Articles | Volume 5, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-537-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-537-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
26 Jun 2014
Research article |
| 26 Jun 2014
Testing the effects of basic numerical implementations of water migration on models of subduction dynamics
M. E. T. Quinquis
Geodynamics Team, Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), Trondheim, Norway
S. J. H. Buiter
Geodynamics Team, Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), Trondheim, Norway
Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Related authors
No articles found.
Zoltán Erdős, Susanne J. H. Buiter, and Joya L. Tetreault
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1065, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1065, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We used computer models to study how mountains formed by the collision of tectonic plates can later affect the breakup of these same plates. Our results show that in large, warm mountain belts, new faults form due to the orogen being overall weak, while in smaller, colder belts, breakup follows old fault zones. Microcontinents that were accreted during collision can create new continental fragments during extension. These findings help explain how past geological events shape continent margins.
Natalie Hummel, Susanne Buiter, and Zoltán Erdős
Solid Earth, 15, 567–587, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-567-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-567-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Simulations of subducting tectonic plates often use material properties extrapolated from the behavior of small rock samples in a laboratory to conditions found in the Earth. We explore several typical approaches to simulating these extrapolated material properties and show that they produce very rigid subducting plates with unrealistic dynamics. Our findings imply that subducting plates deform by additional mechanisms that are less commonly implemented in simulations.
Denise Degen, Daniel Caviedes Voullième, Susanne Buiter, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, Harry Vereecken, Ana González-Nicolás, and Florian Wellmann
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 7375–7409, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7375-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7375-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In geosciences, we often use simulations based on physical laws. These simulations can be computationally expensive, which is a problem if simulations must be performed many times (e.g., to add error bounds). We show how a novel machine learning method helps to reduce simulation time. In comparison to other approaches, which typically only look at the output of a simulation, the method considers physical laws in the simulation itself. The method provides reliable results faster than standard.
Nicolás Molnar and Susanne Buiter
Solid Earth, 14, 213–235, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Progression of orogenic wedges over pre-existing extensional structures is common in nature, but deciphering the spatio-temporal evolution of deformation from the geological record remains challenging. Our laboratory experiments provide insights on how horizontal stresses are transferred across a heterogeneous crust, constrain which pre-shortening conditions can either favour or hinder the reactivatation of extensional structures, and explain what implications they have on critical taper theory.
Frank Zwaan, Guido Schreurs, Susanne J. H. Buiter, Oriol Ferrer, Riccardo Reitano, Michael Rudolf, and Ernst Willingshofer
Solid Earth, 13, 1859–1905, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1859-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1859-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
When a sedimentary basin is subjected to compressional tectonic forces after its formation, it may be inverted. A thorough understanding of such
basin inversionis of great importance for scientific, societal, and economic reasons, and analogue tectonic models form a key part of our efforts to study these processes. We review the advances in the field of basin inversion modelling, showing how the modelling results can be applied, and we identify promising venues for future research.
Susanne J. H. Buiter, Sascha Brune, Derek Keir, and Gwenn Peron-Pinvidic
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-139, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-139, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Continental rifts can form when and where continents are stretched. Rifts are characterised by faults, sedimentary basins, earthquakes and/or volcanism. If rifting can continue, a rift may break a continent into conjugate margins such as along the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. In some cases, however, rifting fails, such as in the West African Rift. We discuss continental rifting from inception to break-up, focussing on the processes at play, and illustrate these with several natural examples.
Hazel Gibson, Sam Illingworth, and Susanne Buiter
Geosci. Commun., 4, 437–451, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-4-437-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-4-437-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In the spring of 2020, in response to the escalating global COVID-19 Coronavirus pandemic, the European Geosciences Union (EGU) moved its annual General Assembly online in a matter of weeks. This paper explores the feedback provided by participants who attended this experimental conference and identifies four key themes that emerged from analysis of the survey (connection, engagement, environment, and accessibility). The responses raise important questions about the format of future conferences.
Frank Zwaan, Guido Schreurs, and Susanne J. H. Buiter
Solid Earth, 10, 1063–1097, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1063-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1063-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This work was inspired by an effort to numerically reproduce laboratory models of extension tectonics. We tested various set-ups to find a suitable analogue model and in the process systematically charted the impact of set-ups and boundary conditions on model results, a topic poorly described in existing scientific literature. We hope that our model results and the discussion on which specific tectonic settings they could represent may serve as a guide for future (analogue) modeling studies.
J. L. Tetreault and S. J. H. Buiter
Solid Earth, 5, 1243–1275, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1243-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1243-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
Continents are composed of a collage of accreted terranes: tectonically sutured crustal units of various origins. This review covers the cycle of terrane accretion from the original entity (modern-day oceanic island arcs, oceanic plateaus, submarine ridges, seamounts, continental fragments, and microcontinents) to present-day examples of terrane accretion to finally allochthonous accreted terranes.
