Articles | Volume 11, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1803-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1803-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
12 Oct 2020
Research article |
| 12 Oct 2020
Geologic characterization of nonconformities using outcrop and core analogs: hydrologic implications for injection-induced seismicity
Western Colorado University, Geology Department, 1 Western Way, Gunnison, CO 81231, USA
Kelly K. Bradbury
Utah State University, Geology Department, 4505 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4505, USA
Laura Cuccio
Utah State University, Geology Department, 4505 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4505, USA
Kayla Smith
Utah State University, Geology Department, 4505 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4505, USA
James P. Evans
Utah State University, Geology Department, 4505 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4505, USA
John P. Ortiz
Johns Hopkins University, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
Kellie Kerner
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Pl., Socorro, NM 87801, USA
Mark Person
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Pl., Socorro, NM 87801, USA
Peter Mozley
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Pl., Socorro, NM 87801, USA
Related authors
No articles found.
J. Shervais, J. Evans, V. Toy, J. Kirkpatrick, A. Clarke, and J. Eichelberger
Sci. Dril., 18, 19–33, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-18-19-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-18-19-2014, 2014
N. Kampman, A. Maskell, M. J. Bickle, J. P. Evans, M. Schaller, G. Purser, Z. Zhou, J. Gattacceca, E. S. Peitre, C. A. Rochelle, C. J. Ballentine, A. Busch, and Scientists of the GRDP
Sci. Dril., 16, 33–43, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-16-33-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-16-33-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject area: Tectonic plate interactions, magma genesis, and lithosphere deformation at all scales | Editorial team: Structural geology and tectonics, paleoseismology, rock physics, experimental deformation | Discipline: Structural geology
Natural fracture patterns at Swift Reservoir anticline, NW Montana: the influence of structural position and lithology from multiple observation scales
Rapid hydration and weakening of anhydrite under stress: implications for natural hydration in the Earth's crust and mantle
Analogue experiments on releasing and restraining bends and their application to the study of the Barents Shear Margin
Structural framework and timing of the Pahtohavare Cu ± Au deposits, Kiruna mining district, Sweden
Does the syn- versus post-rift thickness ratio have an impact on the inversion-related structural style?
Inversion of accommodation zones in salt-bearing extensional systems: insights from analog modeling
Structural control of inherited salt structures during inversion of a domino basement-fault system from an analogue modelling approach
Kinematics and time-resolved evolution of the main thrust-sense shear zone in the Eo-Alpine orogenic wedge (the Vinschgau Shear Zone, eastern Alps)
Role of inheritance during tectonic inversion of a rift system in basement-involved to salt-decoupled transition: analogue modelling and application to the Pyrenean–Biscay system
Water release and homogenization by dynamic recrystallization of quartz
Time-dependent frictional properties of granular materials used in analogue modelling: implications for mimicking fault healing during reactivation and inversion
Large grain-size-dependent rheology contrasts of halite at low differential stress: evidence from microstructural study of naturally deformed gneissic Zechstein 2 rock salt (Kristallbrockensalz) from the northern Netherlands
Analogue modelling of the inversion of multiple extensional basins in foreland fold-and-thrust belts
A contribution to the quantification of crustal shortening and kinematics of deformation across the Western Andes ( ∼ 20–22° S)
Rift thermal inheritance in the SW Alps (France): insights from RSCM thermometry and 1D thermal numerical modelling
Analogue modelling of basin inversion: the role of oblique kinematics and implications for the Araripe Basin (Brazil)
The Luangwa Rift Active Fault Database and fault reactivation along the southwestern branch of the East African Rift
Clustering has a meaning: optimization of angular similarity to detect 3D geometric anomalies in geological terrains
Shear zone evolution and the path of earthquake rupture
Mechanical compaction mechanisms in the input sediments of the Sumatra subduction complex – insights from microstructural analysis of cores from IODP Expedition 362
Detecting micro fractures: a comprehensive comparison of conventional and machine-learning-based segmentation methods
Multiscale lineament analysis and permeability heterogeneity of fractured crystalline basement blocks
Structural characterization and K–Ar illite dating of reactivated, complex and heterogeneous fault zones: lessons from the Zuccale Fault, Northern Apennines
How do differences in interpreting seismic images affect estimates of geological slip rates?
Progressive veining during peridotite carbonation: insights from listvenites in Hole BT1B, Samail ophiolite (Oman)
Tectonic evolution of the Indio Hills segment of the San Andreas fault in southern California, southwestern USA
Structural diagenesis in ultra-deep tight sandstones in the Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, China
Variscan structures and their control on latest to post-Variscan basin architecture: insights from the westernmost Bohemian Massif and southeastern Germany
Multi-disciplinary characterizations of the BedrettoLab – a new underground geoscience research facility
Biotite supports long-range diffusive transport in dissolution–precipitation creep in halite through small porosity fluctuations
De-risking the energy transition by quantifying the uncertainties in fault stability
Virtual field trip to the Esla Nappe (Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain): delivering traditional geological mapping skills remotely using real data
Marine forearc structure of eastern Java and its role in the 1994 Java tsunami earthquake
Roughness of fracture surfaces in numerical models and laboratory experiments
Impact of basement thrust faults on low-angle normal faults and rift basin evolution: a case study in the Enping sag, Pearl River Basin
Evidence for and significance of the Late Cretaceous Asteroussia event in the Gondwanan Ios basement terranes
Investigating spatial heterogeneity within fracture networks using hierarchical clustering and graph distance metrics
Dating folding beyond folding, from layer-parallel shortening to fold tightening, using mesostructures: lessons from the Apennines, Pyrenees, and Rocky Mountains
Deformation-enhanced diagenesis and bacterial proliferation in the Nankai accretionary prism
Rheological stratification in impure rock salt during long-term creep: morphology, microstructure, and numerical models of multilayer folds in the Ocnele Mari salt mine, Romania
Geodynamic and seismotectonic model of a long-lived transverse structure: The Schio-Vicenza Fault System (NE Italy)
Neogene kinematics of the Giudicarie Belt and eastern Southern Alpine orogenic front (northern Italy)
Fault interpretation uncertainties using seismic data, and the effects on fault seal analysis: a case study from the Horda Platform, with implications for CO2 storage
Reply to Norini and Groppelli's comment on “Estimating the depth and evolution of intrusions at resurgent calderas: Los Humeros (Mexico)” by Urbani et al. (2020)
Emplacement of “exotic” Zechstein slivers along the inverted Sontra Graben (northern Hessen, Germany): clues from balanced cross sections and geometrical forward modeling
Kinematics of subduction in the Ibero-Armorican arc constrained by 3D microstructural analysis of garnet and pseudomorphed lawsonite porphyroblasts from Île de Groix (Variscan belt)
Frictional properties and microstructural evolution of dry and wet calcite–dolomite gouges
Experimental evidence that viscous shear zones generate periodic pore sheets
Influence of inherited structural domains and their particular strain distributions on the Roer Valley graben evolution from inversion to extension
The Piuquencillo fault system: a long-lived, Andean-transverse fault system and its relationship with magmatic and hydrothermal activity
Adam J. Cawood, Hannah Watkins, Clare E. Bond, Marian J. Warren, and Mark A. Cooper
Solid Earth, 14, 1005–1030, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1005-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1005-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here we test conceptual models of fracture development by investigating fractures across multiple scales. We find that most fractures increase in abundance towards the fold hinge, and we interpret these as being fold related. Other fractures at the site show inconsistent orientations and are unrelated to fold formation. Our results show that predicting fracture patterns requires the consideration of multiple geologic variables.
