Articles | Volume 11, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2141-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2141-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
18 Nov 2020
Research article |
| 18 Nov 2020
Relationship between microstructures and resistance in mafic assemblages that deform and transform
Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans (ISTO), UMR 7327,
CNRS/BRGM, Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France
Holger Stünitz
Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans (ISTO), UMR 7327,
CNRS/BRGM, Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France
Department of Geology, University of Tromsø, Dramsveien 201, 9037
Tromsø, Norway
Hugues Raimbourg
Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans (ISTO), UMR 7327,
CNRS/BRGM, Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France
Jacques Précigout
Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans (ISTO), UMR 7327,
CNRS/BRGM, Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France
Alexis Plunder
BRGM, 45060 Orléans, France
Lucille Nègre
Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans (ISTO), UMR 7327,
CNRS/BRGM, Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France
Related authors
No articles found.
Vincent Famin, Hugues Raimbourg, Muriel Andreani, and Anne-Marie Boullier
Solid Earth, 12, 2067–2085, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sediments accumulated in accretionary prisms are deformed by the compression imposed by plate subduction. Here we show that deformation of the sediments transforms some minerals in them. We suggest that these mineral transformations are due to the proliferation of microorganisms boosted by deformation. Deformation-enhanced microbial proliferation may change our view of sedimentary and tectonic processes in subduction zones.
Junichi Fukuda, Hugues Raimbourg, Ichiko Shimizu, Kai Neufeld, and Holger Stünitz
Solid Earth, 10, 621–636, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-621-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-621-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Grain size is a key factor for deformation. Quartz is one of the main constituents of the crust, but little is known about grain growth that can change grain size. We therefore experimentally determined grain growth laws for quartz. We discuss the importance of the grain size exponent, water fugacity exponent, and activation energy. Our results indicate that the contribution of grain growth to deformation may become important in lower-crustal conditions.
Carly Faber, Holger Stünitz, Deta Gasser, Petr Jeřábek, Katrin Kraus, Fernando Corfu, Erling K. Ravna, and Jiří Konopásek
Solid Earth, 10, 117–148, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-117-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-117-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Caledonian mountains formed when Baltica and Laurentia collided around 450–400 million years ago. This work describes the history of the rocks and the dynamics of that continental collision through space and time using field mapping, estimated pressures and temperatures, and age dating on rocks from northern Norway. The rocks preserve continental collision between 440–430 million years ago, and an unusual pressure–temperature evolution suggests unusual tectonic activity prior to collision.
Sina Marti, Holger Stünitz, Renée Heilbronner, Oliver Plümper, and Rüdiger Kilian
Solid Earth, 9, 985–1009, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-985-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-985-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Using rock deformation experiments we study how rocks deform at mid-crustal levels within mountain belts and along plate boundaries. For the studied material, fluid-assisted mass transport and grain sliding are the dominant deformation mechanisms when small amounts of water are present. Our results provide new data on the mechanical response of the earth's crust, and the wide range of presented microstructures will help to correlate observations from experiments and nature.
Alexis Plunder, Cédric Thieulot, and Douwe J. J. van Hinsbergen
Solid Earth, 9, 759–776, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-759-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-759-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The thermal state of the Earth's crust determines how it reacts to tectonic forces and to fluid flow responsible for ore formation. We hypothesize that the angle between plate motion and convergent boundaries determines the thermal regime of subduction zones (where a plate goes under another one). Computer models and a geological reconstruction of Turkey were used to validate this hypothesis.
This research was done to validate a hypothesis made on the basis of nonquantitative field data.
Related subject area
Subject area: Tectonic plate interactions, magma genesis, and lithosphere deformation at all scales | Editorial team: Structural geology and tectonics, paleoseismology, rock physics, experimental deformation | Discipline: Structural geology
Role of inheritance during tectonic inversion of a rift system in basement-involved to salt-decoupled transition: analogue modelling and application to the Pyrenean–Biscay system
Water release and homogenization by dynamic recrystallization of quartz
Time-dependent frictional properties of granular materials used in analogue modelling: implications for mimicking fault healing during reactivation and inversion
Large grain-size-dependent rheology contrasts of halite at low differential stress: evidence from microstructural study of naturally deformed gneissic Zechstein 2 rock salt (Kristallbrockensalz) from the northern Netherlands
Analogue modelling of the inversion of multiple extensional basins in foreland fold-and-thrust belts
A contribution to the quantification of crustal shortening and kinematics of deformation across the Western Andes ( ∼ 20–22° S)
Rift thermal inheritance in the SW Alps (France): insights from RSCM thermometry and 1D thermal numerical modelling
The Luangwa Rift Active Fault Database and fault reactivation along the southwestern branch of the East African Rift
Clustering has a meaning: optimization of angular similarity to detect 3D geometric anomalies in geological terrains
Shear zone evolution and the path of earthquake rupture
Mechanical compaction mechanisms in the input sediments of the Sumatra subduction complex – insights from microstructural analysis of cores from IODP Expedition 362
Detecting micro fractures: a comprehensive comparison of conventional and machine-learning-based segmentation methods
Multiscale lineament analysis and permeability heterogeneity of fractured crystalline basement blocks
Structural characterization and K–Ar illite dating of reactivated, complex and heterogeneous fault zones: lessons from the Zuccale Fault, Northern Apennines
How do differences in interpreting seismic images affect estimates of geological slip rates?