Related subject area
Geodynamics
Increased metamorphic conditions in the lower crust during oceanic transform fault evolution
On the global geodynamic consequences of different phase boundary morphologies
ECOMAN: an open-source package for geodynamic and seismological modelling of mechanical anisotropy
How a volcanic arc influences back-arc extension: insight from 2D numerical models
Quantifying mantle mixing through configurational entropy
Various lithospheric deformation patterns derived from rheological contrasts between continental terranes: insights from 2-D numerical simulations
Magmatic underplating associated with Proterozoic basin formation: insights from gravity study over the southern margin of the Bundelkhand Craton, India
On the choice of finite element for applications in geodynamics. Part II: A comparison of simplex and hypercube elements
On the impact of true polar wander on heat flux patterns at the core–mantle boundary
The influence of viscous slab rheology on numerical models of subduction
Statistical appraisal of geothermal heat flow observations in the Arctic
Fast uplift in the southern Patagonian Andes due to long- and short-term deglaciation and the asthenospheric window underneath
Modeling liquid transport in the Earth's mantle as two-phase flow: effect of an enforced positive porosity on liquid flow and mass conservation
Thrusts control the thermal maturity of accreted sediments
The crustal structure of the Longmenshan fault zone and its implications for seismogenesis: new insight from aeromagnetic and gravity data
Earth's core variability from magnetic and gravity field observations
The role of continental lithospheric thermal structure in the evolution of orogenic systems: application to the Himalayan–Tibetan collision zone
Glacial-isostatic-adjustment strain rate–stress paradox in the Western Alps and impact on active faults and seismicity
The effect of temperature-dependent material properties on simple thermal models of subduction zones
Plume–ridge interactions: ridgeward versus plate-drag plume flow
Transport mechanisms of hydrothermal convection in faulted tight sandstones
A corrected finite-difference scheme for the flexure equation with abrupt changes in coefficient
Influence of heterogeneous thermal conductivity on the long-term evolution of the lower-mantle thermochemical structure: implications for primordial reservoirs
The role of edge-driven convection in the generation ofvolcanism – Part 2: Interaction with mantle plumes, applied to the Canary Islands
The effect of low-viscosity sediments on the dynamics and accretionary style of subduction margins
Thermal non-equilibrium of porous flow in a resting matrix applicable to melt migration: a parametric study
101 geodynamic modelling: how to design, interpret, and communicate numerical studies of the solid Earth
Crustal structure of the Volgo–Uralian subcraton revealed by inverse and forward gravity modelling
On the choice of finite element for applications in geodynamics
A new finite element approach to model microscale strain localization within olivine aggregates
Interpolation of magnetic anomalies over an oceanic ridge region using an equivalent source technique and crust age model constraint
Coupled dynamics and evolution of primordial and recycled heterogeneity in Earth's lower mantle
Buoyancy versus shear forces in building orogenic wedges
Comparing global seismic tomography models using varimax principal component analysis
Magma ascent mechanisms in the transition regime from solitary porosity waves to diapirism
Analytical solution for residual stress and strain preserved in anisotropic inclusion entrapped in an isotropic host
Gravity effect of Alpine slab segments based on geophysical and petrological modelling
The role of edge-driven convection in the generation of volcanism – Part 1: A 2D systematic study
Gravity modeling of the Alpine lithosphere affected by magmatism based on seismic tomography
Timescales of chemical equilibrium between the convecting solid mantle and over- and underlying magma oceans
The preserved plume of the Caribbean Large Igneous Plateau revealed by 3D data-integrative models
Impact of upper mantle convection on lithosphere hyperextension and subsequent horizontally forced subduction initiation
Pragmatic solvers for 3D Stokes and elasticity problems with heterogeneous coefficients: evaluating modern incomplete LDLT preconditioners
Combined numerical and experimental study of microstructure and permeability in porous granular media
Mapping undercover: integrated geoscientific interpretation and 3D modelling of a Proterozoic basin
Monitoring crustal CO2 flow: methods and their applications to the mofettes in West Bohemia
On the self-regulating effect of grain size evolution in mantle convection models: application to thermochemical piles
Deciphering the metamorphic evolution of the Pulo do Lobo metasedimentary domain (SW Iberian Variscides)
The impact of rheological uncertainty on dynamic topography predictions
The effect of effective rock viscosity on 2-D magmatic porosity waves
Peter Haas, Myron F. H. Thomas, Christian Heine, Jörg Ebbing, Andrey Seregin, and Jimmy van Itterbeeck
Solid Earth, 15, 1419–1443, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1419-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1419-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Transform faults are conservative plate boundaries where no material is added or destroyed. Oceanic fracture zones are their inactive remnants and record tectonic processes that formed oceanic crust. In this study, we combine high-resolution data sets along fracture zones in the Gulf of Guinea to demonstrate that their formation is characterized by increased metamorphic conditions. This is in line with previous studies that describe the non-conservative character of transform faults.
Gwynfor T. Morgan, J. Huw Davies, Robert Myhill, and James Panton
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3496, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3496, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We simulate the effect of phase boundaries which are described by multiple Clapeyron slopes in P-T space on mantle geodynamics. We are motivated by two examples: the Rw-to-Brm+Pc reaction proceeding via Ak at cool temperatures, & a curving Gt-to-Brm boundary. Some have suggested these could change mantle dynamics. We find that this is unlikely for both reactions: the first due to the uniqueness of thermodynamic state, and the second due to the low value of Clapeyron slope and density change.
Manuele Faccenda, Brandon P. VanderBeek, Albert de Montserrat, Jianfeng Yang, Francesco Rappisi, and Neil Ribe
Solid Earth, 15, 1241–1264, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1241-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1241-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's internal dynamics and structure can be well understood by combining seismological and geodynamic modelling with mineral physics, an approach that has been poorly adopted in the past. To this end we have developed ECOMAN, an open-source software package that is intended to overcome the computationally intensive nature of this multidisciplinary methodology and the lack of a dedicated and comprehensive computational framework.
Duo Zhang and J. Huw Davies
Solid Earth, 15, 1113–1132, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1113-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1113-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We numerically model the influence of an arc on back-arc extension. The arc is simulated by placing a hot region on the overriding plate. We investigate how plate ages and properties of the hot region affect back-arc extension and present regime diagrams illustrating the nature of back-arc extension for these models. We find that back-arc extension occurs not only in the hot region but also, surprisingly, away from it, and a hot region facilitates extension on the overriding plate.
Erik van der Wiel, Cedric Thieulot, and Douwe J. J. van Hinsbergen
Solid Earth, 15, 861–875, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-861-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-861-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Geodynamic models of mantle convection provide a powerful tool to study the structure and composition of the Earth's mantle. Comparing such models with other datasets is difficult. We explore the use of
configurational entropy, which allows us to quantify mixing in models. The entropy may be used to analyse the mixed state of the mantle as a whole and may also be useful to validate numerical models against anomalies in the mantle that are obtained from seismology and geochemistry.