Johanna Heeb, David Healy, Nicholas E. Timms, and Enrique Gomez-Rivas
Solid Earth, 14, 985–1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-985-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-985-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hydration of rocks is a key process in the Earth’s crust and mantle that is accompanied by changes in physical traits and mechanical behaviour of rocks. This study assesses the influence of stress on hydration reaction kinetics and mechanics in experiments on anhydrite. We show that hydration occurs readily under stress and results in localized hydration along fractures and mechanic weakening. New gypsum growth is selective and depends on the stress field and host anhydrite crystal orientation.
Roy Helge Gabrielsen, Panagiotis Athanasios Giannenas, Dimitrios Sokoutis, Ernst Willingshofer, Muhammad Hassaan, and Jan Inge Faleide
Solid Earth, 14, 961–983, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-961-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-961-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Barents Shear Margin defines the border between the relatively shallow Barents Sea that is situated on a continental plate and the deep ocean. This margin's evolution history was probably influenced by plate tectonic reorganizations. From scaled experiments, we deduced several types of structures (faults, folds, and sedimentary basins) that help us to improve the understanding of the history of the opening of the North Atlantic.
Leslie Logan, Ervin Veress, Joel B. H. Andersson, Olof Martinsson, and Tobias E. Bauer
Solid Earth, 14, 763–784, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-763-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-763-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Pahtohavare Cu ± Au deposits in the Kiruna mining district have a dubious timing of formation and have not been contextualized within an up-to-date tectonic framework. Structural mapping was carried out to reveal that the deposits are hosted in brittle structures that cut a noncylindrical, SE-plunging anticline constrained to have formed during the late-Svecokarelian orogeny. These results show that Cu ± Au mineralization formed more than ca. 80 Myr after iron oxide–apatite mineralization.
Alexandra Tamas, Dan M. Tamas, Gabor Tari, Csaba Krezsek, Alexandru Lapadat, and Zsolt Schleder
Solid Earth, 14, 741–761, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-741-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tectonic processes are complex and often difficult to understand due to the limitations of surface or subsurface data. One such process is inversion tectonics, which means that an area initially developed in an extension (such as the opening of an ocean) is reversed to compression (the process leading to mountain building). In this research, we use a laboratory method (analogue modelling), and with the help of a sandbox, we try to better understand structures (folds/faults) related to inversion.
Elizabeth Parker Wilson, Pablo Granado, Pablo Santolaria, Oriol Ferrer, and Josep Anton Muñoz
Solid Earth, 14, 709–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-709-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-709-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work focuses on the control of accommodation zones on extensional and subsequent inversion in salt-detached domains using sandbox analogue models. During extension, the transfer zone acts as a pathway for the movement of salt, changing the expected geometries. When inverted, the salt layer and syn-inversion sedimentation control the deformation style in the salt-detached cover system. Three natural cases are compared to the model results and show similar inversion geometries.
Oriol Ferrer, Eloi Carola, and Ken McClay
Solid Earth, 14, 571–589, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-571-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-571-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using an experimental approach based on scaled sandbox models, this work aims to understand how salt above different rotational fault blocks influences the cover geometry and evolution, first during extension and then during inversion. The results show that inherited salt structures constrain contractional deformation. We show for the first time how welds and fault welds are reopened during contractional deformation, having direct implications for the subsurface exploration of natural resources.
Chiara Montemagni, Stefano Zanchetta, Martina Rocca, Igor M. Villa, Corrado Morelli, Volkmar Mair, and Andrea Zanchi
Solid Earth, 14, 551–570, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Vinschgau Shear Zone (VSZ) is one of the largest and most significant shear zones developed within the Late Cretaceous thrust stack in the Austroalpine domain of the eastern Alps. 40Ar / 39Ar geochronology constrains the activity of the VSZ between 97 and 80 Ma. The decreasing vorticity towards the core of the shear zone, coupled with the younging of mylonites, points to a shear thinning behavior. The deepest units of the Eo-Alpine orogenic wedge were exhumed along the VSZ.
Jordi Miró, Oriol Ferrer, Josep Anton Muñoz, and Gianreto Manastchal
Solid Earth, 14, 425–445, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-425-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-425-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using the Asturian–Basque–Cantabrian system and analogue (sandbox) models, this work focuses on the linkage between basement-controlled and salt-decoupled domains and how deformation is accommodated between the two during extension and subsequent inversion. Analogue models show significant structural variability in the transitional domain, with oblique structures that can be strongly modified by syn-contractional sedimentation. Experimental results are consistent with the case study.
Junichi Fukuda, Takamoto Okudaira, and Yukiko Ohtomo
Solid Earth, 14, 409–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-409-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-409-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured water distributions in deformed quartz by infrared spectroscopy mapping and used the results to discuss changes in water distribution resulting from textural development. Because of the grain size reduction process (dynamic recrystallization), water contents decrease from 40–1750 wt ppm in host grains of ~2 mm to 100–510 wt ppm in recrystallized regions composed of fine grains of ~10 µm. Our results indicate that water is released and homogenized by dynamic recrystallization.
Michael Rudolf, Matthias Rosenau, and Onno Oncken
Solid Earth, 14, 311–331, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Analogue models of tectonic processes rely on the reproduction of their geometry, kinematics and dynamics. An important property is fault behaviour, which is linked to the frictional characteristics of the fault gouge. This is represented by granular materials, such as quartz sand. In our study we investigate the time-dependent frictional properties of various analogue materials and highlight their impact on the suitability of these materials for analogue models focusing on fault reactivation.
Jessica Barabasch, Joyce Schmatz, Jop Klaver, Alexander Schwedt, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 14, 271–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed Zechstein salt with microscopes and observed specific microstructures that indicate much faster deformation in rock salt with fine halite grains when compared to salt with larger grains. This is important because people build large cavities in the subsurface salt for energy storage or want to deposit radioactive waste inside it. When engineers and scientists use grain-size data and equations that include this mechanism, it will help to make better predictions in geological models.