Progressive veining during peridotite carbonation: insights from listvenites in Hole BT1B, Samail ophiolite (Oman)
Tectonic evolution of the Indio Hills segment of the San Andreas fault in southern California, southwestern USA
Structural diagenesis in ultra-deep tight sandstones in the Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, China
Variscan structures and their control on latest to post-Variscan basin architecture: insights from the westernmost Bohemian Massif and southeastern Germany
Multi-disciplinary characterizations of the BedrettoLab – a new underground geoscience research facility
Biotite supports long-range diffusive transport in dissolution–precipitation creep in halite through small porosity fluctuations
De-risking the energy transition by quantifying the uncertainties in fault stability
Virtual field trip to the Esla Nappe (Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain): delivering traditional geological mapping skills remotely using real data
Marine forearc structure of eastern Java and its role in the 1994 Java tsunami earthquake
Roughness of fracture surfaces in numerical models and laboratory experiments
Impact of basement thrust faults on low-angle normal faults and rift basin evolution: a case study in the Enping sag, Pearl River Basin
Evidence for and significance of the Late Cretaceous Asteroussia event in the Gondwanan Ios basement terranes
Investigating spatial heterogeneity within fracture networks using hierarchical clustering and graph distance metrics
Dating folding beyond folding, from layer-parallel shortening to fold tightening, using mesostructures: lessons from the Apennines, Pyrenees, and Rocky Mountains
Deformation-enhanced diagenesis and bacterial proliferation in the Nankai accretionary prism
Rheological stratification in impure rock salt during long-term creep: morphology, microstructure, and numerical models of multilayer folds in the Ocnele Mari salt mine, Romania
Geodynamic and seismotectonic model of a long-lived transverse structure: The Schio-Vicenza Fault System (NE Italy)
Neogene kinematics of the Giudicarie Belt and eastern Southern Alpine orogenic front (northern Italy)
Fault interpretation uncertainties using seismic data, and the effects on fault seal analysis: a case study from the Horda Platform, with implications for CO2 storage
Reply to Norini and Groppelli's comment on “Estimating the depth and evolution of intrusions at resurgent calderas: Los Humeros (Mexico)” by Urbani et al. (2020)
Emplacement of “exotic” Zechstein slivers along the inverted Sontra Graben (northern Hessen, Germany): clues from balanced cross sections and geometrical forward modeling
Kinematics of subduction in the Ibero-Armorican arc constrained by 3D microstructural analysis of garnet and pseudomorphed lawsonite porphyroblasts from Île de Groix (Variscan belt)
Frictional properties and microstructural evolution of dry and wet calcite–dolomite gouges
Experimental evidence that viscous shear zones generate periodic pore sheets
Influence of inherited structural domains and their particular strain distributions on the Roer Valley graben evolution from inversion to extension
The Piuquencillo fault system: a long-lived, Andean-transverse fault system and its relationship with magmatic and hydrothermal activity
Extensional reactivation of the Penninic frontal thrust 3 Myr ago as evidenced by U–Pb dating on calcite in fault zone cataclasite
Distribution, microphysical properties, and tectonic controls of deformation bands in the Miocene subduction wedge (Whakataki Formation) of the Hikurangi subduction zone
Analysis of deformation bands associated with the Trachyte Mesa intrusion, Henry Mountains, Utah: implications for reservoir connectivity and fluid flow around sill intrusions
Characterization of discontinuities in potential reservoir rocks for geothermal applications in the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan area (Germany)
On a new robust workflow for the statistical and spatial analysis of fracture data collected with scanlines (or the importance of stationarity)
Micro- and nano-porosity of the active Alpine Fault zone, New Zealand
Unraveling the origins and P-T-t evolution of the allochthonous Sobrado unit (Órdenes Complex, NW Spain) using combined U–Pb titanite, monazite and zircon geochronology and rare-earth element (REE) geochemistry
Fracture attribute scaling and connectivity in the Devonian Orcadian Basin with implications for geologically equivalent sub-surface fractured reservoirs
Structural control on fluid flow and shallow diagenesis: insights from calcite cementation along deformation bands in porous sandstones
Jordi Miró, Oriol Ferrer, Josep Anton Muñoz, and Gianreto Manastchal
Solid Earth, 14, 425–445, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-425-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-425-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using the Asturian–Basque–Cantabrian system and analogue (sandbox) models, this work focuses on the linkage between basement-controlled and salt-decoupled domains and how deformation is accommodated between the two during extension and subsequent inversion. Analogue models show significant structural variability in the transitional domain, with oblique structures that can be strongly modified by syn-contractional sedimentation. Experimental results are consistent with the case study.
Junichi Fukuda, Takamoto Okudaira, and Yukiko Ohtomo
Solid Earth, 14, 409–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-409-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-409-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured water distributions in deformed quartz by infrared spectroscopy mapping and used the results to discuss changes in water distribution resulting from textural development. Because of the grain size reduction process (dynamic recrystallization), water contents decrease from 40–1750 wt ppm in host grains of ~2 mm to 100–510 wt ppm in recrystallized regions composed of fine grains of ~10 µm. Our results indicate that water is released and homogenized by dynamic recrystallization.
Michael Rudolf, Matthias Rosenau, and Onno Oncken
Solid Earth, 14, 311–331, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Analogue models of tectonic processes rely on the reproduction of their geometry, kinematics and dynamics. An important property is fault behaviour, which is linked to the frictional characteristics of the fault gouge. This is represented by granular materials, such as quartz sand. In our study we investigate the time-dependent frictional properties of various analogue materials and highlight their impact on the suitability of these materials for analogue models focusing on fault reactivation.
Jessica Barabasch, Joyce Schmatz, Jop Klaver, Alexander Schwedt, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 14, 271–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed Zechstein salt with microscopes and observed specific microstructures that indicate much faster deformation in rock salt with fine halite grains when compared to salt with larger grains. This is important because people build large cavities in the subsurface salt for energy storage or want to deposit radioactive waste inside it. When engineers and scientists use grain-size data and equations that include this mechanism, it will help to make better predictions in geological models.
Nicolás Molnar and Susanne Buiter
Solid Earth, 14, 213–235, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Progression of orogenic wedges over pre-existing extensional structures is common in nature, but deciphering the spatio-temporal evolution of deformation from the geological record remains challenging. Our laboratory experiments provide insights on how horizontal stresses are transferred across a heterogeneous crust, constrain which pre-shortening conditions can either favour or hinder the reactivatation of extensional structures, and explain what implications they have on critical taper theory.