Renxian Xie, Lin Chen, Jason P. Morgan, and Yongshun John Chen
Solid Earth, 15, 789–806, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-789-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-789-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Continental terranes have various rheological strengths due to the differences in their ages, compositions, and structures. We applied four assumed rheological models to three terranes in a collisional model and obtained four styles of lithosphere deformation patterns of collision, subduction, thickening/delamination, and replacement. These simulation patterns are seen in observed lithosphere deformation patterns and structures in East Asia.
Ananya Parthapradip Mukherjee and Animesh Mandal
Solid Earth, 15, 711–729, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-711-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-711-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Global gravity data are used to develop 2D models and a Moho depth map from 3D inversion, depicting the crustal structure below the region covered by Proterozoic sedimentary basins, south of the Bundelkhand Craton in central India. The observed thick mafic underplated layer above the Moho indicates Proterozoic plume activity. Thus, the study offers insights into the crustal configuration of this region, illustrating the geodynamic processes that led to the formation of the basins.
Cedric Thieulot and Wolfgang Bangerth
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1668, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1668, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
One of the main numerical methods in geodynamics is the finite-element method. Many types of elements have been used in the past decades in hundreds of publications. They usually fall under two categories: quadrilaterals and triangles. For the first time we compare results obtained with the most used elements of each type on a series of geodynamical benchmarks and draw conclusions as to which are the best ones and which are to be preferably avoided.
Thomas Frasson, Stéphane Labrosse, Henri-Claude Nataf, Nicolas Coltice, and Nicolas Flament
Solid Earth, 15, 617–637, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-617-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-617-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Heat flux heterogeneities at the bottom of Earth's mantle play an important role in the dynamic of the underlying core. Here, we study how these heterogeneities are affected by the global rotation of the Earth, called true polar wander (TPW), which has to be considered to relate mantle dynamics with core dynamics. We find that TPW can greatly modify the large scales of heat flux heterogeneities, notably at short timescales. We provide representative maps of these heterogeneities.
Natalie Hummel, Susanne Buiter, and Zoltán Erdős
Solid Earth, 15, 567–587, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-567-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-567-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Simulations of subducting tectonic plates often use material properties extrapolated from the behavior of small rock samples in a laboratory to conditions found in the Earth. We explore several typical approaches to simulating these extrapolated material properties and show that they produce very rigid subducting plates with unrealistic dynamics. Our findings imply that subducting plates deform by additional mechanisms that are less commonly implemented in simulations.
Judith Freienstein, Wolfgang Szwillus, Agnes Wansing, and Jörg Ebbing
Solid Earth, 15, 513–533, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-513-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-513-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Geothermal heat flow influences ice sheet dynamics, making its investigation important for ice-covered regions. Here we evaluate the sparse measurements for their agreement with regional solid Earth models, as well as with a statistical approach. This shows that some points should be excluded from regional studies. In particular, the NGRIP point, which strongly influences heat flow maps and the distribution of high basal melts, should be statistically considered an outlier.
Veleda A. P. Muller, Pietro Sternai, and Christian Sue
Solid Earth, 15, 387–404, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-387-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-387-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Uplift rates up to 40 mm yr−1 are measured by GNSS in the southern Patagonian Icefield, a remainder of the Patagonian Ice Sheet that covered the Andes in the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) at 26 ka. Using numerical modelling, we estimate an increase of 150 to 200 °C of the asthenospheric temperature due to the slab window under southern Patagonia, and we show that post-glacial rebound, after the long-term LGM and the short-term Little Ice Age (400 a), contributed to the modern uplift rate budget.
Changyeol Lee, Nestor G. Cerpa, Dongwoo Han, and Ikuko Wada
Solid Earth, 15, 23–38, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-23-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-23-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fluids and melts in the mantle are key to the Earth’s evolution. The main driving force for their transport is the compaction of the porous mantle. Numerically, the compaction equations can yield unphysical negative liquid fractions (porosity), and it is necessary to enforce positive porosity. However, the effect of such a treatment on liquid flow and mass conservation has not been quantified. We found that although mass conservation is affected, the liquid pathways are well resolved.
Utsav Mannu, David Fernández-Blanco, Ayumu Miyakawa, Taras Gerya, and Masataka Kinoshita
Solid Earth, 15, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Accretion during subduction, in which one tectonic plate moves under another, forms a wedge where sediments can be transformed into hydrocarbons. We utilised realistic computer models to investigate this and, in particular, how accretion affects mobility in the wedge and found that the evolution of the wedge and the thrusts it develops fundamentally control the thermal maturity of sediments. This can help us better understand the history of subduction and the formation of hydrocarbons in wedges.
Hai Yang, Shengqing Xiong, Qiankun Liu, Fang Li, Zhiye Jia, Xue Yang, Haofei Yan, and Zhaoliang Li
Solid Earth, 14, 1289–1308, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1289-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1289-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Wenchuan (Ms 8.0) and Lushan (Ms 7.0) earthquakes show different geodynamic features and form a 40–60 km area void of aftershocks for both earthquakes. The inverse models suggest that the downward-subducted basement of the Sichuan Basin is irregular in shape and heterogeneous in magnetism and density. The different focal mechanisms of the two earthquakes and the genesis of the seismic gap may be closely related to the differential thrusting mechanism caused by basement heterogeneity.
Anita Thea Saraswati, Olivier de Viron, and Mioara Mandea
Solid Earth, 14, 1267–1287, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1267-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1267-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
To understand core dynamics, insight from several possible observables is needed. By applying several separation methods, we show spatiotemporal variabilities in the magnetic and gravity fields related to the core dynamics. A 7-year oscillation is found in all conducted analyses. The results in the magnetic field reflect the core processes and the variabilities in the gravity field exhibit new findings that might be an interesting input to build an enhanced model of the Earth’s core.
