension and subsequent inversion. Analogue models show significant structural variability in the transitional domain, with oblique structures that can be strongly modified by syn-contractional sedimentation. Experimental results are consistent with the case study.
Junichi Fukuda, Takamoto Okudaira, and Yukiko Ohtomo
Solid Earth, 14, 409–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-409-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-409-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured water distributions in deformed quartz by infrared spectroscopy mapping and used the results to discuss changes in water distribution resulting from textural development. Because of the grain size reduction process (dynamic recrystallization), water contents decrease from 40–1750 wt ppm in host grains of ~2 mm to 100–510 wt ppm in recrystallized regions composed of fine grains of ~10 µm. Our results indicate that water is released and homogenized by dynamic recrystallization.
Michael Rudolf, Matthias Rosenau, and Onno Oncken
Solid Earth, 14, 311–331, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Analogue models of tectonic processes rely on the reproduction of their geometry, kinematics and dynamics. An important property is fault behaviour, which is linked to the frictional characteristics of the fault gouge. This is represented by granular materials, such as quartz sand. In our study we investigate the time-dependent frictional properties of various analogue materials and highlight their impact on the suitability of these materials for analogue models focusing on fault reactivation.
Jessica Barabasch, Joyce Schmatz, Jop Klaver, Alexander Schwedt, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 14, 271–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed Zechstein salt with microscopes and observed specific microstructures that indicate much faster deformation in rock salt with fine halite grains when compared to salt with larger grains. This is important because people build large cavities in the subsurface salt for energy storage or want to deposit radioactive waste inside it. When engineers and scientists use grain-size data and equations that include this mechanism, it will help to make better predictions in geological models.
Nicolás Molnar and Susanne Buiter
Solid Earth, 14, 213–235, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Progression of orogenic wedges over pre-existing extensional structures is common in nature, but deciphering the spatio-temporal evolution of deformation from the geological record remains challenging. Our laboratory experiments provide insights on how horizontal stresses are transferred across a heterogeneous crust, constrain which pre-shortening conditions can either favour or hinder the reactivatation of extensional structures, and explain what implications they have on critical taper theory.
Tania Habel, Martine Simoes, Robin Lacassin, Daniel Carrizo, and German Aguilar
Solid Earth, 14, 17–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-17-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-17-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Central Andes are one of the most emblematic reliefs on Earth, but their western flank remains understudied. Here we explore two rare key sites in the hostile conditions of the Atacama desert to build cross-sections, quantify crustal shortening, and discuss the timing of this deformation at ∼20–22°S. We propose that the structures of the Western Andes accommodated significant crustal shortening here, but only during the earliest stages of mountain building.
Naïm Célini, Frédéric Mouthereau, Abdeltif Lahfid, Claude Gout, and Jean-Paul Callot
Solid Earth, 14, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the peak temperature of sedimentary rocks of the SW Alps (France), using Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material. This method provides an estimate of the peak temperature achieved by organic-rich rocks. To determine the timing and the tectonic context of the origin of these temperatures we use 1D thermal modelling. We find that the high temperatures up to 300 °C were achieved during precollisional extensional events, not during tectonic burial in the Western Alps.
Pâmela Cristina Richetti, Frank Zwaan, Guido Schreurs, Renata S. Schmitt, and Timothy Chris Schmid
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1251, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1251, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Araripe Basin in NE Brazil was originally formed during Cretaceous times, as South America and Africa broke up. The basin is an important analogue to offshore South Atlantic break-up basins; its sediments were uplifted and are now found at a 1000 m height, allowing for study, but the cause of the uplift remains debated. Here we ran a series of tectonic laboratory experiments that show how a specific plate tectonic configuration can explain the evolution of the Araripe Basin.
Luke N. J. Wedmore, Tess Turner, Juliet Biggs, Jack N. Williams, Henry M. Sichingabula, Christine Kabumbu, and Kawawa Banda
Solid Earth, 13, 1731–1753, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mapping and compiling the attributes of faults capable of hosting earthquakes are important for the next generation of seismic hazard assessment. We document 18 active faults in the Luangwa Rift, Zambia, in an active fault database. These faults are between 9 and 207 km long offset Quaternary sediments, have scarps up to ~30 m high, and are capable of hosting earthquakes from Mw 5.8 to 8.1. We associate the Molaza Fault with surface ruptures from two unattributed M 6+ 20th century earthquakes.
Michał P. Michalak, Lesław Teper, Florian Wellmann, Jerzy Żaba, Krzysztof Gaidzik, Marcin Kostur, Yuriy P. Maystrenko, and Paulina Leonowicz
Solid Earth, 13, 1697–1720, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1697-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1697-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
When characterizing geological/geophysical surfaces, various geometric attributes are calculated, such as dip angle (1D) or dip direction (2D). However, the boundaries between specific values may be subjective and without optimization significance, resulting from using default color palletes. This study proposes minimizing cosine distance among within-cluster observations to detect 3D anomalies. Our results suggest that the method holds promise for identification of megacylinders or megacones.
Erik M. Young, Christie D. Rowe, and James D. Kirkpatrick
Solid Earth, 13, 1607–1629, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1607-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1607-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Studying how earthquakes spread deep within the faults they originate from is crucial to improving our understanding of the earthquake process. We mapped preserved ancient earthquake surfaces that are now exposed in South Africa and studied their relationship with the shape and type of rocks surrounding them. We determined that these surfaces are not random and are instead associated with specific kinds of rocks and that their shape is linked to the evolution of the faults in which they occur.