Tania Habel, Martine Simoes, Robin Lacassin, Daniel Carrizo, and German Aguilar
Solid Earth, 14, 17–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-17-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-17-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Central Andes are one of the most emblematic reliefs on Earth, but their western flank remains understudied. Here we explore two rare key sites in the hostile conditions of the Atacama desert to build cross-sections, quantify crustal shortening, and discuss the timing of this deformation at ∼20–22°S. We propose that the structures of the Western Andes accommodated significant crustal shortening here, but only during the earliest stages of mountain building.
Naïm Célini, Frédéric Mouthereau, Abdeltif Lahfid, Claude Gout, and Jean-Paul Callot
Solid Earth, 14, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the peak temperature of sedimentary rocks of the SW Alps (France), using Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material. This method provides an estimate of the peak temperature achieved by organic-rich rocks. To determine the timing and the tectonic context of the origin of these temperatures we use 1D thermal modelling. We find that the high temperatures up to 300 °C were achieved during precollisional extensional events, not during tectonic burial in the Western Alps.
Luke N. J. Wedmore, Tess Turner, Juliet Biggs, Jack N. Williams, Henry M. Sichingabula, Christine Kabumbu, and Kawawa Banda
Solid Earth, 13, 1731–1753, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mapping and compiling the attributes of faults capable of hosting earthquakes are important for the next generation of seismic hazard assessment. We document 18 active faults in the Luangwa Rift, Zambia, in an active fault database. These faults are between 9 and 207 km long offset Quaternary sediments, have scarps up to ~30 m high, and are capable of hosting earthquakes from Mw 5.8 to 8.1. We associate the Molaza Fault with surface ruptures from two unattributed M 6+ 20th century earthquakes.
Michał P. Michalak, Lesław Teper, Florian Wellmann, Jerzy Żaba, Krzysztof Gaidzik, Marcin Kostur, Yuriy P. Maystrenko, and Paulina Leonowicz
Solid Earth, 13, 1697–1720, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1697-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1697-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
When characterizing geological/geophysical surfaces, various geometric attributes are calculated, such as dip angle (1D) or dip direction (2D). However, the boundaries between specific values may be subjective and without optimization significance, resulting from using default color palletes. This study proposes minimizing cosine distance among within-cluster observations to detect 3D anomalies. Our results suggest that the method holds promise for identification of megacylinders or megacones.
Erik M. Young, Christie D. Rowe, and James D. Kirkpatrick
Solid Earth, 13, 1607–1629, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1607-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1607-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Studying how earthquakes spread deep within the faults they originate from is crucial to improving our understanding of the earthquake process. We mapped preserved ancient earthquake surfaces that are now exposed in South Africa and studied their relationship with the shape and type of rocks surrounding them. We determined that these surfaces are not random and are instead associated with specific kinds of rocks and that their shape is linked to the evolution of the faults in which they occur.
Sivaji Lahiri, Kitty L. Milliken, Peter Vrolijk, Guillaume Desbois, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 13, 1513–1539, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1513-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1513-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the mechanism of mechanical compaction is important. Previous studies on mechanical compaction were mostly done by performing experiments. Studies on natural rocks are rare due to compositional heterogeneity of the sedimentary succession with depth. Due to remarkable similarity in composition and grain size, the Sumatra subduction complex provides a unique opportunity to study the micromechanism of mechanical compaction on natural samples.
Dongwon Lee, Nikolaos Karadimitriou, Matthias Ruf, and Holger Steeb
Solid Earth, 13, 1475–1494, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1475-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1475-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research article focuses on filtering and segmentation methods employed in high-resolution µXRCT studies for crystalline rocks, bearing fractures, or fracture networks, of very small aperture. Specifically, we focus on the identification of artificially induced (via quenching) fractures in Carrara marble samples. Results from the same dataset from all five different methods adopted were produced and compared with each other in terms of their output quality and time efficiency.
Alberto Ceccato, Giulia Tartaglia, Marco Antonellini, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 13, 1431–1453, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's surface is commonly characterized by the occurrence of fractures, which can be mapped, and their can be geometry quantified on digital representations of the surface at different scales of observation. Here we present a series of analytical and statistical tools, which can aid the quantification of fracture spatial distribution at different scales. In doing so, we can improve our understanding of how fracture geometry and geology affect fluid flow within the fractured Earth crust.
Giulio Viola, Giovanni Musumeci, Francesco Mazzarini, Lorenzo Tavazzani, Manuel Curzi, Espen Torgersen, Roelant van der Lelij, and Luca Aldega
Solid Earth, 13, 1327–1351, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A structural-geochronological approach helps to unravel the Zuccale Fault's architecture. By mapping its internal structure and dating some of its fault rocks, we constrained a deformation history lasting 20 Myr starting at ca. 22 Ma. Such long activity is recorded by now tightly juxtaposed brittle structural facies, i.e. different types of fault rocks. Our results also have implications on the regional evolution of the northern Apennines, of which the Zuccale Fault is an important structure.
Wan-Lin Hu
Solid Earth, 13, 1281–1290, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1281-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1281-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Having a seismic image is generally expected to enable us to better determine fault geometry and thus estimate geological slip rates accurately. However, the process of interpreting seismic images may introduce unintended uncertainties, which have not yet been widely discussed. Here, a case of a shear fault-bend fold in the frontal Himalaya is used to demonstrate how differences in interpretations can affect the following estimates of slip rates and dependent conclusions.
Manuel D. Menzel, Janos L. Urai, Estibalitz Ukar, Thierry Decrausaz, and Marguerite Godard
Solid Earth, 13, 1191–1218, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1191-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1191-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mantle rocks can bind large quantities of carbon by reaction with CO2, but this capacity requires fluid pathways not to be clogged by carbonate. We studied mantle rocks from Oman to understand the mechanisms allowing their transformation into carbonate and quartz. Using advanced imaging techniques, we show that abundant veins were essential fluid pathways driving the reaction. Our results show that tectonic stress was important for fracture opening and a key ingredient for carbon fixation.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl, Steffen G. Bergh, and Arthur G. Sylvester
Solid Earth, 13, 1169–1190, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The San Andreas fault is a major active fault associated with ongoing earthquake sequences in southern California. The present study investigates the development of the Indio Hills area in the Coachella Valley along the main San Andreas fault and the Indio Hills fault. The Indio Hills area is located near an area with high ongoing earthquake activity (Brawley seismic zone), and, therefore, its recent tectonic evolution has implications for earthquake prediction.