Mengxue Liu, Dinghui Yang, and Rui Qi
Solid Earth, 14, 1155–1168, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1155-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1155-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The continuous subduction mainly occurs with a relatively cold overriding lithosphere (Tmoho ≤ 450 °C), while slab break-off dominates when the model has a relatively hot procontinental Moho temparature (Tmoho ≥ 500 °C). Hr is more prone to facilitating the deformation of the lithospheric upper part than altering the collision mode. The lithospheric thermal structure may have played a significant role in the development of Himalayan–Tibetan orogenic lateral heterogeneity.
Juliette Grosset, Stéphane Mazzotti, and Philippe Vernant
Solid Earth, 14, 1067–1081, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1067-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1067-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In glaciated regions, induced lithosphere deformation is proposed as a key process contributing to fault activity and seismicity. We study the impact of this effect on fault activity in the Western Alps. We show that the response to the last glaciation explains a major part of the geodetic strain rates but does not drive or promote the observed seismicity. Thus, seismic hazard studies in the Western Alps require detailed modeling of the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) transient impact.
Iris van Zelst, Cedric Thieulot, and Timothy J. Craig
Solid Earth, 14, 683–707, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-683-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-683-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A common simplification in subduction zone models is the use of constant thermal parameters, while experiments have shown that they vary with temperature. We test various formulations of temperature-dependent thermal parameters and show that they change the thermal structure of the subducting slab. We recommend that modelling studies of the thermal structure of subduction zones take the temperature dependence of thermal parameters into account, especially when providing insights into seismicity.
Fengping Pang, Jie Liao, Maxim D. Ballmer, and Lun Li
Solid Earth, 14, 353–368, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-353-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-353-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Plume–ridge interaction is an intriguing geological process in plate tectonics. In this paper, we address the respective role of ridgeward vs. plate-drag plume flow in 2D thermomechanical models and compare the results with a compilation of observations on Earth. From a geophysical and geochemical analysis of Earth plumes and in combination with the model results, we propose that the absence of plumes interacting with ridges in the Pacific is largely caused by the presence of plate drag.
Guoqiang Yan, Benjamin Busch, Robert Egert, Morteza Esmaeilpour, Kai Stricker, and Thomas Kohl
Solid Earth, 14, 293–310, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-293-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-293-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The physical processes leading to the kilometre-scale thermal anomaly in faulted tight sandstones are numerically investigated. The fluid-flow pathways, heat-transfer types and interactions among different convective and advective flow modes are systematically identified. The methodologies and results can be applied to interpret hydrothermal convection-related geological phenomena and to draw implications for future petroleum and geothermal exploration and exploitation in analogous settings.
David Hindle and Olivier Besson
Solid Earth, 14, 197–212, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-197-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-197-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
By making a change to the way we solve the flexure equation that describes how the Earth's outer layer bends when it is subjected to loading by ice sheets or mountains, we develop new ways of using an old method from geodynamics. This lets us study the Earth's outer layer by measuring a parameter called the elastic thickness, effectively how stiff and springy the outer layer is when it gets loaded and also how the Earth's outer layer gets broken around its edges and in its interior.
Joshua Martin Guerrero, Frédéric Deschamps, Yang Li, Wen-Pin Hsieh, and Paul James Tackley
Solid Earth, 14, 119–135, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-119-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-119-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The mantle thermal conductivity's dependencies on temperature, pressure, and composition are often suppressed in numerical models. We examine the effect of these dependencies on the long-term evolution of lower-mantle thermochemical structure. We propose that depth-dependent conductivities derived from mantle minerals, along with moderate temperature and compositional correction, emulate the Earth's mean lowermost-mantle conductivity values and produce a stable two-pile configuration.
Antonio Manjón-Cabeza Córdoba and Maxim D. Ballmer
Solid Earth, 13, 1585–1605, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1585-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1585-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The origin of many volcanic archipelagos on the Earth remains uncertain. By using 3D modelling of mantle flow and melting, we investigate the interaction between the convective mantle near the continental–oceanic transition and rising hot plumes. We believe that this phenomenon is the origin behind some archipelagos, in particular the Canary Islands. Analysing our results, we reconcile observations that were previously enigmatic, such as the complex patterns of volcanism in the Canaries.
Adina E. Pusok, Dave R. Stegman, and Madeleine Kerr
Solid Earth, 13, 1455–1473, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1455-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1455-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sediments play an important role in global volatile and tectonic cycles, yet their effect on subduction dynamics is poorly resolved. In this study, we investigate how sediment properties influence subduction dynamics and obtain accretionary or erosive-style margins. Results show that even a thin layer of sediments can exert a profound influence on the emergent regional-scale subduction dynamics.
Laure Chevalier and Harro Schmeling
Solid Earth, 13, 1045–1063, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1045-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1045-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fluid flow through rock occurs in many geological settings on different scales, at different temperature conditions and with different flow velocities. Fluid is either in local thermal equilibrium with the host rock or not. We explore the parameters of porous flow and give scaling laws. These allow us to decide whether porous flows are in thermal equilibrium or not. Applied to magmatic systems, moving melts in channels or dikes moderately to strongly deviate from thermal equilibrium.
Iris van Zelst, Fabio Crameri, Adina E. Pusok, Anne Glerum, Juliane Dannberg, and Cedric Thieulot
Solid Earth, 13, 583–637, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-583-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-583-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Geodynamic modelling provides a powerful tool to investigate processes in the Earth’s crust, mantle, and core that are not directly observable. In this review, we present a comprehensive yet concise overview of the modelling process with an emphasis on best practices. We also highlight synergies with related fields, such as seismology and geology. Hence, this review is the perfect starting point for anyone wishing to (re)gain a solid understanding of geodynamic modelling as a whole.
Igor Ognev, Jörg Ebbing, and Peter Haas
Solid Earth, 13, 431–448, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-431-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-431-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new 3D crustal model of Volgo–Uralia, an eastern segment of the East European craton. We built this model by processing the satellite gravity data and using prior crustal thickness estimation from regional seismic studies to constrain the results. The modelling revealed a high-density body on the top of the mantle and otherwise reflected the main known features of the Volgo–Uralian crustal architecture. We plan to use the obtained model for further geothermal analysis of the region.