Sivaji Lahiri, Kitty L. Milliken, Peter Vrolijk, Guillaume Desbois, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 13, 1513–1539, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1513-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1513-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the mechanism of mechanical compaction is important. Previous studies on mechanical compaction were mostly done by performing experiments. Studies on natural rocks are rare due to compositional heterogeneity of the sedimentary succession with depth. Due to remarkable similarity in composition and grain size, the Sumatra subduction complex provides a unique opportunity to study the micromechanism of mechanical compaction on natural samples.
Dongwon Lee, Nikolaos Karadimitriou, Matthias Ruf, and Holger Steeb
Solid Earth, 13, 1475–1494, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1475-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1475-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research article focuses on filtering and segmentation methods employed in high-resolution µXRCT studies for crystalline rocks, bearing fractures, or fracture networks, of very small aperture. Specifically, we focus on the identification of artificially induced (via quenching) fractures in Carrara marble samples. Results from the same dataset from all five different methods adopted were produced and compared with each other in terms of their output quality and time efficiency.
Alberto Ceccato, Giulia Tartaglia, Marco Antonellini, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 13, 1431–1453, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's surface is commonly characterized by the occurrence of fractures, which can be mapped, and their can be geometry quantified on digital representations of the surface at different scales of observation. Here we present a series of analytical and statistical tools, which can aid the quantification of fracture spatial distribution at different scales. In doing so, we can improve our understanding of how fracture geometry and geology affect fluid flow within the fractured Earth crust.
Giulio Viola, Giovanni Musumeci, Francesco Mazzarini, Lorenzo Tavazzani, Manuel Curzi, Espen Torgersen, Roelant van der Lelij, and Luca Aldega
Solid Earth, 13, 1327–1351, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A structural-geochronological approach helps to unravel the Zuccale Fault's architecture. By mapping its internal structure and dating some of its fault rocks, we constrained a deformation history lasting 20 Myr starting at ca. 22 Ma. Such long activity is recorded by now tightly juxtaposed brittle structural facies, i.e. different types of fault rocks. Our results also have implications on the regional evolution of the northern Apennines, of which the Zuccale Fault is an important structure.
Wan-Lin Hu
Solid Earth, 13, 1281–1290, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1281-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1281-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Having a seismic image is generally expected to enable us to better determine fault geometry and thus estimate geological slip rates accurately. However, the process of interpreting seismic images may introduce unintended uncertainties, which have not yet been widely discussed. Here, a case of a shear fault-bend fold in the frontal Himalaya is used to demonstrate how differences in interpretations can affect the following estimates of slip rates and dependent conclusions.
Manuel D. Menzel, Janos L. Urai, Estibalitz Ukar, Thierry Decrausaz, and Marguerite Godard
Solid Earth, 13, 1191–1218, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1191-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1191-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mantle rocks can bind large quantities of carbon by reaction with CO2, but this capacity requires fluid pathways not to be clogged by carbonate. We studied mantle rocks from Oman to understand the mechanisms allowing their transformation into carbonate and quartz. Using advanced imaging techniques, we show that abundant veins were essential fluid pathways driving the reaction. Our results show that tectonic stress was important for fracture opening and a key ingredient for carbon fixation.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl, Steffen G. Bergh, and Arthur G. Sylvester
Solid Earth, 13, 1169–1190, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The San Andreas fault is a major active fault associated with ongoing earthquake sequences in southern California. The present study investigates the development of the Indio Hills area in the Coachella Valley along the main San Andreas fault and the Indio Hills fault. The Indio Hills area is located near an area with high ongoing earthquake activity (Brawley seismic zone), and, therefore, its recent tectonic evolution has implications for earthquake prediction.
Jin Lai, Dong Li, Yong Ai, Hongkun Liu, Deyang Cai, Kangjun Chen, Yuqiang Xie, and Guiwen Wang
Solid Earth, 13, 975–1002, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-975-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-975-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
(1) Structural diagenesis analysis is performed on the ultra-deep tight sandstone. (2) Fracture and intergranular pores are related to the low in situ stress magnitudes. (3) Dissolution is associated with the presence of fracture.
Hamed Fazlikhani, Wolfgang Bauer, and Harald Stollhofen
Solid Earth, 13, 393–416, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Interpretation of newly acquired FRANKEN 2D seismic survey data in southeeastern Germany shows that upper Paleozoic low-grade metasedimentary rocks and possible nappe units are transported by Variscan shear zones to ca. 65 km west of the Franconian Fault System (FFS). We show that the locations of post-Variscan upper Carboniferous–Permian normal faults and associated graben and half-graben basins are controlled by the geometry of underlying Variscan shear zones.
Xiaodong Ma, Marian Hertrich, Florian Amann, Kai Bröker, Nima Gholizadeh Doonechaly, Valentin Gischig, Rebecca Hochreutener, Philipp Kästli, Hannes Krietsch, Michèle Marti, Barbara Nägeli, Morteza Nejati, Anne Obermann, Katrin Plenkers, Antonio P. Rinaldi, Alexis Shakas, Linus Villiger, Quinn Wenning, Alba Zappone, Falko Bethmann, Raymi Castilla, Francisco Seberto, Peter Meier, Thomas Driesner, Simon Loew, Hansruedi Maurer, Martin O. Saar, Stefan Wiemer, and Domenico Giardini
Solid Earth, 13, 301–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Questions on issues such as anthropogenic earthquakes and deep geothermal energy developments require a better understanding of the fractured rock. Experiments conducted at reduced scales but with higher-resolution observations can shed some light. To this end, the BedrettoLab was recently established in an existing tunnel in Ticino, Switzerland, with preliminary efforts to characterize realistic rock mass behavior at the hectometer scale.