Nicolás Molnar and Susanne Buiter
Solid Earth, 14, 213–235, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Progression of orogenic wedges over pre-existing extensional structures is common in nature, but deciphering the spatio-temporal evolution of deformation from the geological record remains challenging. Our laboratory experiments provide insights on how horizontal stresses are transferred across a heterogeneous crust, constrain which pre-shortening conditions can either favour or hinder the reactivatation of extensional structures, and explain what implications they have on critical taper theory.
Tania Habel, Martine Simoes, Robin Lacassin, Daniel Carrizo, and German Aguilar
Solid Earth, 14, 17–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-17-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-17-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Central Andes are one of the most emblematic reliefs on Earth, but their western flank remains understudied. Here we explore two rare key sites in the hostile conditions of the Atacama desert to build cross-sections, quantify crustal shortening, and discuss the timing of this deformation at ∼20–22°S. We propose that the structures of the Western Andes accommodated significant crustal shortening here, but only during the earliest stages of mountain building.
Naïm Célini, Frédéric Mouthereau, Abdeltif Lahfid, Claude Gout, and Jean-Paul Callot
Solid Earth, 14, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the peak temperature of sedimentary rocks of the SW Alps (France), using Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material. This method provides an estimate of the peak temperature achieved by organic-rich rocks. To determine the timing and the tectonic context of the origin of these temperatures we use 1D thermal modelling. We find that the high temperatures up to 300 °C were achieved during precollisional extensional events, not during tectonic burial in the Western Alps.
Pâmela Cristina Richetti, Frank Zwaan, Guido Schreurs, Renata S. Schmitt, and Timothy Chris Schmid
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1251, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1251, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Araripe Basin in NE Brazil was originally formed during Cretaceous times, as South America and Africa broke up. The basin is an important analogue to offshore South Atlantic break-up basins; its sediments were uplifted and are now found at a 1000 m height, allowing for study, but the cause of the uplift remains debated. Here we ran a series of tectonic laboratory experiments that show how a specific plate tectonic configuration can explain the evolution of the Araripe Basin.
Luke N. J. Wedmore, Tess Turner, Juliet Biggs, Jack N. Williams, Henry M. Sichingabula, Christine Kabumbu, and Kawawa Banda
Solid Earth, 13, 1731–1753, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mapping and compiling the attributes of faults capable of hosting earthquakes are important for the next generation of seismic hazard assessment. We document 18 active faults in the Luangwa Rift, Zambia, in an active fault database. These faults are between 9 and 207 km long offset Quaternary sediments, have scarps up to ~30 m high, and are capable of hosting earthquakes from Mw 5.8 to 8.1. We associate the Molaza Fault with surface ruptures from two unattributed M 6+ 20th century earthquakes.
Michał P. Michalak, Lesław Teper, Florian Wellmann, Jerzy Żaba, Krzysztof Gaidzik, Marcin Kostur, Yuriy P. Maystrenko, and Paulina Leonowicz
Solid Earth, 13, 1697–1720, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1697-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1697-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
When characterizing geological/geophysical surfaces, various geometric attributes are calculated, such as dip angle (1D) or dip direction (2D). However, the boundaries between specific values may be subjective and without optimization significance, resulting from using default color palletes. This study proposes minimizing cosine distance among within-cluster observations to detect 3D anomalies. Our results suggest that the method holds promise for identification of megacylinders or megacones.
Erik M. Young, Christie D. Rowe, and James D. Kirkpatrick
Solid Earth, 13, 1607–1629, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1607-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1607-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Studying how earthquakes spread deep within the faults they originate from is crucial to improving our understanding of the earthquake process. We mapped preserved ancient earthquake surfaces that are now exposed in South Africa and studied their relationship with the shape and type of rocks surrounding them. We determined that these surfaces are not random and are instead associated with specific kinds of rocks and that their shape is linked to the evolution of the faults in which they occur.
Sivaji Lahiri, Kitty L. Milliken, Peter Vrolijk, Guillaume Desbois, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 13, 1513–1539, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1513-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1513-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the mechanism of mechanical compaction is important. Previous studies on mechanical compaction were mostly done by performing experiments. Studies on natural rocks are rare due to compositional heterogeneity of the sedimentary succession with depth. Due to remarkable similarity in composition and grain size, the Sumatra subduction complex provides a unique opportunity to study the micromechanism of mechanical compaction on natural samples.
Dongwon Lee, Nikolaos Karadimitriou, Matthias Ruf, and Holger Steeb
Solid Earth, 13, 1475–1494, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1475-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1475-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research article focuses on filtering and segmentation methods employed in high-resolution µXRCT studies for crystalline rocks, bearing fractures, or fracture networks, of very small aperture. Specifically, we focus on the identification of artificially induced (via quenching) fractures in Carrara marble samples. Results from the same dataset from all five different methods adopted were produced and compared with each other in terms of their output quality and time efficiency.
Alberto Ceccato, Giulia Tartaglia, Marco Antonellini, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 13, 1431–1453, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's surface is commonly characterized by the occurrence of fractures, which can be mapped, and their can be geometry quantified on digital representations of the surface at different scales of observation. Here we present a series of analytical and statistical tools, which can aid the quantification of fracture spatial distribution at different scales. In doing so, we can improve our understanding of how fracture geometry and geology affect fluid flow within the fractured Earth crust.
Giulio Viola, Giovanni Musumeci, Francesco Mazzarini, Lorenzo Tavazzani, Manuel Curzi, Espen Torgersen, Roelant van der Lelij, and Luca Aldega
Solid Earth, 13, 1327–1351, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A structural-geochronological approach helps to unravel the Zuccale Fault's architecture. By mapping its internal structure and dating some of its fault rocks, we constrained a deformation history lasting 20 Myr starting at ca. 22 Ma. Such long activity is recorded by now tightly juxtaposed brittle structural facies, i.e. different types of fault rocks. Our results also have implications on the regional evolution of the northern Apennines, of which the Zuccale Fault is an important structure.
Wan-Lin Hu
Solid Earth, 13, 1281–1290, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1281-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1281-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Having a seismic image is generally expected to enable us to better determine fault geometry and thus estimate geological slip rates accurately. However, the process of interpreting seismic images may introduce unintended uncertainties, which have not yet been widely discussed. Here, a case of a shear fault-bend fold in the frontal Himalaya is used to demonstrate how differences in interpretations can affect the following estimates of slip rates and dependent conclusions.