Cedric Thieulot and Wolfgang Bangerth
Solid Earth, 13, 229–249, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-229-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-229-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
One of the main numerical methods to solve the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations in geodynamics is the finite-element method. Four main types of elements have been used in the past decades in hundreds of publications. For the first time we compare results obtained with these four elements on a series of geodynamical benchmarks and applications and draw conclusions as to which are the best ones and which are to be preferably avoided.
Jean Furstoss, Carole Petit, Clément Ganino, Marc Bernacki, and Daniel Pino-Muñoz
Solid Earth, 12, 2369–2385, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2369-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2369-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In the first part of this article, we present a new methodology that we have developed to model the deformation and the microstructural evolutions of olivine rocks, which make up the main part of the Earth upper mantle. In a second part, using this methodology we show that microstructural features such as small grain sizes and preferential grain orientations can localize strain at the same intensity and can act together to produce an even stronger strain localization.
Duan Li, Jinsong Du, Chao Chen, Qing Liang, and Shida Sun
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-117, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-117, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanic magnetic anomalies are generally carried out using only few survey lines and thus there are many areas with data gaps. Traditional interpolation methods based on the morphological characteristics of data are not suitable for data with large gaps. The use of dual-layer equivalent-source techniques may improve the interpolation of magnetic anomaly fields in areas with sparse data which gives a good consideration to the extension of the magnetic lineation feature.
Anna Johanna Pia Gülcher, Maxim Dionys Ballmer, and Paul James Tackley
Solid Earth, 12, 2087–2107, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2087-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2087-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The lower mantle extends from 660–2890 km depth, making up > 50 % of the Earth’s volume. Its composition and structure, however, remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigate several hypotheses with computer simulations of mantle convection that include different materials: recycled, dense rocks and ancient, strong rocks. We propose a new integrated style of mantle convection including
piles,
blobs, and
streaksthat agrees with various observations of the deep Earth.
Lorenzo G. Candioti, Thibault Duretz, Evangelos Moulas, and Stefan M. Schmalholz
Solid Earth, 12, 1749–1775, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1749-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1749-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the relative importance of forces driving the dynamics of mountain building using two-dimensional computer simulations of long-term coupled lithosphere–upper-mantle deformation. Buoyancy forces can be as high as shear forces induced by far-field plate motion and should be considered when studying the formation of mountain ranges. The strength of rocks flooring the oceans and the density structure of the crust control deep rock cycling and the topographic elevation of orogens.
Olivier de Viron, Michel Van Camp, Alexia Grabkowiak, and Ana M. G. Ferreira
Solid Earth, 12, 1601–1634, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1601-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1601-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
As the travel time of seismic waves depends on the Earth's interior properties, seismic tomography uses it to infer the distribution of velocity anomalies, similarly to what is done in medical tomography. We propose analysing the outputs of those models using varimax principal component analysis, which results in a compressed objective representation of the model, helping analysis and comparison.
Janik Dohmen and Harro Schmeling
Solid Earth, 12, 1549–1561, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1549-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1549-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In partially molten regions within the Earth, the melt is able to move separately from the surrounding rocks. This allows for the emergence of so-called solitary porosity waves, driven by compaction and decompaction due to the melt with higher buoyancy. Our numerical models can predict whether a partially molten region will ascend dominated by solitary waves or diapirism. Even in diapiris-dominated regions, solitary waves will build up and ascend as a swarm when the ascend time is long enough.
Xin Zhong, Marcin Dabrowski, and Bjørn Jamtveit
Solid Earth, 12, 817–833, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-817-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-817-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Elastic thermobarometry is an useful tool to recover paleo-pressure and temperature. Here, we provide an analytical model based on the Eshelby solution to calculate the residual stress and strain preserved in a mineral inclusion exhumed from depth. The method applies to ellipsoidal, anisotropic inclusions in infinite isotropic hosts. A finite-element method is also used for a facet effect. Volumetrically averaged stress is shown to be a good proxy for the overall heterogeneous stress stage.
Maximilian Lowe, Jörg Ebbing, Amr El-Sharkawy, and Thomas Meier
Solid Earth, 12, 691–711, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-691-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-691-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study estimates the gravitational contribution from subcrustal density heterogeneities interpreted as subducting lithosphere beneath the Alps to the gravity field. We showed that those heterogeneities contribute up to 40 mGal of gravitational signal. Such density variations are often not accounted for in Alpine lithospheric models. We demonstrate that future studies should account for subcrustal density variations to provide a meaningful representation of the complex geodynamic Alpine area.
Antonio Manjón-Cabeza Córdoba and Maxim D. Ballmer
Solid Earth, 12, 613–632, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-613-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-613-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The study of intraplate volcanism can inform us about underlying mantle dynamic processes and thermal and/or compositional anomalies. Here, we investigated numerical models of mantle flow and melting of edge-driven convection (EDC), a potential origin for intraplate volcanism. Our most important conclusion is that EDC can only produce moderate amounts of mantle melting. By itself, EDC is insufficient to support the formation of voluminous island-building volcanism over several millions of years.
Davide Tadiello and Carla Braitenberg
Solid Earth, 12, 539–561, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present an innovative approach to estimate a lithosphere density distribution model based on seismic tomography and gravity data. In the studied area, the model shows that magmatic events have increased density in the middle to lower crust, which explains the observed positive gravity anomaly. We interpret the densification through crustal intrusion and magmatic underplating. The proposed method has been tested in the Alps but can be applied to other geological contexts.
Daniela Paz Bolrão, Maxim D. Ballmer, Adrien Morison, Antoine B. Rozel, Patrick Sanan, Stéphane Labrosse, and Paul J. Tackley
Solid Earth, 12, 421–437, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-421-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-421-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use numerical models to investigate the thermo-chemical evolution of a solid mantle during a magma ocean stage. When applied to the Earth, our study shows that the solid mantle and a magma ocean tend toward chemical equilibration before crystallisation of this magma ocean. Our findings suggest that a very strong chemical stratification of the solid mantle is unlikely to occur (as predicted by previous studies), which may explain why the Earth’s mantle is rather homogeneous in composition.