Berit Schwichtenberg, Florian Fusseis, Ian B. Butler, and Edward Andò
Solid Earth, 13, 41–64, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-41-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-41-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Hydraulic rock properties such as porosity and permeability are relevant factors that have an impact on groundwater resources, geological repositories and fossil fuel reservoirs. We investigate the influence of chemical compaction upon the porosity evolution in salt–biotite mixtures and related transport length scales by conducting laboratory experiments in combination with 4-D analysis. Our observations invite a renewed discussion of the effect of sheet silicates on chemical compaction.
David Healy and Stephen Paul Hicks
Solid Earth, 13, 15–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-15-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-15-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The energy transition requires operations in faulted rocks. To manage the technical challenges and public concern over possible induced earthquakes, we need to quantify the risks. We calculate the probability of fault slip based on uncertain inputs, stresses, fluid pressures, and the mechanical properties of rocks in fault zones. Our examples highlight the specific gaps in our knowledge. Citizen science projects could produce useful data and include the public in the discussions about hazards.
Manuel I. de Paz-Álvarez, Thomas G. Blenkinsop, David M. Buchs, George E. Gibbons, and Lesley Cherns
Solid Earth, 13, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a virtual geological mapping course implemented in response to travelling and social restrictions derived from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The course was designed to replicate a physical mapping exercise as closely as possible with the aid of real field data and photographs collected by the authors during previous years in the Cantabrian Zone (NW Spain). The course is delivered through Google Earth via a KMZ file with outcrop descriptions and links to GitHub-hosted photographs.
Yueyang Xia, Jacob Geersen, Dirk Klaeschen, Bo Ma, Dietrich Lange, Michael Riedel, Michael Schnabel, and Heidrun Kopp
Solid Earth, 12, 2467–2477, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2467-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2467-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The 2 June 1994 Java tsunami earthquake ruptured in a seismically quiet subduction zone and generated a larger-than-expected tsunami. Here, we re-process a seismic line across the rupture area. We show that a subducting seamount is located up-dip of the mainshock in a region that did not rupture during the earthquake. Seamount subduction modulates the topography of the marine forearc and acts as a seismic barrier in the 1994 earthquake rupture.
Steffen Abe and Hagen Deckert
Solid Earth, 12, 2407–2424, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2407-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2407-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use numerical simulations and laboratory experiments on rock samples to investigate how stress conditions influence the geometry and roughness of fracture surfaces. The roughness of the surfaces was analyzed in terms of absolute roughness and scaling properties. The results show that the surfaces are self-affine but with different scaling properties between the numerical models and the real rock samples. Results suggest that stress conditions have little influence on the surface roughness.
Chao Deng, Rixiang Zhu, Jianhui Han, Yu Shu, Yuxiang Wu, Kefeng Hou, and Wei Long
Solid Earth, 12, 2327–2350, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2327-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2327-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses seismic reflection data to interpret the geometric relationship and evolution of intra-basement and rift-related structures in the Enping sag in the northern South China Sea. Our observations suggest the primary control of pre-existing thrust faults is the formation of low-angle normal faults, with possible help from low-friction materials, and the significant role of pre-existing basement thrust faults in fault geometry, paleotopography, and syn-rift stratigraphy of rift basins.
Sonia Yeung, Marnie Forster, Emmanuel Skourtsos, and Gordon Lister
Solid Earth, 12, 2255–2275, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2255-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2255-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We do not know when the ancient Tethys Ocean lithosphere began to founder, but one clue can be found in subduction accreted tectonic slices, including Gondwanan basement terranes on the island of Ios, Cyclades, Greece. We propose a 250–300 km southwards jump of the subduction megathrust with a period of flat-slab subduction followed by slab break-off. The initiation and its subsequent rollback of a new subduction zone would explain the onset of Oligo–Miocene extension and accompanying magmatism.
Rahul Prabhakaran, Giovanni Bertotti, Janos Urai, and David Smeulders
Solid Earth, 12, 2159–2209, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2159-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2159-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Rock fractures are organized as networks with spatially varying arrangements. Due to networks' influence on bulk rock behaviour, it is important to quantify network spatial variation. We utilize an approach where fracture networks are treated as spatial graphs. By combining graph similarity measures with clustering techniques, spatial clusters within large-scale fracture networks are identified and organized hierarchically. The method is validated on a dataset with nearly 300 000 fractures.
Olivier Lacombe, Nicolas E. Beaudoin, Guilhem Hoareau, Aurélie Labeur, Christophe Pecheyran, and Jean-Paul Callot
Solid Earth, 12, 2145–2157, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2145-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2145-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper aims to illustrate how the timing and duration of contractional deformation associated with folding in orogenic forelands can be constrained by the dating of brittle mesostructures observed in folded strata. The study combines new and already published absolute ages of fractures to provide, for the first time, an educated discussion about the factors controlling the duration of the sequence of deformation encompassing layer-parallel shortening, fold growth, and late fold tightening.