Jin Lai, Dong Li, Yong Ai, Hongkun Liu, Deyang Cai, Kangjun Chen, Yuqiang Xie, and Guiwen Wang
Solid Earth, 13, 975–1002, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-975-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-975-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
(1) Structural diagenesis analysis is performed on the ultra-deep tight sandstone. (2) Fracture and intergranular pores are related to the low in situ stress magnitudes. (3) Dissolution is associated with the presence of fracture.
Hamed Fazlikhani, Wolfgang Bauer, and Harald Stollhofen
Solid Earth, 13, 393–416, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Interpretation of newly acquired FRANKEN 2D seismic survey data in southeeastern Germany shows that upper Paleozoic low-grade metasedimentary rocks and possible nappe units are transported by Variscan shear zones to ca. 65 km west of the Franconian Fault System (FFS). We show that the locations of post-Variscan upper Carboniferous–Permian normal faults and associated graben and half-graben basins are controlled by the geometry of underlying Variscan shear zones.
Xiaodong Ma, Marian Hertrich, Florian Amann, Kai Bröker, Nima Gholizadeh Doonechaly, Valentin Gischig, Rebecca Hochreutener, Philipp Kästli, Hannes Krietsch, Michèle Marti, Barbara Nägeli, Morteza Nejati, Anne Obermann, Katrin Plenkers, Antonio P. Rinaldi, Alexis Shakas, Linus Villiger, Quinn Wenning, Alba Zappone, Falko Bethmann, Raymi Castilla, Francisco Seberto, Peter Meier, Thomas Driesner, Simon Loew, Hansruedi Maurer, Martin O. Saar, Stefan Wiemer, and Domenico Giardini
Solid Earth, 13, 301–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Questions on issues such as anthropogenic earthquakes and deep geothermal energy developments require a better understanding of the fractured rock. Experiments conducted at reduced scales but with higher-resolution observations can shed some light. To this end, the BedrettoLab was recently established in an existing tunnel in Ticino, Switzerland, with preliminary efforts to characterize realistic rock mass behavior at the hectometer scale.
Berit Schwichtenberg, Florian Fusseis, Ian B. Butler, and Edward Andò
Solid Earth, 13, 41–64, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-41-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-41-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Hydraulic rock properties such as porosity and permeability are relevant factors that have an impact on groundwater resources, geological repositories and fossil fuel reservoirs. We investigate the influence of chemical compaction upon the porosity evolution in salt–biotite mixtures and related transport length scales by conducting laboratory experiments in combination with 4-D analysis. Our observations invite a renewed discussion of the effect of sheet silicates on chemical compaction.
David Healy and Stephen Paul Hicks
Solid Earth, 13, 15–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-15-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-15-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The energy transition requires operations in faulted rocks. To manage the technical challenges and public concern over possible induced earthquakes, we need to quantify the risks. We calculate the probability of fault slip based on uncertain inputs, stresses, fluid pressures, and the mechanical properties of rocks in fault zones. Our examples highlight the specific gaps in our knowledge. Citizen science projects could produce useful data and include the public in the discussions about hazards.
Manuel I. de Paz-Álvarez, Thomas G. Blenkinsop, David M. Buchs, George E. Gibbons, and Lesley Cherns
Solid Earth, 13, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a virtual geological mapping course implemented in response to travelling and social restrictions derived from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The course was designed to replicate a physical mapping exercise as closely as possible with the aid of real field data and photographs collected by the authors during previous years in the Cantabrian Zone (NW Spain). The course is delivered through Google Earth via a KMZ file with outcrop descriptions and links to GitHub-hosted photographs.
Yueyang Xia, Jacob Geersen, Dirk Klaeschen, Bo Ma, Dietrich Lange, Michael Riedel, Michael Schnabel, and Heidrun Kopp
Solid Earth, 12, 2467–2477, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2467-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2467-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The 2 June 1994 Java tsunami earthquake ruptured in a seismically quiet subduction zone and generated a larger-than-expected tsunami. Here, we re-process a seismic line across the rupture area. We show that a subducting seamount is located up-dip of the mainshock in a region that did not rupture during the earthquake. Seamount subduction modulates the topography of the marine forearc and acts as a seismic barrier in the 1994 earthquake rupture.
Steffen Abe and Hagen Deckert
Solid Earth, 12, 2407–2424, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2407-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2407-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use numerical simulations and laboratory experiments on rock samples to investigate how stress conditions influence the geometry and roughness of fracture surfaces. The roughness of the surfaces was analyzed in terms of absolute roughness and scaling properties. The results show that the surfaces are self-affine but with different scaling properties between the numerical models and the real rock samples. Results suggest that stress conditions have little influence on the surface roughness.
Chao Deng, Rixiang Zhu, Jianhui Han, Yu Shu, Yuxiang Wu, Kefeng Hou, and Wei Long
Solid Earth, 12, 2327–2350, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2327-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2327-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses seismic reflection data to interpret the geometric relationship and evolution of intra-basement and rift-related structures in the Enping sag in the northern South China Sea. Our observations suggest the primary control of pre-existing thrust faults is the formation of low-angle normal faults, with possible help from low-friction materials, and the significant role of pre-existing basement thrust faults in fault geometry, paleotopography, and syn-rift stratigraphy of rift basins.