Ángela María Gómez-García, Eline Le Breton, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Gaspar Monsalve, and Denis Anikiev
Solid Earth, 12, 275–298, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-275-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-275-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth’s crust beneath the Caribbean Sea formed at about 90 Ma due to large magmatic activity of a mantle plume, which brought molten material up from the deep Earth. By integrating diverse geophysical datasets, we image for the first time two fossil magmatic conduits beneath the Caribbean. The location of these conduits at 90 Ma does not correspond with the present-day Galápagos plume. Either this mantle plume migrated in time or these conduits were formed above another unknown plume.
Lorenzo G. Candioti, Stefan M. Schmalholz, and Thibault Duretz
Solid Earth, 11, 2327–2357, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2327-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2327-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
With computer simulations, we study the interplay between thermo-mechanical processes in the lithosphere and the underlying upper mantle during a long-term (> 100 Myr) tectonic cycle of extension–cooling–convergence. The intensity of mantle convection is important for (i) subduction initiation, (ii) the development of single- or double-slab subduction zones, and (iii) the forces necessary to initiate subduction. Our models are applicable to the opening and closure of the western Alpine Tethys.
Patrick Sanan, Dave A. May, Matthias Bollhöfer, and Olaf Schenk
Solid Earth, 11, 2031–2045, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2031-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2031-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Mantle and lithospheric dynamics, elasticity, subsurface flow, and other fields involve solving indefinite linear systems. Tools include direct solvers (robust, easy to use, expensive) and advanced iterative solvers (complex, problem-sensitive). We show that a third option, ILDL preconditioners, requires less memory than direct solvers but is easy to use, as applied to 3D problems with parameter jumps. With included software, we hope to allow researchers to solve previously infeasible problems.
Philipp Eichheimer, Marcel Thielmann, Wakana Fujita, Gregor J. Golabek, Michihiko Nakamura, Satoshi Okumura, Takayuki Nakatani, and Maximilian O. Kottwitz
Solid Earth, 11, 1079–1095, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1079-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1079-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To describe permeability, a key parameter controlling fluid flows in the Earth’s subsurface, an accurate determination of permeability on the pore scale is necessary. For this reason, we sinter artificial glass bead samples with various
porosities, determining the microstructure and permeability using both
experimental and numerical approaches. Based on this we provide
parameterizations of permeability, which can be used as input parameters for
large-scale numerical models.
Mark D. Lindsay, Sandra Occhipinti, Crystal Laflamme, Alan Aitken, and Lara Ramos
Solid Earth, 11, 1053–1077, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1053-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1053-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Integrated interpretation of multiple datasets is a key skill required for better understanding the composition and configuration of the Earth's crust. Geophysical and 3D geological modelling are used here to aid the interpretation process in investigating anomalous and cryptic geophysical signatures which suggest a more complex structure and history of a Palaeoproterozoic basin in Western Australia.
Tomáš Fischer, Josef Vlček, and Martin Lanzendörfer
Solid Earth, 11, 983–998, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-983-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-983-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Data on CO2 degassing help understanding the relations of the gas flow on geodynamic processes. Long-term gas flow measurements in rough field conditions present a challenge due to technical problems. We describe methods used for CO2 flow monitoring in West-Bohemia/Vogtland, which is typical for high CO2 flow, and present a new robust method based on pressure measurements in a water column. The results of 10 years of CO2 flow measurements and their relation to seismic activity are discussed.
Jana Schierjott, Antoine Rozel, and Paul Tackley
Solid Earth, 11, 959–982, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-959-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-959-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the size of mineral grains of Earth's rocks in computer models of the whole Earth. This is relevant because grain size affects the stiffness (large grains are stiffer) and deformation of the Earth's mantle. We see that mineral grains grow inside stable non-deforming regions of the Earth. However, these regions are less stiff than expected. On the other hand, we find that grain size diminishes during deformation events such as when surface material comes down into the Earth.
Irene Pérez-Cáceres, David Jesús Martínez Poyatos, Olivier Vidal, Olivier Beyssac, Fernando Nieto, José Fernando Simancas, Antonio Azor, and Franck Bourdelle
Solid Earth, 11, 469–488, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-469-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-469-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The metamorphism of the Pulo do Lobo unit (SW Iberian Massif) is described in this paper. To this end, three different and complementary methodologies have been applied. The new results reported here contribute to the knowledge of the metamorphic conditions of the Pulo do Lobo unit in relation to its deformation. Furthermore, the results are compared in order to assess the reliability of the different methods applied.
Ömer F. Bodur and Patrice F. Rey
Solid Earth, 10, 2167–2178, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2167-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2167-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Convection in the deep Earth dynamically changes the elevation of plates. Amplitudes of those vertical motions predicted from numerical models are significantly higher than observations. We find that at small wavelengths (< 1000 km) this misfit can be due to the oversimplification in viscosity of rocks. By a suite of numerical experiments, we show that considering the non–Newtonian rheology of the mantle results in predictions in amplitude of dynamic topography consistent with observations.
Janik Dohmen, Harro Schmeling, and Jan Philipp Kruse
Solid Earth, 10, 2103–2113, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2103-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2103-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In source regions of magmatic systems the temperature is above solidus and melt ascent is assumed to occur predominantly by two-phase flow. This two-phase flow allows for the emergence of solitary porosity waves. By now most solutions of these waves used strongly simplified viscosity laws, while in our laws the viscosity decreases rapidly for small melt fractions. The results show that for higher background porosities the phase velocities and the width of the wave are significantly decreased.
Cited articles
Arcay, D., Tric, E., and Doin, M.-P.: Numerical simulations of subduction zones – effect of slab dehydration on the mantle wedge dynamics, Phys. Earth Planet. In., 149, 133–153, 2005.
Bercovici, D. and Karato, S.-I.: Whole mantle convection and the transition-zone water filter, Nature, 425, 39–44, 2003.