Vincent Famin, Hugues Raimbourg, Muriel Andreani, and Anne-Marie Boullier
Solid Earth, 12, 2067–2085, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sediments accumulated in accretionary prisms are deformed by the compression imposed by plate subduction. Here we show that deformation of the sediments transforms some minerals in them. We suggest that these mineral transformations are due to the proliferation of microorganisms boosted by deformation. Deformation-enhanced microbial proliferation may change our view of sedimentary and tectonic processes in subduction zones.
Marta Adamuszek, Dan M. Tămaş, Jessica Barabasch, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 12, 2041–2065, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2041-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2041-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse folded multilayer sequences in the Ocnele Mari salt mine (Romania) to gain insight into the long-term rheological behaviour of rock salt. Our results indicate the large role of even a small number of impurities in the rock salt for its effective mechanical behaviour. We demonstrate how the development of folds that occur at various scales can be used to constrain the viscosity ratio in the deformed multilayer sequence.
Dario Zampieri, Paola Vannoli, and Pierfrancesco Burrato
Solid Earth, 12, 1967–1986, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1967-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1967-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The long-lived Schio-Vicenza Fault System is a major shear zone cross-cutting the foreland and the thrust belt of the eastern southern Alps. We review 150 years of scientific works and explain its activity and kinematics, characterized by sinistral and dextral transcurrent motion along its southern and northern sections, respectively, by a geodynamic model that has the Adria indenter as the main actor and coherently reconciles the available geological and geophysical evidence collected so far.
Vincent F. Verwater, Eline Le Breton, Mark R. Handy, Vincenzo Picotti, Azam Jozi Najafabadi, and Christian Haberland
Solid Earth, 12, 1309–1334, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Balancing along geological cross sections reveals that the Giudicarie Belt comprises two kinematic domains. The SW domain accommodated at least ~ 18 km Late Oligocene to Early Miocene shortening. Since the Middle Miocene, the SW domain experienced at least ~ 12–22 km shortening, whereas the NE domain underwent at least ~ 25–35 km. Together, these domains contributed to ~ 40–47 km of sinistral offset of the Periadriatic Fault along the Northern Giudicarie Fault since the Late Oligocene.
Emma A. H. Michie, Mark J. Mulrooney, and Alvar Braathen
Solid Earth, 12, 1259–1286, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1259-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1259-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Generating an accurate model of the subsurface is crucial when assessing a site for CO2 storage, particularly for a fault-bound storage site that may act as a seal or could reactivate upon CO2 injection. However, we have shown how picking strategy, i.e. line spacing, chosen to create the model significantly influences any subsequent fault analyses but is surprisingly rarely discussed. This analysis has been performed on the Vette Fault bounding the Smeaheia potential CO2 storage site.
Stefano Urbani, Guido Giordano, Federico Lucci, Federico Rossetti, and Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez
Solid Earth, 12, 1111–1124, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1111-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1111-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Structural studies in active calderas have a key role in the exploration of geothermal systems. We reply in detail to the points raised by the comment of Norini and Groppelli (2020), strengthening the relevance of our structural fieldwork for geothermal exploration and exploitation in active caldera geothermal systems including the Los Humeros caldera.
Jakob Bolz and Jonas Kley
Solid Earth, 12, 1005–1024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1005-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1005-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To assess the role smaller graben structures near the southern edge of the Central European Basin System play in the basin’s overall deformational history, we take advantage of a feature found on some of these structures, where slivers from older rock units appear along the graben's main fault, surrounded on both sides by younger strata. The implications for the geometry of the fault provide a substantially improved estimate for the magnitude of normal and thrust motion along the fault system.
Domingo G. A. M. Aerden, Alejandro Ruiz-Fuentes, Mohammad Sayab, and Aidan Forde
Solid Earth, 12, 971–992, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-971-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-971-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the geometry of foliations and microfolds preserved within metamorphic garnet crystals using X-ray tomography. The studied rocks are blueschists from Ile de Groix formed during Late Devonian subduction of Gondwana under Armorica. Several sets of differently oriented microfabrics were found recording variations in the direction of subduction. Comparison with similar data for Iberia supports that Iberia rotated only 10–20° during the Cretaceous opening of the North Atlantic.
Matteo Demurtas, Steven A.F. Smith, Elena Spagnuolo, and Giulio Di Toro
Solid Earth, 12, 595–612, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-595-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-595-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We performed shear experiments on calcite–dolomite gouge mixtures to better understand the behaviour of carbonates during sub-seismic to seismic deformation in the shallow crust. The development of a foliation in the gouge was only restricted to coseismic sliding, whereas fluidisation occurred over a wide range of slip velocities (sub-seismic to coseismic) in the presence of water. These observations will contribute to a better interpretation of the rock record.
James Gilgannon, Marius Waldvogel, Thomas Poulet, Florian Fusseis, Alfons Berger, Auke Barnhoorn, and Marco Herwegh
Solid Earth, 12, 405–420, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-405-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-405-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using experiments that simulate deep tectonic interfaces, known as viscous shear zones, we found that these zones spontaneously develop periodic sheets of small pores. The presence of porous layers in deep rocks undergoing tectonic deformation is significant because it requires a change to the current model of how the Earth deforms. Emergent porous layers in viscous rocks will focus mineralising fluids and could lead to the seismic failure of rocks that are never supposed to have this occur.