Manuel D. Menzel, Janos L. Urai, Estibalitz Ukar, Thierry Decrausaz, and Marguerite Godard
Solid Earth, 13, 1191–1218, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1191-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1191-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mantle rocks can bind large quantities of carbon by reaction with CO2, but this capacity requires fluid pathways not to be clogged by carbonate. We studied mantle rocks from Oman to understand the mechanisms allowing their transformation into carbonate and quartz. Using advanced imaging techniques, we show that abundant veins were essential fluid pathways driving the reaction. Our results show that tectonic stress was important for fracture opening and a key ingredient for carbon fixation.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl, Steffen G. Bergh, and Arthur G. Sylvester
Solid Earth, 13, 1169–1190, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The San Andreas fault is a major active fault associated with ongoing earthquake sequences in southern California. The present study investigates the development of the Indio Hills area in the Coachella Valley along the main San Andreas fault and the Indio Hills fault. The Indio Hills area is located near an area with high ongoing earthquake activity (Brawley seismic zone), and, therefore, its recent tectonic evolution has implications for earthquake prediction.
Jin Lai, Dong Li, Yong Ai, Hongkun Liu, Deyang Cai, Kangjun Chen, Yuqiang Xie, and Guiwen Wang
Solid Earth, 13, 975–1002, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-975-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-975-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
(1) Structural diagenesis analysis is performed on the ultra-deep tight sandstone. (2) Fracture and intergranular pores are related to the low in situ stress magnitudes. (3) Dissolution is associated with the presence of fracture.
Hamed Fazlikhani, Wolfgang Bauer, and Harald Stollhofen
Solid Earth, 13, 393–416, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Interpretation of newly acquired FRANKEN 2D seismic survey data in southeeastern Germany shows that upper Paleozoic low-grade metasedimentary rocks and possible nappe units are transported by Variscan shear zones to ca. 65 km west of the Franconian Fault System (FFS). We show that the locations of post-Variscan upper Carboniferous–Permian normal faults and associated graben and half-graben basins are controlled by the geometry of underlying Variscan shear zones.
Xiaodong Ma, Marian Hertrich, Florian Amann, Kai Bröker, Nima Gholizadeh Doonechaly, Valentin Gischig, Rebecca Hochreutener, Philipp Kästli, Hannes Krietsch, Michèle Marti, Barbara Nägeli, Morteza Nejati, Anne Obermann, Katrin Plenkers, Antonio P. Rinaldi, Alexis Shakas, Linus Villiger, Quinn Wenning, Alba Zappone, Falko Bethmann, Raymi Castilla, Francisco Seberto, Peter Meier, Thomas Driesner, Simon Loew, Hansruedi Maurer, Martin O. Saar, Stefan Wiemer, and Domenico Giardini
Solid Earth, 13, 301–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Questions on issues such as anthropogenic earthquakes and deep geothermal energy developments require a better understanding of the fractured rock. Experiments conducted at reduced scales but with higher-resolution observations can shed some light. To this end, the BedrettoLab was recently established in an existing tunnel in Ticino, Switzerland, with preliminary efforts to characterize realistic rock mass behavior at the hectometer scale.
Berit Schwichtenberg, Florian Fusseis, Ian B. Butler, and Edward Andò
Solid Earth, 13, 41–64, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-41-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-41-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Hydraulic rock properties such as porosity and permeability are relevant factors that have an impact on groundwater resources, geological repositories and fossil fuel reservoirs. We investigate the influence of chemical compaction upon the porosity evolution in salt–biotite mixtures and related transport length scales by conducting laboratory experiments in combination with 4-D analysis. Our observations invite a renewed discussion of the effect of sheet silicates on chemical compaction.
David Healy and Stephen Paul Hicks
Solid Earth, 13, 15–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-15-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-15-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The energy transition requires operations in faulted rocks. To manage the technical challenges and public concern over possible induced earthquakes, we need to quantify the risks. We calculate the probability of fault slip based on uncertain inputs, stresses, fluid pressures, and the mechanical properties of rocks in fault zones. Our examples highlight the specific gaps in our knowledge. Citizen science projects could produce useful data and include the public in the discussions about hazards.
Manuel I. de Paz-Álvarez, Thomas G. Blenkinsop, David M. Buchs, George E. Gibbons, and Lesley Cherns
Solid Earth, 13, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a virtual geological mapping course implemented in response to travelling and social restrictions derived from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The course was designed to replicate a physical mapping exercise as closely as possible with the aid of real field data and photographs collected by the authors during previous years in the Cantabrian Zone (NW Spain). The course is delivered through Google Earth via a KMZ file with outcrop descriptions and links to GitHub-hosted photographs.
Yueyang Xia, Jacob Geersen, Dirk Klaeschen, Bo Ma, Dietrich Lange, Michael Riedel, Michael Schnabel, and Heidrun Kopp
Solid Earth, 12, 2467–2477, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2467-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2467-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The 2 June 1994 Java tsunami earthquake ruptured in a seismically quiet subduction zone and generated a larger-than-expected tsunami. Here, we re-process a seismic line across the rupture area. We show that a subducting seamount is located up-dip of the mainshock in a region that did not rupture during the earthquake. Seamount subduction modulates the topography of the marine forearc and acts as a seismic barrier in the 1994 earthquake rupture.
Steffen Abe and Hagen Deckert
Solid Earth, 12, 2407–2424, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2407-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2407-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use numerical simulations and laboratory experiments on rock samples to investigate how stress conditions influence the geometry and roughness of fracture surfaces. The roughness of the surfaces was analyzed in terms of absolute roughness and scaling properties. The results show that the surfaces are self-affine but with different scaling properties between the numerical models and the real rock samples. Results suggest that stress conditions have little influence on the surface roughness.
Chao Deng, Rixiang Zhu, Jianhui Han, Yu Shu, Yuxiang Wu, Kefeng Hou, and Wei Long
Solid Earth, 12, 2327–2350, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2327-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2327-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses seismic reflection data to interpret the geometric relationship and evolution of intra-basement and rift-related structures in the Enping sag in the northern South China Sea. Our observations suggest the primary control of pre-existing thrust faults is the formation of low-angle normal faults, with possible help from low-friction materials, and the significant role of pre-existing basement thrust faults in fault geometry, paleotopography, and syn-rift stratigraphy of rift basins.
Sonia Yeung, Marnie Forster, Emmanuel Skourtsos, and Gordon Lister
Solid Earth, 12, 2255–2275, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2255-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2255-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We do not know when the ancient Tethys Ocean lithosphere began to founder, but one clue can be found in subduction accreted tectonic slices, including Gondwanan basement terranes on the island of Ios, Cyclades, Greece. We propose a 250–300 km southwards jump of the subduction megathrust with a period of flat-slab subduction followed by slab break-off. The initiation and its subsequent rollback of a new subduction zone would explain the onset of Oligo–Miocene extension and accompanying magmatism.