Bercovici, D.,Ricard, Y, and Schubert, G.: A two-phase model for compaction and damage 1. General theory, J. geophys. Res., 106, 8887–8906. 2001
Billen, M. I.: Modeling the dynamics of subducting slabs, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 36, 325–356, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124129, 2008.
Billen, M. I. and Gurnis, M.: A low viscosity wedge in subduction zones, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 193, 227–236, 2001.
Buiter, S. J. H. and Ellis, S. M.: Benchmarking a new ALE Finite-Element code, Geophys. Res. Abstracts, 14, EGU2012-7528, 2012.
Caddick, M. J. and Thompson, A. B.: Quantifiying the tectono-metamorphic evolution of Pelitis rocks from a wide range of tectonic settings: mineral compositions in equilibrium, Contrib. Mineral. Petr., 156, 177–195, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-008-0280-6, 2008.
Cagnioncle, A.-M., Parmentier, E., and Elkins-Tanton, L.: Effect of solid flow above a subducting slab on water distribution and melting at convergent plate boundaries, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B09402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB004934, 2007.
Cheadle, M. J., Elliott, M. T., and McKenzie, D.: Percolation threshold and permeabiliy of crystallizing igneous rocks: the importance of textural equilibrium, Geology, 32, 757–760, https://doi.org/10.1130/G20495.1, 2004.
Chemia, Z., Dolejš, D., and Steinle-Neumann, G.: Thermal effects of metamorphic reactions in a three component slab, Geophys. Res. Abstracts 12, EGU2010-5768, 2010.
Connolly, J. A. D.: Computation of phase equilibria by linear programming: a tool for geodynamic modeling and its application to subduction zone decarbonation, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 236, 524–541, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.033, 2005.
de Capitani, C. and Brown, T. H.: The computation of chemical equilibrium in complex systems containing non-ideal solutions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 51, 2639–2652, 1987.
England, P., Engdahl, R., and Thatcher, W.: Systematic variation in the depths of slabs beneath arc volcanoes, Geophys. J. Int., 156, 337–408, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2003.02132.x, 2004.
Faccenda, M., Burlini, L., Gerya, T. V., and Mainprice, D.: Fault-induced seismic anisotropy by hydration in subducting oceanic plates, Nature, 455, 1097–1100, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07376, 2008.
Faccenda, M., Gerya, T. V., Mancktelow, N. S., and Moresi, L.: Fluid flow during slab unbending and dehydration: implications for intermediate-depth seismicity, slab weakening and deep water recycling, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 13, Q01010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GC003860, 2012.
Férot, A., and Bolfan-Casanova, N.: Water storage capacity in olivine and pyroxene to 14 GPa: Implications for the water content of the Earth's upper mantle and nature of seismic discontinuities , Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 349–350, 218–230, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.022, 2012.
Fujita, K. and Ogawa, M.: A preliminary numerical study on water-circulation in convecting mantle with magmatism and tectonic plates, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 216, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2012.12.003, 2013.
Gerya, T. V., Stöckhert, B., and Perchuk, A. L.: Exhumation of high pressure metamorphic rocks in a subduction channel: a numerical simulation, Tectonics, 21, 6-1–6-19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002TC001406, 2002.
Gerya, T. V., Connolly, J. A. D., and Yuen, D. A.: Why is terrestrial subduction one-sided?, Geology, 36, 43–46, https://doi.org/10.1130/G24060A.1, 2008.
Gorczyk, W., Gerya, T. V., Connolly, J. A. D., and Yuen, D. A.: Growth and mixing dynamics of the mantle wedge plumes, Geology, 35, 587–590, 2007.
Hacker, B. R., Abers, G. A., and Peacock, S. M.: Subduction factory: 1. Theoretical mineralogy, density, seismic wave speeds, and H2O content, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B1), 2029, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001127,2003.
Handin, J.: On the Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion, J. Geophys. Res., 74, 5343–5348, 1969.
Handy, M., Hirth, G., and Bürgmann, R.: Continental fault structure and rheology from the frictional-to-viscous transition downward, in: Tectonic Faults: Agents of Change on a Dynamic Earth, edited by: Handy, M. R. et al., MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 139–181, 2007.
Hirschmann, M. M.: Water, melting, and the deep earth H2O cycle, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 34, 629–653, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125211, 2006.
Hirth, G. and Kohlstedt, D.: Rheology of the upper mantle and the mantle wedge: a view from the experimentalists, in: Inside the Subduction Factory, edited by: Eiler, J., vol. 138 of Geophys. Monogr. Seer., AGU, Washington, D.C., 83–105, 2003.
Holland, T. J. B. H. and Powell, R.: An internally consistent thermodynamic data set for phases of petrological interest, J. Metamorph. Geol., 16, 309–343, 1998.
Hubbert, M. K. and Rubey, W. W.: Role of fluid pressure in mechanics of overthrust faulting: I. Mechanics of fluid-filled porous solids and its application to overthrust faulting, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 70, 115–166, 1959.
Iwamori, H.: Transportation of H2O and melting in subduction zone, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 160, 65–80, 1998.
Iwamori, H.: Seismic evidence for deep-water transportation in the mantle, Chem. Geol., 239, 182–198, 2007.
Jaeger, J. C. and Cook, N. G. W.: Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics, Chapman and Hall, New York, 488 pp., 1976.
Karato, S.-I. and Li, P.: Diffusion creep in perovskite and the linear rheology of the Earth's lower mantle, Science, 255, 1238–1240, 1992.
Katz, R. F., Spiegelman, M., and Holtzman, B.: The dynamics of melt and shear localization in partially molten aggregates, Nature, 442, 676–679, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05039, 2006.
Kaus, B. J. P., Mühlhaus, H.-B., and May, D. A.: A stabilization algorithm for geodynamic numerical simulations with a free surface, Phys. Earth Planet. In., 181, 12–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2010.04.007, 2010.