Sonia Yeung, Marnie Forster, Emmanuel Skourtsos, and Gordon Lister
Solid Earth, 12, 2255–2275, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2255-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2255-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We do not know when the ancient Tethys Ocean lithosphere began to founder, but one clue can be found in subduction accreted tectonic slices, including Gondwanan basement terranes on the island of Ios, Cyclades, Greece. We propose a 250–300 km southwards jump of the subduction megathrust with a period of flat-slab subduction followed by slab break-off. The initiation and its subsequent rollback of a new subduction zone would explain the onset of Oligo–Miocene extension and accompanying magmatism.
Rahul Prabhakaran, Giovanni Bertotti, Janos Urai, and David Smeulders
Solid Earth, 12, 2159–2209, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2159-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2159-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Rock fractures are organized as networks with spatially varying arrangements. Due to networks' influence on bulk rock behaviour, it is important to quantify network spatial variation. We utilize an approach where fracture networks are treated as spatial graphs. By combining graph similarity measures with clustering techniques, spatial clusters within large-scale fracture networks are identified and organized hierarchically. The method is validated on a dataset with nearly 300 000 fractures.
Olivier Lacombe, Nicolas E. Beaudoin, Guilhem Hoareau, Aurélie Labeur, Christophe Pecheyran, and Jean-Paul Callot
Solid Earth, 12, 2145–2157, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2145-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2145-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper aims to illustrate how the timing and duration of contractional deformation associated with folding in orogenic forelands can be constrained by the dating of brittle mesostructures observed in folded strata. The study combines new and already published absolute ages of fractures to provide, for the first time, an educated discussion about the factors controlling the duration of the sequence of deformation encompassing layer-parallel shortening, fold growth, and late fold tightening.
Vincent Famin, Hugues Raimbourg, Muriel Andreani, and Anne-Marie Boullier
Solid Earth, 12, 2067–2085, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sediments accumulated in accretionary prisms are deformed by the compression imposed by plate subduction. Here we show that deformation of the sediments transforms some minerals in them. We suggest that these mineral transformations are due to the proliferation of microorganisms boosted by deformation. Deformation-enhanced microbial proliferation may change our view of sedimentary and tectonic processes in subduction zones.
Marta Adamuszek, Dan M. Tămaş, Jessica Barabasch, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 12, 2041–2065, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2041-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2041-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse folded multilayer sequences in the Ocnele Mari salt mine (Romania) to gain insight into the long-term rheological behaviour of rock salt. Our results indicate the large role of even a small number of impurities in the rock salt for its effective mechanical behaviour. We demonstrate how the development of folds that occur at various scales can be used to constrain the viscosity ratio in the deformed multilayer sequence.
Dario Zampieri, Paola Vannoli, and Pierfrancesco Burrato
Solid Earth, 12, 1967–1986, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1967-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1967-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The long-lived Schio-Vicenza Fault System is a major shear zone cross-cutting the foreland and the thrust belt of the eastern southern Alps. We review 150 years of scientific works and explain its activity and kinematics, characterized by sinistral and dextral transcurrent motion along its southern and northern sections, respectively, by a geodynamic model that has the Adria indenter as the main actor and coherently reconciles the available geological and geophysical evidence collected so far.
Vincent F. Verwater, Eline Le Breton, Mark R. Handy, Vincenzo Picotti, Azam Jozi Najafabadi, and Christian Haberland
Solid Earth, 12, 1309–1334, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Balancing along geological cross sections reveals that the Giudicarie Belt comprises two kinematic domains. The SW domain accommodated at least ~ 18 km Late Oligocene to Early Miocene shortening. Since the Middle Miocene, the SW domain experienced at least ~ 12–22 km shortening, whereas the NE domain underwent at least ~ 25–35 km. Together, these domains contributed to ~ 40–47 km of sinistral offset of the Periadriatic Fault along the Northern Giudicarie Fault since the Late Oligocene.
Emma A. H. Michie, Mark J. Mulrooney, and Alvar Braathen
Solid Earth, 12, 1259–1286, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1259-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1259-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Generating an accurate model of the subsurface is crucial when assessing a site for CO2 storage, particularly for a fault-bound storage site that may act as a seal or could reactivate upon CO2 injection. However, we have shown how picking strategy, i.e. line spacing, chosen to create the model significantly influences any subsequent fault analyses but is surprisingly rarely discussed. This analysis has been performed on the Vette Fault bounding the Smeaheia potential CO2 storage site.
Stefano Urbani, Guido Giordano, Federico Lucci, Federico Rossetti, and Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez
Solid Earth, 12, 1111–1124, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1111-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1111-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Structural studies in active calderas have a key role in the exploration of geothermal systems. We reply in detail to the points raised by the comment of Norini and Groppelli (2020), strengthening the relevance of our structural fieldwork for geothermal exploration and exploitation in active caldera geothermal systems including the Los Humeros caldera.
Jakob Bolz and Jonas Kley
Solid Earth, 12, 1005–1024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1005-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1005-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To assess the role smaller graben structures near the southern edge of the Central European Basin System play in the basin’s overall deformational history, we take advantage of a feature found on some of these structures, where slivers from older rock units appear along the graben's main fault, surrounded on both sides by younger strata. The implications for the geometry of the fault provide a substantially improved estimate for the magnitude of normal and thrust motion along the fault system.
Domingo G. A. M. Aerden, Alejandro Ruiz-Fuentes, Mohammad Sayab, and Aidan Forde
Solid Earth, 12, 971–992, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-971-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-971-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the geometry of foliations and microfolds preserved within metamorphic garnet crystals using X-ray tomography. The studied rocks are blueschists from Ile de Groix formed during Late Devonian subduction of Gondwana under Armorica. Several sets of differently oriented microfabrics were found recording variations in the direction of subduction. Comparison with similar data for Iberia supports that Iberia rotated only 10–20° during the Cretaceous opening of the North Atlantic.
Matteo Demurtas, Steven A.F. Smith, Elena Spagnuolo, and Giulio Di Toro
Solid Earth, 12, 595–612, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-595-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-595-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We performed shear experiments on calcite–dolomite gouge mixtures to better understand the behaviour of carbonates during sub-seismic to seismic deformation in the shallow crust. The development of a foliation in the gouge was only restricted to coseismic sliding, whereas fluidisation occurred over a wide range of slip velocities (sub-seismic to coseismic) in the presence of water. These observations will contribute to a better interpretation of the rock record.