Jef Deckers, Bernd Rombaut, Koen Van Noten, and Kris Vanneste
Solid Earth, 12, 345–361, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-345-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-345-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows the presence of two structural domains in the western border fault system of the Roer Valley graben. These domains, dominated by NW–SE-striking faults, displayed distinctly different strain distributions during both Late Cretaceous compression and Cenozoic extension. The southern domain is characterized by narrow, localized faulting, while the northern domain is characterized by wide, distributed faulting. The non-colinear WNW–ESE Grote Brogel fault links both domains.
José Piquer, Orlando Rivera, Gonzalo Yáñez, and Nicolás Oyarzún
Solid Earth, 12, 253–273, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-253-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-253-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A proper recognition of deep, long-lived fault systems is very important for society. They can produce potentially dangerous earthquakes. They can also act as pathways for magmas and hydrothermal fluids, leading to the formation of volcanoes, geothermal systems and mineral deposits. However, the manifestations of these very old faults in the present-day surface can be very subtle. Here, we present a detailed, multi-disciplinary study of a fault system of this type in the Andes of central Chile.
Cited articles
Abdullah, A., Nassr, S., and Ghaleeb, A.: Landsat ETM-7 for Lineament Mapping
Using Automatic Extraction Technique in the SW Part of Taiz Area, Yemen,
Global Journal of Human-Social Science Research (B), 13, 35–38, 2013. a
AgiSoft PhotoScan Professional (Version 1.2.6): PhotoScan Professional
(Version 1.2.6), available at: http://www.agisoft.com/downloads/installer/ (last access: 8 August 2019),
2016. a
Ahmadzadeh, R.: Douglas-Peucker Algorithm, available at:
https://nl.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/61046-douglas-peucker-algorithm?s_tid=prof_contriblnk
(last access: 17 September 2019),
2017. a
Aljuboori, F., Corbett, P. W. M., Bisdom, K., Bertotti, G., and Geiger, S.:
Using Outcrop Data for Geological Well Test Modelling in Fractured
Reservoirs, in: 77th EAGE Conference and Exhibition, Madrid, Spain, 1–5 June 2015, We-N118-01, https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201413037, 2015. a
Andrews, B. J., Roberts, J. J., Shipton, Z. K., Bigi, S., Tartarello, M. C., and Johnson, G.: How do we see fractures? Quantifying subjective bias in fracture data collection, Solid Earth, 10, 487–516, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-487-2019, 2019. a
Bellahsen, N., Mouthereau, F., Boutoux, A., Bellanger, M., Lacombe, O.,
Jolivet, L., and Rolland, Y.: Collision kinematics in the western external
Alps, Tectonics, 33, 1055–1088, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013tc003453, 2014. a
Bemis, S. P., Micklethwaite, S., Turner, D., James, M. R., Akciz, S., Thiele,
S. T., and Bangash, H. A.: Ground-based and UAV-Based photogrammetry: A
multi-scale, high-resolution mapping tool for structural geology and
paleoseismology, J. Structu. Geol., 69, 163–178,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2014.10.007, 2014. a
Berio, L., Balsamo, F., Mittempergher, S., Mozafari, M., Storti, F.,
Bistacchi, A., Bruna, P.-O., and Bertotti, G.: Deformation pattern in
the thrust-related Parmelan Anticline (Bornes Massif, Subalpine Chains,
Haute-Savoie, France): preliminary results, in: 20th EGU General Assembly,
Vienna, Austria, 8–13 April 2018, 2018EGUGA.20.8923B,
available at: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:259ea083-7bac-43d8-a4c5-34e79cc001e6 (last access: 2 December 2019),
2018. a
Bisdom, K., Nick, H., and Bertotti, G.: An integrated workflow for stress and
flow modelling using outcrop-derived discrete fracture networks, Comput.
Geosci., 103, 21–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2017.02.019, 2017. a, b
Bolkas, D., Vazaios, I., Peidou, A., and Vlachopoulos, N.: Detection of Rock
Discontinuity Traces Using Terrestrial LiDAR Data and Space-Frequency
Transforms, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 36, 1745–1765,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0430-6, 2018. a, b
Bond, C., Gibbs, A., Shipton, Z., and Jones, S.: What do you think this is?:
“Conceptual uncertainty” in geoscience interpretation, GSA Today, 17, 4–10, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAT01711A.1, 2007. a
Bond, C., Johnson, G., and Ellis, J.: Structural model creation: the impact of
data type and creative space on geological reasoning and interpretation,
Geological Society of London Special Publications, 421, 83–97,
https://doi.org/10.1144/SP421.4, 2015. a
Bonetto, S., Facello, A., Ferrero, A. M., and Umili, G.: A tool for
semi-automatic linear feature detection based on DTM, Comput.
Geosci., 75, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2014.10.005, 2015. a
Bonetto, S., Facello, A., and Gessica, U.: A New Application of Curvatool
Semi-automatic Approach To Qualitatively Detect Geological Lineaments,
Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, 23, 179–190,
https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.23.3.179, 2017. a
Bruna, P.-O., Straubhaar, J., Prabhakaran, R., Bertotti, G., Bisdom, K., Mariethoz, G., and Meda, M.: A new methodology to train fracture network simulation using multiple-point statistics, Solid Earth, 10, 537–559, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-537-2019, 2019. a
Callatay, G.: Hough Transform Application to Natural Fracture Networks:
Detection, Characterization and Simulation, Master's thesis, Delft University of Technology, 2016. a
Candès, E. J. and Donoho, D. L.: Continuous curvelet transform: I. Resolution
of the wavefront set, Appl. Comput. Harmon. A., 19,
162–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2005.02.003, 2005. a
Candès, E. J. and Guo, F.: New multiscale transforms, minimum total variation
synthesis: applications to edge-preserving image reconstruction, Signal
Process., 82, 1519–1543, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1684(02)00300-6, 2002. a
Canny, J.: A Computational Approach to Edge Detection, IEEE T.