Rahul Prabhakaran, Giovanni Bertotti, Janos Urai, and David Smeulders
Solid Earth, 12, 2159–2209, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2159-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2159-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Rock fractures are organized as networks with spatially varying arrangements. Due to networks' influence on bulk rock behaviour, it is important to quantify network spatial variation. We utilize an approach where fracture networks are treated as spatial graphs. By combining graph similarity measures with clustering techniques, spatial clusters within large-scale fracture networks are identified and organized hierarchically. The method is validated on a dataset with nearly 300 000 fractures.
Olivier Lacombe, Nicolas E. Beaudoin, Guilhem Hoareau, Aurélie Labeur, Christophe Pecheyran, and Jean-Paul Callot
Solid Earth, 12, 2145–2157, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2145-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2145-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper aims to illustrate how the timing and duration of contractional deformation associated with folding in orogenic forelands can be constrained by the dating of brittle mesostructures observed in folded strata. The study combines new and already published absolute ages of fractures to provide, for the first time, an educated discussion about the factors controlling the duration of the sequence of deformation encompassing layer-parallel shortening, fold growth, and late fold tightening.
Vincent Famin, Hugues Raimbourg, Muriel Andreani, and Anne-Marie Boullier
Solid Earth, 12, 2067–2085, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sediments accumulated in accretionary prisms are deformed by the compression imposed by plate subduction. Here we show that deformation of the sediments transforms some minerals in them. We suggest that these mineral transformations are due to the proliferation of microorganisms boosted by deformation. Deformation-enhanced microbial proliferation may change our view of sedimentary and tectonic processes in subduction zones.
Marta Adamuszek, Dan M. Tămaş, Jessica Barabasch, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 12, 2041–2065, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2041-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2041-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse folded multilayer sequences in the Ocnele Mari salt mine (Romania) to gain insight into the long-term rheological behaviour of rock salt. Our results indicate the large role of even a small number of impurities in the rock salt for its effective mechanical behaviour. We demonstrate how the development of folds that occur at various scales can be used to constrain the viscosity ratio in the deformed multilayer sequence.
Dario Zampieri, Paola Vannoli, and Pierfrancesco Burrato
Solid Earth, 12, 1967–1986, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1967-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1967-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The long-lived Schio-Vicenza Fault System is a major shear zone cross-cutting the foreland and the thrust belt of the eastern southern Alps. We review 150 years of scientific works and explain its activity and kinematics, characterized by sinistral and dextral transcurrent motion along its southern and northern sections, respectively, by a geodynamic model that has the Adria indenter as the main actor and coherently reconciles the available geological and geophysical evidence collected so far.
Vincent F. Verwater, Eline Le Breton, Mark R. Handy, Vincenzo Picotti, Azam Jozi Najafabadi, and Christian Haberland
Solid Earth, 12, 1309–1334, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Balancing along geological cross sections reveals that the Giudicarie Belt comprises two kinematic domains. The SW domain accommodated at least ~ 18 km Late Oligocene to Early Miocene shortening. Since the Middle Miocene, the SW domain experienced at least ~ 12–22 km shortening, whereas the NE domain underwent at least ~ 25–35 km. Together, these domains contributed to ~ 40–47 km of sinistral offset of the Periadriatic Fault along the Northern Giudicarie Fault since the Late Oligocene.
Emma A. H. Michie, Mark J. Mulrooney, and Alvar Braathen
Solid Earth, 12, 1259–1286, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1259-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1259-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Generating an accurate model of the subsurface is crucial when assessing a site for CO2 storage, particularly for a fault-bound storage site that may act as a seal or could reactivate upon CO2 injection. However, we have shown how picking strategy, i.e. line spacing, chosen to create the model significantly influences any subsequent fault analyses but is surprisingly rarely discussed. This analysis has been performed on the Vette Fault bounding the Smeaheia potential CO2 storage site.
Stefano Urbani, Guido Giordano, Federico Lucci, Federico Rossetti, and Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez
Solid Earth, 12, 1111–1124, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1111-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1111-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Structural studies in active calderas have a key role in the exploration of geothermal systems. We reply in detail to the points raised by the comment of Norini and Groppelli (2020), strengthening the relevance of our structural fieldwork for geothermal exploration and exploitation in active caldera geothermal systems including the Los Humeros caldera.
Jakob Bolz and Jonas Kley
Solid Earth, 12, 1005–1024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1005-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1005-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To assess the role smaller graben structures near the southern edge of the Central European Basin System play in the basin’s overall deformational history, we take advantage of a feature found on some of these structures, where slivers from older rock units appear along the graben's main fault, surrounded on both sides by younger strata. The implications for the geometry of the fault provide a substantially improved estimate for the magnitude of normal and thrust motion along the fault system.
Domingo G. A. M. Aerden, Alejandro Ruiz-Fuentes, Mohammad Sayab, and Aidan Forde
Solid Earth, 12, 971–992, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-971-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-971-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the geometry of foliations and microfolds preserved within metamorphic garnet crystals using X-ray tomography. The studied rocks are blueschists from Ile de Groix formed during Late Devonian subduction of Gondwana under Armorica. Several sets of differently oriented microfabrics were found recording variations in the direction of subduction. Comparison with similar data for Iberia supports that Iberia rotated only 10–20° during the Cretaceous opening of the North Atlantic.
Matteo Demurtas, Steven A.F. Smith, Elena Spagnuolo, and Giulio Di Toro
Solid Earth, 12, 595–612, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-595-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-595-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We performed shear experiments on calcite–dolomite gouge mixtures to better understand the behaviour of carbonates during sub-seismic to seismic deformation in the shallow crust. The development of a foliation in the gouge was only restricted to coseismic sliding, whereas fluidisation occurred over a wide range of slip velocities (sub-seismic to coseismic) in the presence of water. These observations will contribute to a better interpretation of the rock record.
James Gilgannon, Marius Waldvogel, Thomas Poulet, Florian Fusseis, Alfons Berger, Auke Barnhoorn, and Marco Herwegh
Solid Earth, 12, 405–420, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-405-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-405-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using experiments that simulate deep tectonic interfaces, known as viscous shear zones, we found that these zones spontaneously develop periodic sheets of small pores. The presence of porous layers in deep rocks undergoing tectonic deformation is significant because it requires a change to the current model of how the Earth deforms. Emergent porous layers in viscous rocks will focus mineralising fluids and could lead to the seismic failure of rocks that are never supposed to have this occur.