James Gilgannon, Marius Waldvogel, Thomas Poulet, Florian Fusseis, Alfons Berger, Auke Barnhoorn, and Marco Herwegh
Solid Earth, 12, 405–420, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-405-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-405-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using experiments that simulate deep tectonic interfaces, known as viscous shear zones, we found that these zones spontaneously develop periodic sheets of small pores. The presence of porous layers in deep rocks undergoing tectonic deformation is significant because it requires a change to the current model of how the Earth deforms. Emergent porous layers in viscous rocks will focus mineralising fluids and could lead to the seismic failure of rocks that are never supposed to have this occur.
Jef Deckers, Bernd Rombaut, Koen Van Noten, and Kris Vanneste
Solid Earth, 12, 345–361, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-345-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-345-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows the presence of two structural domains in the western border fault system of the Roer Valley graben. These domains, dominated by NW–SE-striking faults, displayed distinctly different strain distributions during both Late Cretaceous compression and Cenozoic extension. The southern domain is characterized by narrow, localized faulting, while the northern domain is characterized by wide, distributed faulting. The non-colinear WNW–ESE Grote Brogel fault links both domains.
José Piquer, Orlando Rivera, Gonzalo Yáñez, and Nicolás Oyarzún
Solid Earth, 12, 253–273, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-253-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-253-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A proper recognition of deep, long-lived fault systems is very important for society. They can produce potentially dangerous earthquakes. They can also act as pathways for magmas and hydrothermal fluids, leading to the formation of volcanoes, geothermal systems and mineral deposits. However, the manifestations of these very old faults in the present-day surface can be very subtle. Here, we present a detailed, multi-disciplinary study of a fault system of this type in the Andes of central Chile.
Antonin Bilau, Yann Rolland, Stéphane Schwartz, Nicolas Godeau, Abel Guihou, Pierre Deschamps, Benjamin Brigaud, Aurélie Noret, Thierry Dumont, and Cécile Gautheron
Solid Earth, 12, 237–251, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-237-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-237-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
As a result of the collision between the European and Apulian plates, the Alps have experienced several evolutionary stages. The Penninic frontal thrust (PFT) (major thrust) was associated with compression, and now seismic studies show ongoing extensional activity. Calcite mineralization associated with shortening and extensional structures was sampled. The last deformation stages are dated by U–Pb on calcite at ~ 3.5 and ~ 2.5 Ma. Isotope analysis evidences deep crustal fluid mobilization.
Kathryn E. Elphick, Craig R. Sloss, Klaus Regenauer-Lieb, and Christoph E. Schrank
Solid Earth, 12, 141–170, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-141-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-141-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed a sedimentary rock package located in Castlepoint, New Zealand, to test the control of the tectonic setting on the observed deformation structures. In extension and contraction, we observed faults and small fault-like structures characterised by complex spatial patterns and a reduction in porosity and grain size compared with the host rock. With these properties, the structures are likely to act as barriers to fluid flow and cause compartmentalisation of the sedimentary sequence.
Penelope I. R. Wilson, Robert W. Wilson, David J. Sanderson, Ian Jarvis, and Kenneth J. W. McCaffrey
Solid Earth, 12, 95–117, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-95-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-95-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Magma accommodation in the shallow crust leads to deformation of the surrounding host rock through the creation of faults, fractures and folds. This deformation will impact fluid flow around intrusive magma bodies (including sills and laccoliths) by changing the porosity and permeability network of the host rock. The results may have important implications for industries where fluid flow within the subsurface adds value (e.g. oil and gas, hydrology, geothermal and carbon sequestration).
Martin Balcewicz, Benedikt Ahrens, Kevin Lippert, and Erik H. Saenger
Solid Earth, 12, 35–58, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-35-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-35-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The geothermal potential of a carbonate reservoir in the Rhine-Ruhr area, Germany, was investigated by field and laboratory investigations. The carbonate layer of interest is approx. 150 m thick; located at 4 to 6 km depth; and might extend below Essen, Bochum, and Dortmund. We proposed focusing on discontinuities striking NNW–SSE for geothermal applications, as these are the most common, strike in the direction of the main horizontal stress, and dominate reservoir fluid flow.
Andrea Bistacchi, Silvia Mittempergher, Mattia Martinelli, and Fabrizio Storti
Solid Earth, 11, 2535–2547, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2535-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2535-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present an innovative workflow for the statistical analysis of fracture data collected along scanlines. Our methodology is based on performing non-parametric statistical tests, which allow detection of important features of the spatial distribution of fractures, and on the analysis of the cumulative spacing function (CSF) and cumulative spacing derivative (CSD), which allows the boundaries of stationary domains to be defined in an objective way.
Martina Kirilova, Virginia Toy, Katrina Sauer, François Renard, Klaus Gessner, Richard Wirth, Xianghui Xiao, and Risa Matsumura
Solid Earth, 11, 2425–2438, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2425-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2425-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Processes associated with open pores can change the physical properties of rocks and cause earthquakes. In borehole samples from the Alpine Fault zone, we show that many pores in these rocks were filled by weak materials that can slide easily. The amount of open spaces was thus reduced, and fluids circulating within them built up high pressures. Both weak materials and high pressures within pores reduce the rock strength; thus the state of pores here can trigger the next Alpine Fault earthquake.
José Manuel Benítez-Pérez, Pedro Castiñeiras, Juan Gómez-Barreiro, José R. Martínez Catalán, Andrew Kylander-Clark, and Robert Holdsworth
Solid Earth, 11, 2303–2325, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2303-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2303-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Sobrado unit represents an allochthonous tectonic slice of exhumed high-grade metamorphic rocks formed during a complex sequence of orogenic processes in the middle to lower crust. We have combined U–Pb geochronology and REE analyses (LASS-ICP-MS) of accessory minerals in migmatitic paragneiss (monazite, zircon) and mylonitic amphibolites (titanite) to constrain the evolution. A Middle Devonian minimum age for HP metamorphism has been obtained.