Pattern Anal., PAMI-8, 679–698,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1986.4767851, 1986. a
Daubechies, I.: Ten Lectures on Wavelets, CBMS-NSF Regional Conference Series
in Applied Mathematics, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics,
Philadelphia, USA, 1999 Edn., https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611970104, 1992. a
Do, M. N. and Vetterli, M.: The contourlet transform: an efficient directional
multiresolution image representation, IEEE T. Image Process.,
14, 2091–2106, https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2005.859376, 2005. a
Donoho, D. L.: Wedgelets: Nearly Minimax Estimation of Edges, Ann.
Stat., 27, 859–897,
1999. a
Donovan, J. and Lebaron, A.: A Comparison of Photogrammetry And Laser Scanning
For the Purpose of Automated Rock Mass Characterization, in: 43rd U.S. Rock
Mechanics Symposium & 4th U.S. – Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium, 28 June–1
July 2009, Asheville, North Carolina, USA, ARMA-09-122,
available at: https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/ARMA-09-122 (last access: 10 December 2018), 2009. a
Douglas, D. and Peucker, T.: Algorithms for the Reduction of the Number of
Points Required to Represent a Digitized Line or its Caricature,
Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and
Geovisualization, 10, 112–122, https://doi.org/10.3138/FM57-6770-U75U-7727, 1973. a
Duda, R. O. and Hart, P. E.: Use of the Hough Transformation to Detect Lines
and Curves in Pictures, Commun. ACM, 15, 11–15,
https://doi.org/10.1145/361237.361242, 1972. a
Dupont, E., Zhang, T., Tilke, P., Liang, L., and Bailey, W.: Generating
Realistic Geology Conditioned on Physical Measurements with Generative
Adversarial Networks, in: 35th International Conference on Machine Learning,
Stockholm, Sweden, 10–15 July 2018,
available at: https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.03065v3 (last access: 1 May 2019), 2018. a
Ennes-Silva, R. A., Bezerra, F. H. R., Nogueira, F. C. C., Balsamo, F.,
Klimchouk, A., Cazarin, C. L., and Auler, A. S.: Superposed folding and
associated fracturing influence hypogene karst development in Neoproterozoic
carbonates, São Francisco Craton, Brazil, Tectonophysics, 666, 244–259,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.11.006, 2016. a
Felsberg, M. and Sommer, G.: The Monogenic Signal, IEEE T. Signal
Process., 49, 3136–3144, https://doi.org/10.1109/78.969520, 2001. a
Gidon, M.: Vues nouvelles sur la structure des massifs des Bornes et des Bauges
orientales, Géologie Alpine, 72, 35–39, 1996. a
Gidon, M.: Failles extensives antérieures au plissement dans les massifs
subalpins: un exemple nouveau dans le massif des Bornes (France), Géologie
Alpine, 74, 91–96, 1998. a
Goodfellow, I. J., Pouget-Abadie, J., Mirza, M., Xu, B., Warde-Farley, D.,
Ozair, S., Courville, A., and Bengio, Y.: Generative Adversarial Nets, in:
Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Neural Information
Processing Systems – Volume 2, 8–13 December 2014, NIPS'14, pp.
2672–2680, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA,
available at: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2969033.2969125 (last access: 5 April 2019), 2014. a
Grohs, P., Keiper, S., Kutyniok, G., and Schäfer, M.: Alpha-Molecules, Applied
and Computational Harmonic Analysis, 41, 297–336,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2015.10.009, 2016. a
Guimarães, J. T., Misi, A., Pedreira, A. J., and Dominguez, J. M. L.: The
Bebedouro Formation, Una Group, Bahia (Brazil), The Geological Record of
Neoproterozoic Glaciations, Geological Society, London, Memoirs, vol. 36,
chap. 47, 503–508, Geological Society of London, 2011 Edn.,
https://doi.org/10.1144/M36.47, 2011. a
Guo, K., Kutyniok, G., and Labate, D.: Sparse multidimensional representation
using anisotropic dilation and shear operators, in: Wavelets and Splines:
Athens 2005, International Conference on “Interactions between Wavelets and
Splines”, 16–19 May 2005, Athens, Georgia, edited by: Chen, G. and Lai, M.-J.,
Nashboro Press, 189–201, 2005. a, b
Harwin, S. and Lucieer, A.: Assessing the Accuracy of Georeferenced Point
Clouds Produced via Multi-View Stereopsis from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
Imagery, Remote Sens.-Basel, 4, 1573–1599, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4061573, 2012. a
Hashim, M., Ahmad, S., Johari, M. A. M., and Pour, A. B.: Automatic lineament
extraction in a heavily vegetated region using Landsat Enhanced Thematic
Mapper (ETM+) imagery, Ad. Space Res., 51, 874–890,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2012.10.004, 2013. a
He, K., Gkioxari, G., Dollár, P., and Girshick, R.: Mask R-CNN, in: 2017 IEEE
International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) 2980–2988,
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2017.322, 2017. a
Heil, C., Walnut, D. F., and Daubechies, I.: Fundamental Papers in Wavelet
Theory, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA, Princeton
University Press, 2006. a
Hillier, J., Smith, M., Armugam, R., Barr, I., Boston, C., Clark, C., Ely, J.,
Frankl, A., Greenwood, S., Gosselin, L., Hättestrand, C., Hogan, K., Hughes,
A., Livingstone, S., Lovell, H., McHenry, M., Munoz, Y., Pellicer, X.,
Pellitero, R., Robb, C., Roberson, S., Ruther, D., Spagnolo, M., Standell,
M., Stokes, C., Storrar, R., Tate, N., and Wooldridge, K.: Manual mapping of
drumlins in synthetic landscapes to assess operator effectiveness, J.