Jef Deckers, Bernd Rombaut, Koen Van Noten, and Kris Vanneste
Solid Earth, 12, 345–361, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-345-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-345-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows the presence of two structural domains in the western border fault system of the Roer Valley graben. These domains, dominated by NW–SE-striking faults, displayed distinctly different strain distributions during both Late Cretaceous compression and Cenozoic extension. The southern domain is characterized by narrow, localized faulting, while the northern domain is characterized by wide, distributed faulting. The non-colinear WNW–ESE Grote Brogel fault links both domains.
José Piquer, Orlando Rivera, Gonzalo Yáñez, and Nicolás Oyarzún
Solid Earth, 12, 253–273, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-253-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-253-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A proper recognition of deep, long-lived fault systems is very important for society. They can produce potentially dangerous earthquakes. They can also act as pathways for magmas and hydrothermal fluids, leading to the formation of volcanoes, geothermal systems and mineral deposits. However, the manifestations of these very old faults in the present-day surface can be very subtle. Here, we present a detailed, multi-disciplinary study of a fault system of this type in the Andes of central Chile.
Cited articles
Abousif, A. M. A.: Mineral and geochemical attributes of the midcontinent rift sequence; An application for deep carbon dioxide sequestration, Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, 240 p., 2015.
Anderson, R.: U.S. Geological Survey Airborne Study of Northeast Iowa,
Iowa Geological & Water Survey, available at: https://www.iowadnr.gov/Portals/idnr/uploads/geology/home/NE_Iowa_mineral_survey.pdf (last access: 20 June 2020), 2012.
Armstrong, A. K. and Mamet, B. L.: Biostratigraphy of the Arroyo Peñasco Group, Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian), north-central New Mexico, Ghost Ranch N. M. Geol. Soc. Guidebook, 25, 145–158, 1974.
Baltz, E. H. and Myers, D. A.:
Stratigraphic framework of upper Paleozoic rocks, southeastern Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico, with a section on speculations and implications for regional interpretation of Ancestral Rocky Mountains paleotectonics, New Mexico,
Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir 48, 272 p.,
Socorro, New Mexico, USA, 1999.
Barnes, D. A., Bacon, D. H., and Kelley, S. R.:
Geological sequestration of carbon dioxide in the Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone: Regional storage capacity, site characterization, and large-scale injection feasibility, Michigan Basin,
Environ. Geosci.,
16, 163–183, 2009.
Burkhard, M.:
Calcite twins, their geometry, appearance and significance as stress-strain markers and indicators of tectonic regime: a review,
J. Struct. Geol.,
15, 351–368, 1993.
Callahan, O. A., Eichhubl, P., Olson, J. E., and Davatzes, N. C.:
Experimental investigation of chemically aided fracture growth in silicified fault rocks,
Geothermics,
83, 101724, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2019.101724, 2020.
Carr, T. R., Merriam, D. F., and Bartley, J. D.:
Use of relational databases to evaluate regional petroleum accumulation, groundwater flow, and CO2 sequestration in Kansas,
Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. B.,
89, 1607–1627, 2005.
Chang, K. and Segall, P.:
Injection-induced seismicity on basement faults including poroelastic stressing,
J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea.,
121, 2708–2726, 2016.
Cuccio, L.: Geological Characterization of Precambrian Nonconformities: Implications for Injection-Induced Seismicity in the Midcontinent United States, M.Sc. thesis, Utah State University, Logan, available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6889/ (last access: 17 September 2020), 2017.
Davatzes, N. C. and Hickman, S.:
Controls on fault-hosted fluid flow: Preliminary results from the Coso Geothermal Field, CA,
Geoth. Res. T.,
29, 343–348, 2005.
Dewers, T., Newell, P., Broome, S., Heath, J., and Bauer, S.: Geomechanical behavior of Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone reservoir lithofacies, Iowa Shelf, USA, Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con., 21, 33–48, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2013.11.010, 2014.
Drenth, B. J., Anderson, R. R., Schulz, K. J., Feinberg, J. M., Chandler, V. W., and Cannon, W. F.: What lies beneath: geophysical mapping of a concealed Precambrian intrusive complex along the Iowa–Minnesota border, Can. J. Earth Sci., 52, 279–293, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2014-0178, 2015.
Duffin, M. E., Lee, M., Klein, G. D., and Hay, R. L.:
Potassic diagenesis of Cambrian sandstones and Precambrian granitic basement in UPH-3 deep hole, Upper Mississippi Valley, USA, J. Sediment. Res., 59, 848–861, 1989.
Easton, R. M. and Carter, T. R.:
Geology of the Precambrian basement beneath the Paleozoic of southwestern Ontario, in: Basement Tectonics 10, edited by: Baars, D. I., Thomas, W. A., Drahovzal, J. A., and Gerhard, L. C., Springer, Netherlands, 221–264, 1995.
Ellsworth, W. L., Llenos, A. L., McGarr, A. F., Michael, A. J., Rubinstein, J. L., Mueller, C. S., Petersen, M. D., and Calais, E.:
Increasing seismicity in the U.S. midcontinent; implications for earthquake hazard (in Injection-induced seismicity),
The Leading Edge,
34, 618–626, 2015.
Everham, W. D. and Huntoon, J. E.: Thermal history of a deep well in the Michigan Basin: Implications for a complex burial history, in: Geothermics in Basin Analysis, edited by: Forster, A. and Merriam, D. F., Springer, New York, 177–202, 1999.
Ferrill, D. A., McGinnis, R. N., Morris, A. P., and Smart, K. J.:
Hybrid failure: Field evidence and influence on fault refraction,
J. Struct. Geol.,
42, 140–150, 2012.
Gair, J.E. and Thaden, R.E.:
Geology of the Marquette and Sands Quadrangles, Marquette County, Michigan,
Geological Survey Professional Paper 397, available at: https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0397/report.pdf (last access: 12 June 2020), 1968.
Gilbert, R. C.:
Final Report Minnesota Project (Area 4) Fillmore County, Minnesota,
The New Jersey Zinc Company, Platteville, Wisconsin, 1962.
Goebel, T. H. W. and Brodsky, E. E.:
The spatial footprint of injection wells in a global compilation of induced earthquake sequences,
Science,
361, 899–904, 2018.
Harbaugh, A. W. and McDonald, M. G.:
Programmer's documentation for MODFLOW-96, an update to the US Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model,
US Geological Survey, Branch of Information Services [distributor], Reston, Virginia, 1996.
Harbaugh, A. W., Banta, E. R., Hill, M. C., and McDonald, M. G.:
MODFLOW-2000 , The U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model – User guide to modularization concepts and the ground-water flow process,
available at: https://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/modflow2000/MFDOC/index.html?introduction.htm (last access: 12 June 2020), 2000.
Hesseltine, G.: Micro- To Macro-Scale Structural And Lithological Architecture Of Basal Nonconformities: Implications For Fluid Flow And Injection Induced Seismicity, M.Sc. thesis, Utah State University, Logan, available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7497/ (last access: 17 September 2020), 2019.