Anna M. Dichiarante, Ken J. W. McCaffrey, Robert E. Holdsworth, Tore I. Bjørnarå, and Edward D. Dempsey
Solid Earth, 11, 2221–2244, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2221-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2221-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the characteristics of fracture systems in the Devonian rocks of the Orcadian Basin in Caithness. These mineral-filled fractures have properties that may be used to predict the size and spatial arrangement of similar structures in offshore basins. This includes the Clair field in the Faroe–Shetland Basin.
Leonardo Del Sole, Marco Antonellini, Roger Soliva, Gregory Ballas, Fabrizio Balsamo, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 11, 2169–2195, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2169-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2169-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the impact of deformation bands on fluid flow and diagenesis in porous sandstones in two different case studies (northern Apennines, Italy; Provence, France) by combining a variety of multiscalar mapping techniques, detailed field and microstructural observations, and stable isotope analysis. We show that deformation bands buffer and compartmentalize fluid flow and foster and localize diagenesis, recorded by carbonate cement nodules spatially associated with the bands.
Cited articles
Angiboust, S., Agard, P., Raimbourg, H., Yamato, P. and Huet, B.: Subduction
interface processes recorded by eclogite-facies shear zones (Monviso, W.
Alps), Lithos, 127, 222–238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.09.004, 2011.
Ashby, M. and Verrall, R.: Diffusion-accommodated flow and
superplasticity, Acta Metall., 21, 149–163,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(73)90057-6, 1973.
Austrheim, H.: Eclogitization of lower crustal granulites by fluid migration
through shear zones, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 81, 221–232,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(87)90158-0, 1987.
Baratoux, L., Schulmann, K., Ulrich, S., and Lexa, O.: Contrasting
microstructures and deformation mechanisms in metagabbro mylonites
contemporaneously deformed under different temperatures (c. 650 C and c.
750 C), Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 243, 97–125,
https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.243.01.09, 2005.
Barreiro, J. G., Lonardelli, I., Wenk, H. R., Dresen, G., Rybacki, E., Ren,
Y., and Tomé, C. N.: Preferred orientation of anorthite deformed
experimentally in Newtonian creep, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 264,
188–207, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EPSL.2007.09.018, 2007.
Behrmann, J. H.: Crystal plasticity and superplasticity in quartzite; A
natural example, Tectonophysics, 115, 101–129,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(85)90102-7, 1985.
Bell, D. R., Ihinger, P. D., and Rossman, G. R.: Quantitative analysis of
trace OH in garnet and pyroxenes, Am. Mineral., 80, 465–474,
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-1995-5-607, 1995.
Bercovici, D. and Ricard, Y.: Mechanisms for the generation of plate
tectonics by two-phase grain-damage and pinning, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter.,
202–203, 27–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PEPI.2012.05.003, 2012.
Berger, A. and Stünitz, H.: Deformation mechanisms and reaction of
hornblende: examples from the Bergell tonalite (Central Alps),
Tectonophysics, 257, 149–174, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(95)00125-5,
1996.
Berthé, D., Choukroune, P., and Jegouzo, P.: Orthogneiss, mylonite and
non coaxial deformation of granites: the example of the South Armorican
Shear Zone, J. Struct. Geol., 1, 31–42,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(79)90019-1, 1979.
Bons, P. D. and Den Brok, B.: Crystallographic preferred orientation
development by dissolution-precipitation creep, J. Struct.
Geol., 22, 1713–1722, 2000.
Borg, I. and Handin, J.: Experimental deformation of crystalline rocks,
Tectonophysics, 3, 249–367, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(66)90019-9, 1966.
Boullier, A. M. and Gueguen, Y.: SP-Mylonites: Origin of some mylonites by
superplastic flow, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 50, 93–104,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00373329, 1975.
Brander, L., Svahnberg, H., and Piazolo, S.: Brittle-plastic deformation in
initially dry rocks at fluid-present conditions: Transient behaviour of
feldspar at mid-crustal levels, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 163,
403–425, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-011-0677-5, 2012.
Brodie, K. H.: Variations in mineral chemistry across a shear zone in
phlogopite peridotite, J. Struct. Geol., 2, 265–272,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(80)90059-0, 1980.
Brodie, K. H. and Rutter, E. H.: On the Relationship between Deformation and
Metamorphism, with Special Reference to the Behavior of Basic Rocks, pp.
138–179, Springer, New York, NY, 1985.
Brodie, K. H. and Rutter, E. H.: The role of transiently fine-grained
reaction products in syntectonic metamorphism: natural and experimental
examples, Can. J. Earth Sci., 24, 556–564, https://doi.org/10.1139/e87-054, 1987.
Brodie, K. H., Rutter, E. H., and Evans, P.: On the structure of the
Ivrea-Verbano Zone (northern Italy) and its implications for present-day
lower continental crust geometry, Terra Nov., 4, 34–40,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1992.tb00448.x, 1992.
Bunge, H.-J.: Texture analysis in materials science?: mathematical methods,
Butterworths, London, ISBN: 978-0-408-10642-9, 1982.
Bystricky, M. and Mackwell, S.: Creep of dry clinopyroxene aggregates, J.
Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth, 106, 13443–13454, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000333,
2001.
Bystricky, M., Lawlis, J., Mackwell, S., Heidelbach, F., and Raterron, P.:
High-temperature deformation of enstatite aggregates, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid
Earth, 121, 6384–6400, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013011, 2016.
Coe, R. S.: The thermodynamic effect of shear stress on the ortho-clino
inversion in enstatite and other coherent phase transitions characterized by
a finite simple shear, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 26, 247–264,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00373203, 1970.
Coe, R. S. and Kirby, S. H.: The orthoenstatite to clinoenstatite
transformation by shearing and reversion by annealing: Mechanism and
potential applications, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 52, 29–55,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00378000, 1975.