Maps, 11, 719–729, https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2014.957251, 2015. a
Huggenberger, P. and Wildi, W.: La tectonique du massif des Bornes (Chaînes
Subalpines, Haute-Savoie, France), Eclogae Geol. Helv., 84,
125–149, https://doi.org/10.5169/seals-166766, 1991. a
Jacques, L., Coron, A., Vandergheynst, P., and Rivoldini, A.: The YAWTb
toolbox: Yet Another Wavelet Toolbox,
available at: http://sites.uclouvain.be/ispgroup/yawtb (last access: 5 August 2017), 2011. a
Karbalaali, H., Javaherian, A., Dahlke, S., Reisenhofer, R., and Torabi, S.:
Seismic channel edge detection using 3D shearlets – a study on synthetic and
real channelised 3D seismic data, Geophys. Prospect., 66,
1272–1289, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2478.12629, 2018. a
King, E. J., Reisenhofer, R., Kiefer, J., Lim, W.-Q., Li, Z., and
Heygster, G.: Shearlet-based edge detection: flame fronts and tidal
flats, in: Applications of Digital Image Processing XXXVIII, SPIE Optical
Engineering + Applications, 2015, San Diego, California, United States,
edited by Tescher, A. G., no. 959905, Proc. SPIE, 9599,
https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2188652, 2015. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k
Kovesi, P.: Phase congruency: A low-level image invariant, Psychol.
Res., 64, 136–148, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004260000024, 2000. a, b
Krupnik, D. and Khan, S.: Close-range, ground-based hyperspectral imaging for
mining applications at various scales: Review and case studies, Earth-Sci.
Rev., 198, 102952,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102952,
2019. a
Kutyniok, G., Lim, W.-Q., and Reisenhofer, R.: ShearLab 3D: Faithful Digital
Shearlet Transforms Based on Compactly Supported Shearlets, ACM T. Math.
Software, 42, 5:1–5:42, https://doi.org/10.1145/2740960, 2016. a
Labate, D., Lim, W.-Q., Kutyniok, G., and Weiss, G.: Sparse multidimensional
representation using shearlets, in: Wavelets XI, Optics and Photonics 2005,
31 July–4 August 2005, San Diego, California, United States, 59140U,
https://doi.org/10.1117/12.613494, 2005. a, b, c, d
Legland, D.: Geom2D, MATLAB File Exchange, available at: https://nl.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/7844-geom2d (last access: 15 August 2018), 2019. a
Le Pennec, E. and Mallat, S.: Sparse Geometric Image Representations with
Bandelets, IEEE T. Image Process., 14, 423–438,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2005.843753, 2005. a
Long, J. J., Jones, R. R., and Daniels, S. E.: Reducing uncertainty in
fracture modelling: assessing the sensitivity of inputs from outcrop
analogues, in: The Geology of Fractured Reservoirs, 24–25 October 2018, The
Geological Society of London, The Geological Society of London, oral
Presentation, 2018. a
Mabee, S. B., Hardcastle, K. C., and Wise, D. U.: A Method of Collecting and
Analyzing Lineaments for Regional-Scale Fractured-Bedrock Aquifer Studies,
Groundwater, 32, 884–894, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00928.x,
1994. a
Mallat, S. and Hwang, W. L.: Singularity detection and processing with
wavelets, IEEE T. Inform. Theory, 38, 617–643,
https://doi.org/10.1109/18.119727, 1992. a
Masoud, A. and Koike, K.: Applicability of computer-aided comprehensive tool
(LINDA: LINeament Detection and Analysis) and shaded digital elevation model
for characterizing and interpreting morphotectonic features from lineaments,
Comput. Geosci., 106, 89–100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2017.06.006,
2017. a
Meng, Q., Hooker, J., and Cartwright, J.: Progressive accretion of antitaxial
crystal fibres: Implications for the kinematics and dynamics of vein
dilation, J. Struct. Geol., 126, 25–36,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.05.006,
2019. a
National Research Council: Rock Fractures and Fluid Flow: Contemporary
Understanding and Applications, Washington, DC, The National Academies Press,
Washington, DC, 1996 Edn., https://doi.org/10.17226/2309, 1996. a
Olson, J. E., Laubach, S. E., and Lander, R. H.: Natural fracture
characterization in tight gas sandstones: Integrating mechanics and
diagenesis, AAPG Bull., 93, 1535–1549, https://doi.org/10.1306/08110909100,
2009. a
Otsu, N.: A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms, IEEE
Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 9, 62–66,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.1979.4310076, 1979. a
Peacock, D., Sanderson, D., Bastesen, E., Rotevatn, A., and Storstein, T.:
Causes of bias and uncertainty in fracture network analysis, Norw.