Kerrick, D. M. and Connolly, J. A. D.: Metamorphic devolatilization of subducted oceanic metabasalts: implications for seismicity, arc magmatism and volatile recycling, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 189, 19–29, 2001.
Komabayashi, T., Hirose, K., Funakoshi, K.-I., and Takafuji, N.: Stability of phase A in antigorite (serpentine) composition determined by in situ X-ray pressure observations, Phys. Earth Planet. In., 151, 276–289, 2005.
Lemiale, V., Mühlhaus, H.-B., Moresi, L., and Stafford, J.: Shear banding analysis of plastic models formulated for incompressible viscous flows, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 171, 177–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2008.07.038, 2008.
Ohtani, E., Litasov, K., Hosoya, T., Kubo, T., and Kondo, T.: Water transport into the deep mantle and formation of a hydrous transition zone, Phys. Earth Planet. In., 143–144, 255–269, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2003.09.015, 2004.
Peacock, S.: Thermal effects of metamorphic fluids in subduction zones, Geology, 15, 1057–1060, 1987.
Powell, R., Holland, T. J. B. H., and Worley, B.: Calculating phase diagrams involving solid solutions via non-linear equations, with examples using THERMOCALC, J. Metamorph. Geol., 16, 577–588, 1998.
Pysklywec, R. N. and Beaumont, C.: Intraplate tectonics: feedback between radioactive thermal weakening and crustal deformation driven by mantle lithosphere instabilities, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 221, 275–292, 2004.
Quinquis, M. E. T., Buiter, S. J. H., and Ellis, S.: The role of boundary conditions in numerical models of subduction zone dynamics, Tectonophysics, 497, 57–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2010.11.001, 2011.
Quinquis, M. E. T., Buiter, S. J. H., Tosi, N., Thieulot, C., Maierová, P., and Quinteros, J.: A numerical model setup for subduction: from linear viscous to thermo-mechanical rheologies, Geophys. Res. Abstracts, 15, EGU2013-7255-1, 2013.
Ranalli, G.: Rheology of the Earth, 2nd edn., Chapman & Hall, London, UK, 392 pp., 1995.
Regenauer-Lieb, K., Yuen, D. A., and Branlund, J. M.: The initiation of subduction: criticality by addition of water?, Science, 294, 578–580, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1063891, 2001.
Richard, G. C. and Bercovici, D.: Water-induced convection in the Earth's mantle transition zone, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B01205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB005734, 2009.
Richard, G. C. and Iwamori, H.: Stagnant slab, wet plumes and Cenozoic volcanism in East Asia, Phys. Earth Planet. In., 183, 280–287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2010.02.009, 2010.
Richard, G. C., Bercovici, D., and Karato, S.-I.: Slab dehydration in the Earth's mantle transition zone, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 251, 156–167, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.09.006, 2006.
Richard, G. C., Monnereau, M., and Rabinowicz, M.: Slab dehydration and fluid migration at the base of the upper mantle: implications for deep earthquake mechanisms, Geophys. J. Int., 168, 1291–1304, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03244.x, 2007.
Rüpke, L. H., Phipps Morgan, J., Hort, M., and Connolly, J. A. D.: Serpentine and the subduction zone water cycle, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 223, 17–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.04.018, 2004.
Schmeling, H., Babeyko, A. Y., Enns, A., Faccenna, C., Funiciello, F., Gerya, T. V., Golabek, G. J., Grigull, S., Schmalholz, S., and van Hunen, J.: A benchmark comparison of spontaneous subduction models – towards a free surface, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 171, 198–223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2008.06.028, 2008.
Schmidt, M. and Poli, S.: Experimentally based water budgets for dehydrating slabs and consequences for arc magma generation, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 163, 361–379, 1998.
Sibson, R. H.: Fault rocks and fault mechanisms, J. Geol. Soc. London, 133, 191–213, 1977.
Sibson, R. H., Moore, J. M., and Rankin, A. H.: Seismic pumping – a hydrothermal fluid transport mechanism, J. Geol. Soc. London, 131, 653–659, 1975.
Spiegelman, M.: Flow in deformable porous media. Part 1. Simple analysis, J. Fluid. Mech., 247, 17–38. 1993a.
Spiegelman, M.: Flow in deformable porous media. Part 2. Numerical analysis - the relationship between shock waves and solitary waves, J. Fluid. Mech., 247, 39–63, 1993b.
Staudigel, H.: Hydrothermal alteration processes in the Oceanic Crust, in: Treatise of Geochemistry, vol. 3, chap. 15, edited by: Holland, H. and Turekian, K., 511–537, 2003.
Stern, R.: Subduction zones, Rev. Geophys., 40, 3-1–3-38, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001RG000108, 2002.
Syracus, E. M. and Abers, G. A.: Global compilations of variations in slab depth beneath arc volcanoes and implications, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 7, Q05017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001045, 2006.
Tingle, T., Green, H. W., Scholz, C. H., and Koczynski, T. A.: The rheology of faults triggered by the olivine-spinel transformation in Mg2GeO4 and its implications for the mechanism of deep-focus earthquakes, J. Struct. Geol., 15, 1249–1256, 1993.
Turcotte, D. L. and Schubert, G.: Geodynamics, 2nd edn., Cambridge Univ. Press, 186 pp., 2002.
Twiss, R. J. and Moores, E. M.: Structural Geology, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, 532 pp., 1992.
van den Berg, A. P., van Keken, P. E., and Yuen, D. A.: The effects of a composite non-Newtonian and Newtonian rheology on mantle convection, Geophys. J. Int., 115, 62–78, 1993.
Wark, D. A., Williams, C. A., Watson, E. B., and Price, J. D.: Reassessment of pore shapes in microstructurally equilibrated rocks, with implications for permeability of the upper mantle., J. Geophys. Res., 108, B1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001575, 2003.
White, S. H. and Knipe, R. J.: Transformation-and reaction-enhanced ductility in rocks, J. Geol. Soc. London, 135, 513–516, 1978.