Hoffman, P.:
United Plates of America the birth of a craton: Early Proterozoic assembly and growth of Laurentia,
Ann. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc.,
16, 543–603, 1988.
Karlstrom, K. E. and Humphreys, E. D.:
Persistent influence of Proterozoic accretionary boundaries in the tectonic evolution of southwestern North America: Interaction of cratonic grain and mantle modification events,
Rocky Mountain Geology,
33, 161–179, 1998.
Keranen, K. M., Savage, H. M., Abers, G. A., and Cochran, E. S.: Potentially induced earthquakes in Oklahoma, USA: Links between wastewater injection and the 2011 Mw 5.7 earthquake sequence, Geology, 41, 699–702, 2013.
Keranen, K. M., Weingarten, M., Abers, G. A., Bekins, B. A., and Ge, S.:
Sharp increase in central Oklahoma seismicity since 2008 induced by massive wastewater injection,
Science,
25, 448–451, 2014.
Kerner, K. R.:
Permeability architecture of faulted nonconformities: Implications for induced seismicity,
M.Sc. Thesis,
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, 2015.
Larsen, B., Gudmundsson, A., Grunnaleite, I., Saelen, G., Talbot, M. R., and Buckle, S. J.:
Effects of sedimentary interfaces on fracture pattern, linkage, and cluster formation in peritidal carbonate rocks,
Mar. Petrol. Geol.,
27, 1531–1550, 2010.
Laubach, S. E., Reed, R. M., Olsen, J. E., Lander, R. H., and Bonnell, L. M.:
Coevolution of crack-seal texture and fracture porosity in sedimentary rocks: cathodluminescence observations of regional fractures,
J. Struct. Geol.,
26, 967–982, 2004.
Leeper, N.: Characterization of the Mt. Simon Sandstone in Southwest Ohio for CO2 Sequestration, Senior Thesis, Ohio State University., 44 p., https://kb.osu.edu/handle/1811/52033 2012 (last access 12 June 2020), 2012.
Leetaru, H. E. and McBride, J. H.: Reservoir uncertainty, Precambrian topography, and carbon sequestration in the Mt. Simon Sandstone, Illinois Basin, Environmental Geosciences, Division of Environmenal Geoscience, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 16, 235–243, https://doi.org/10.1306/eg.04210909006, 2009.
Leetaru, H. E., Frailey, S., Morse, D., Finley, R. J., Rupp, J. A., Drahozval, J. A., and McBride, J. H.: Carbon sequestration in the Mt. Simon Sandstone saline reservoir, in: Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Geological Media – State of the Science, edited by: M. Grobe, Pashin, J. C., and Dodge, R. L., American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology, Tulsa, OK, USA, 59, 261–277, 2009.
Lemen, D., Lindline, J., and Bosbyshell, H.:
The Gallinas Canyon gneiss: a window into the nature and timing of Paleoproterozoic events in Northern New Mexico,
in: Guidebook 66 – Geology of the Las Vegas Area,
edited by: Lindline, J., Petronis, M., and Zebrowski, J.,
New Mexico Geological Society 66th Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, 312 p., 2015.
Lessard, R. H. and Bejnar, W.:
Geology of the Las Vegas area,
in: Vermejo Park,
edited by: Ewing, R. C. and Kues, B. S.,
New Mexico Geological Society 27th Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, 306 p. 1976.
Lewan, M. D.:
Metasomatism and weathering of the Presque Isle serpentinized peridotite, Marquette, Michigan,
M.Sc. thesis,
Michigan Technological University, Houghton, 1972.
Liu, F., Lu, P., Zhu, C., and Xiao, Y.:
Coupled reactive flow and transport modeling of CO2 sequestration in the Mt. Simon sandstone formation, Midwest USA,
Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con.,
5, 294–307, 2011.
Malone, D. H., Stein, C. A., Craddock, J. P., Kley, J., Stein, S., and Malone, J. E.:
Maximum depositional age of the Neoproterozoic Jacobsville Sandstone, Michigan: Implications for the evolution of the Midcontinent Rift,
Geosphere,
12, 1271–1282, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01302.1, 2016.
Marshak, S., Domrois, S., Abert, C., Larson, T., Pavlis, G., Hamburger, M., Yang, X., Gilbert, H., and Chen, C.:
The basement revealed: Tectonic insight from a digital elevation model of the Great Unconformity, USA cratonic platform,
Geology,
45, 391–394, https://doi.org/10.1130/G38875.1, 2017.
Miller, T. J.:
Evaluation of the Reagan and Lamotte Sandstones in Southwestern Missouri for carbon dioxide sequestration,
M.Sc. thesis,
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, 221 p., 2012.
Milstein, R. L.:
Bedrock geology map of Southern Michigan, State of Michigan,
Department of Natural Resources, Lansing, MI,
available at: https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_71887.htm (last access: 12 June 2020), 1987.
Mossler, J. H.: Geologic Atlas of Fillmore County, Minnesota Geological Survey, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA, 1995.
Murray, W. E.:
Class II Saltwater Disposal for 2009–2014 at the Annual-, State-, and County-Scales by Geologic Zones of Completion, Oklahoma,
Oklahoma Geological Survey, Oklahoma, 2015.
Nakai, J. S., Weingarte, M., Sheehan, A. F., Bilek, S. L., and Ge, S.:
A possible causative mechanism of Raton Basin, New Mexico and Colorado earthquakes using recent seismicity patterns and pore pressure modeling,
J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea.,
122, 8051–8065, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB014415, 2017.
Nicholson, C. and Wesson, R. L.: L.: Earthquake Hazard Associated
with Deep Well Injection – A Report to the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1951, United States Geological Survey, Alexandria, VA, 1990.
Ojakangas, R. W., Morey, G. B., and Green, J. C.:
The Mesoproterozoic Midcontinent Rift System, Lake Superior Region, USA,
Sediment. Geol.,
141–142, 421–442, 2001.
Oliver, N. H. S., McLellan, J. G., Hobbs, B. E., Cleverly, J. S., Ord, A., and Feltrin, L.:
Numerical models of extensional deformation, heat transfer, and fluid flow across basement-cover interfaces during basin-related mineralization,
Econ. Geol.,
101, 1–31, 2006.
Ortiz, J. P.:
The role of fault-zone architectural elements and basal altered zones on downward pore pressure propagation and induced seismicity in the crystalline basement,
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, USA, 2017.
Ortiz, J. P., Person, M. A., Mozley, P. S., Evans, J. P., and Bilek, S. L.:
The role of fault-zone architectural elements on pore pressure propagation and induced seismicity,
Groundwater,
57, 465–478, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12818, 2019.