J. Geol., 9, 16 pp., https://doi.org/10.17850/njg99-1-06, 2019. a, b
Prabhakaran, R.: rahulprabhakaran/Automatic-Fracture-Detection-
Code, Zenodo,
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3245452, 2019. a
Prabhakaran, R., Boersma, Q., Bezerra, F., and Bertotti, G.: Fracture Network
Patterns from the Brejões Outcrop, Irecê Basin, Brazil, 4TU Centre for
Research Data, Dataset,
https://doi.org/10.4121/uuid:67cde05c-9e99-4cc4-8cec-9f2666457d1f, 2019a. a, b, c
Prabhakaran, R., Bruna, P.-O., Bertotti, G., Smeulders, D., and Meda, M.:
Fracture Network Patterns from the Parmelan Anticline, France, 4TU Centre for
Research Data, Dataset,
https://doi.org/10.4121/uuid:3f5e255f-edf7-441f-89f2-1adc7ac2f7d1, 2019b. a, b, c, d
Prewitt, J.: Object enhancement and extraction, in: Picture Processing and
Psychopictorics, Academic Press, New York, 75–149, 1970. a
Reisenhofer, R. and King, E. J.: Edge, Ridge, and Blob Detection with Symmetric
Molecules, SIAM J. Imaging Sci., 12, 1585–1626,
https://doi.org/10.1137/19M1240861, 2019. a
Ren and Malik: Learning a classification model for segmentation, in:
Proceedings Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision,
vol. 1, 10–17, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2003.1238308, 2003. a
Sander, P., Minor, T. B., and Chesley, M. M.: Ground-Water Exploration Based on
Lineament Analysis and Reproducibility Tests, Groundwater, 35, 888–894,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00157.x, 1997. a
Scheiber, T., Fredin, O., Viola, G., Jarna, A., Gasser, D., and Łapińska
Viola, R.: Manual extraction of bedrock lineaments from high-resolution LiDAR
data: methodological bias and human perception, Geologiska Föreningen i
Stockholm (GFF), 137, 362–372, https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2015.1085434,
2015. a
Sobel, I. and Feldman, G.: A 3x3 isotropic gradient operator for image
processing, presented at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Project (SAIL)
in 1968, John Wiley & Sons, 271–272, 1973. a
Thiele, S., Vollgger, S., and Samsu, A.: GeoTrace and Compass rapid trace-mapping (example data), https://doi.org/10.4225/03/5981b31091af9, 2017b. a, b
Thomas, R. N., Paluszny, A., and Zimmerman, R. W.: Effect of Fracture Growth
Velocity Exponent on Fluid Flow through Geomechanically-grown 3D Fracture
Networks, in: 2nd International Discrete Fracture Network Engineering
Conference, 20–22 June 2018, Seattle, Washington, USA, ARMA-DFNE-18-0239,
Seattle, Washington, USA,
available at: https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/ARMA-DFNE-18-0239 (last access: 15 January 2019),
2018. a
Thovert, J.-F., Mourzenko, V., and Adler, P.: Percolation in three-dimensional
fracture networks for arbitrary size and shape distributions, Phys. Rev.
E, 95, 042112, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.95.042112, 2017.
a
Tu, C.-L., Hwang, W.-L., and Ho, J.: Analysis of singularities from modulus
maxima of complex wavelets, IEEE T. Inform. Theory, 51,
1049–1062, https://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.2004.842706, 2005. a
Turner, D., Lucieer, A., and Watson, C.: An Automated Technique for Generating
Georectified Mosaics from Ultra-High Resolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
Imagery, Based on Structure from Motion (SfM) Point Clouds, Remote Sens.-Basel, 4, 5,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4051392, 2012. a
Vasuki, Y., Holden, E.-J., Kovesi, P., and Micklethwaite, S.: Semi-automatic
mapping of geological Structures using UAV-based photogrammetric data: An
image analysis approach, Comput. Geosci., 69, 22–32,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2014.04.012, 2014. a, b
Vasuki, Y., Holden, E.-J., Kovesi, P., and Micklethwaite, S.: An interactive
image segmentation method for lithological boundary detection: A rapid
mapping tool for geologists, Comput. Geosci., 100, 27–40,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2016.12.001, 2017. a, b
Wang, Z., Bovik, A., Sheikh, H., and Simoncelli, E.: Image quality assessment:
from error visibility to structural similarity, IEEE T. Image
Process., 13, 600–612, https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2003.819861, 2004. a
Yi, S., Labate, D., Easley, G. R., and Krim, H.: A Shearlet Approach to Edge
Analysis and Detection, IEEE T. Image Process., 18,
929–941, https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2009.2013082, 2009. a, b
Zhang, T., Tilke, P., Dupont, E., Zhu, L., Liang, L., and Bailey, W.:
Generating Geologically Realistic 3D Reservoir Facies Models Using Deep
Learning of Sedimentary Architecture with Generative Adversarial Networks,
in: International Petroleum Technology Conference, 26–28 March 2019, Beijing,
China, IPTC-19454-MS, International Petroleum Technology Conference, Beijing,
China, https://doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-19454-MS, 2019. a
Short summary
This contribution describes a technique to automatically extract digitized fracture patterns from images of fractured rock. Digitizing fracture patterns, accurately and rapidly with minimal human intervention, is a desirable objective in fractured rock characterization. Our method can extract fractures at varying scales of rock discontinuities, and results are presented from three different outcrop settings. The method enables faster processing of copious amounts of fractured outcrop image data.
This contribution describes a technique to automatically extract digitized fracture patterns...