Paterson, M. S.: Materials science for structural geology, Springer Science & Business Media, New York, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5545-1, 2012.
Petersen, M. D., Mueller, C. S., Moschetti, M. P., Hoover, S. M., Llenos, A. L., Ellsworth, W. L., Michael, A. J., Rubinstein, J. L., McGarr, A. F., and Rukstales, K. S.:
One-year seismic hazard forecast for the Central and Eastern United States from induced and natural earthquakes,
U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016-1035,
2016.
Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership: CO2 Sequestration Projects in Our Region, Energy&Environmental Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, available at: https://undeerc.org/pcor/technicalpublications/technicalreports.aspx, last access: 20 June 2020.
Rivers, T.:
Lithotectonic elements of the Grenville Province: review and tectonic implications,
Precambrian Res.,
86, 117–1545, 1997.
Rojstaczer, S. A.:
Permeability of continental crust influenced by internal and external forcing,
Geofluids,
8, 128–139, 2008.
Rubinstein, J. L., Ellsworth, W. L., McGarr, A., and Benz, H. M.:
The 2001-present induced earthquake sequence in the Raton Basin of northern New Mexico and southern Colorado,
B. Seismol. Soc. Am.,
104, 2162–2181, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120140009, 2014.
Schöpfer, M. P., Childs, C., and Walsh, J. J.:
Localisation of normal faults in multilayer sequences,
J. Struct. Geol.,
28, 816–833, 2006.
Segall, P. and Lu, S.: Injection-induced seismicity: Poroelastic and earthquake nucleation effects, J. Geophys.-Res., 120, 5280–5103, 2015.
Sims, P. K.: Precambrian Basement Map of the Northern Midcontinent, U.S.A., U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Open-85-604, United States Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA, 1985.
Sims, P. K. and Peterman, Z. E.:
Early Proterozoic Central Plains orogen a major buried structure in the north-central United States,
Geology,
14, 488–491, 1986.
Sloss, L. L.: Sequences in the cratonic interior of North America, GSA Bulletin, 74, 93–114, 1963.
Sloss, L. L.: Forty years of sequence stratigraphy, GSA Bulletin, 100, 1661–1665, 1988.
Smith, K., Paulding, A., Bradbury, K., Potter, K., Evans, J., and Petrie, E.:
Geologic Characterization of the Great Unconformity Injection Interface Region from Field and Drillcore Analog Studies: Implications for Midcontinent Induced Seismicity,
Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs v. 51, no. 5, Poster Presentation, https://doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019AM-335848, 2019.
St. Onge, M., Van Gool, J., Garde, A., and Scott, D.:
Correlation of Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic units between northeastern Canada and western Greenland: constraining the pre-collisional upper plate accretionary history of the Trans-Hudson orogen,
in: Earth Accretionary Systems in Space and Time,
edited by: Cawood, P. A. and Kroner, A.,
The Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 318, 193–235, 2009.
Thorleifson, H. (Ed.):
Potential Capacity for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in the Midcontinent Rift System in Minnesota,
available at: https://files.dnr.state.mn.us/aboutdnr/reports/MGS_CO2_Report.pdf (last access: 13 June 2020), 2008.
Weingarten, M., Ge, S., Godt, J. W., Bekins, B. A., and Rubinstein, J. L.:
High-rate injection is associated with the increase in U.S. mid-continent seismicity,
Science,
248, 1336–1340, 2015.
Whitmeyer, S. J. and Karlstrom, K. E.:
Tectonic model for the Proterozoic growth of North America,
Geosphere,
3, 220–259, 2007.
Wickstrom, L. H., Venteris, E. R., Harper, J. A., McDonald, J., Slucher, E. R., Carter, K. M., Greb, S. F., Wells, J. G., Harrisson III, W. B., Nuttall, B. C., Riley, R. A., Drahovzal, J. A., Rupp, J. A., Avary, K. L., Lanham, S., Barnes, D. A., Gupta, N., Baranoski, M. A., Radhakkrishnan, P., Solis, M. P., Baum, G. R., Hohn, M. E., Parris, M. P., McCoy, K., Grammer, G. M., Pool, S., Luckhardt, C., and Kish, P.:
Characterization of Geologic Sequestration Opportunities in the MRCSP Region,
available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Larry_Wickstrom/
publication/292983481_292983481_Characterization_of_
Geologic_Sequestration_Opportunities_in_the_MRCSP_
Region/links/56b3b4f008ae636a540d1bfb/Characterization-of-
Geologic-Sequestration-Opportunities-in-the_MRCSP_Region/
links/56b3b4f008ae636a540d1bfb/Characterization-of-
Geologic-Sequestration-Opportunities-in-the-MRCSP-Region.pdf (last access: 12 June 2020), 2010.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Larry_Wickstrom/
publication/292983481_292983481_Characterization_of_
Geologic_Sequestration_Opportunities_in_the_MRCSP_
Region/links/56b3b4f008ae636a540d1bfb/Characterization-of-
Geologic-Sequestration-Opportunities-in-the_MRCSP_Region/
links/56b3b4f008ae636a540d1bfb/Characterization-of-
Geologic-Sequestration-Opportunities-in-the-MRCSP-Region.pdf (last access: 12 June 2020), 2010.
Yehya, A., Yang, Z., and Rice, J. R.:
Effect of fault architecture and permeability evolution on response to fluid injection,
J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea.,
123, 9982–9987, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB016550, 2018.
Zhang, Y., Person, M., Rupp, J., Ellett, K., Celia, M. A., Gable, C., Bowen, B., Evans, J., Bandilla, K., Mozley, P., Dewers, T., and Elliot, T.:
Hydrogeologic Controls on Induced Seismicity in Crystalline Basement Rocks Due to Fluid Injection into Basal Reservoirs, Groundwater, 51, 525–538, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12071, 2013.
Zhang, Y., Edel, S. S., Pepin, J., Person, M., Broadhead, R., Ortiz, J. P., Bilek, S. L., Mozley, P., and Evans, J. P.:
Exploring the potential linkages between oil-field brine reinjection, crystalline basement permeability, and triggered seismicity for the Dagger Draw Oil field, southeastern New Mexico, USA, using hydrologic modelling,
Geofluids, 16, 971–987, 2016.
Short summary
A summary of observed rock properties across the contact between crystalline basement rock and the overlying younger sedimentary rocks from outcrop and core samples is presented. The data span a range of tectonic settings and describe the rock types immediately adjacent to the contact. The range of features observed at these contacts can influence the migration of fluids. The observations presented here are critical for the safe implementation of fluid injection and geothermal production.
A summary of observed rock properties across the contact between crystalline basement rock and...
Special issue