Connolly, J. A. D.: The geodynamic equation of state: What and how,
Geochemistry, Geophys. Geosystems, 10, Q10014,,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002540, 2009.
Dale, J., Powell, R., White, R. W., Elmer, F. L., and Holland, T. J. B.: A
thermodynamic model for Ca-Na clinoamphiboles in
Na2O-CaO-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O-O for petrological calculations, J.
Metamorph. Geol., 23, 771–791, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2005.00609.x,
2005.
Degli Alessandrini, G., Menegon, L., Malaspina, N., Dijkstra, A. H., and
Anderson, M. W.: Creep of mafic dykes infiltrated by melt in the lower
continental crust (Seiland Igneous Province, Norway), Lithos, 274–275,
169–187, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2016.12.030, 2017.
Dell'Angelo, L. N. and Tullis, J.: Textural and mechanical evolution with
progressive strain in experimentally deformed aplite, Tectonophysics,
256, 57–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(95)00166-2, 1996.
De Ronde, A. A. and Stünitz, H.: Deformation-enhanced reaction in
experimentally deformed plagioclase-olivine aggregates, Contrib. Mineral.
Petrol., 153, 699–717, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-006-0171-7, 2007.
De Ronde, A. A., Heilbronner, R., Stünitz, H., and Tullis, J.: Spatial
correlation of deformation and mineral reaction in experimentally deformed
plagioclase-olivine aggregates, Tectonophysics, 389, 93–109,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.07.054, 2004.
De Ronde, A. A., Stünitz, H., Tullis, J., and Heilbronner, R.:
Reaction-induced weakening of plagioclase-olivine composites,
Tectonophysics, 409, 85–106, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2005.08.008, 2005.
Dimanov, A. and Dresen, G.: Rheology of synthetic anorthite-diopside
aggregates: Implications for ductile shear zones, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid
Earth, 110, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003431, 2005.
Dimanov, A., Lavie, M. P., Dresen, G., Ingrin, J., and Jaoul, O.: Creep of
polycrystalline anorthite and diopside, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth,
108, 2061, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB001815, 2003.
Dimanov, A., Rybacki, E., Wirth, R., and Dresen, G.: Creep and
strain-dependent microstructures of synthetic anorthite–diopside
aggregates, J. Struct. Geol., 29, 1049–1069,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSG.2007.02.010, 2007.
Elyaszadeh, R., Prior, D. J., Sarkarinejad, K., and Mansouri, H.: Different
slip systems controlling crystallographic preferred orientation and
intracrystalline deformation of amphibole in mylonites from the Neyriz
mantle diapir, Iran, J. Struct. Geol., 107, 38–52,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2017.11.020, 2018.
Etheridge, M. A., Wall, V. J., and Vernon, R. H.: The role of the fluid phase
during regional metamorphism and deformation, J. Metamorph. Geol., 1,
205–226, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1983.tb00272.x, 1983.
Farla, R. J. M., Karato, S.-I., and Cai, Z.: Role of orthopyroxene in
rheological weakening of the lithosphere via dynamic recrystallization,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 16355–16360,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1218335110, 2013.
Fitz Gerald, J. and Stünitz, H.: Deformation of granitoids at low
m∼ tamo∼ ∼ ic grade. I: Reactions
and grain size reduction, Elsevier Sci. Publ. B.V, 221, 269–297,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90164-F, 1993.
Fliervoet, T. F. and White, S. H.: Quartz deformation in a very fine grained
quartzo-feldspathic mylonite: a lack of evidence for dominant grain boundary
sliding deformation, J. Struct. Geol., 17, 1095–1109,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(95)00007-Z, 1995.
Fliervoet, T. F., White, S. H., and Drury, M. R.: Evidence for dominant
grain-boundary sliding deformation in greenschist- and amphibolite-grade
polymineralic ultramylonites from the Redbank Deformed Zone, Central
Australia, J. Struct. Geol., 19, 1495–1520,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(97)00076-X, 1997.
Fusseis, F., Regenauer-Lieb, K., Liu, J., Hough, R. M., and De Carlo, F.:
Creep cavitation can establish a dynamic granular fluid pump in ductile
shear zones, Nature, 459, 974–977, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08051, 2009.
Gapais, D.: Shear structures within deformed granites: Mechanical and
thermal indicators, Geology, 17, 1144–1147, 1989.
Getsinger, A. J. and Hirth, G.: Amphibole fabric formation during diffusion
creep and the rheology of shear zones, Geology, 42, 535–538,
https://doi.org/10.1130/G35327.1, 2014.
Getsinger, A. J., Hirth, G., Stünitz, H., and Goergen, E. T.: Influence
of water on rheology and strain localization in the lower continental crust,
Geochem. Geophys. Geosy., 14, 2247–2264,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20148, 2013.
Gilgannon, J., Fusseis, F., Menegon, L., Regenauer-Lieb, K., and Buckman, J.: Hierarchical creep cavity formation in an ultramylonite and implications for phase mixing, Solid Earth, 8, 1193–1209, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1193-2017, 2017.
Giuntoli, F., Menegon, L., and Warren, C. J.: Replacement reactions and
deformation by dissolution and precipitation processes in amphibolites, J.
Metamorph. Geol., 36, 1263–1286, https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12445, 2018.
Gueydan, F., Leroy, Y. M., and Jolivet, L.: Mechanics of low-angle
extensional shear zones at the brittle-ductile transition, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth, 109, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002806, 2004.
Handy, M. R.: Flow laws for rocks containing two non-linear viscous phases:
A phenomenological approach, J. Struct. Geol., 16, 287–301,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(94)90035-3, 1994.
Handy, M. R. and Stünitz, H.: Strain localization by fracturing and
reaction weakening – a mechanism for initiating exhumation of
subcontinental mantle beneath rifted margins, Geol. Soc. London, Spec.
Publ., 200, 387–407, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.200.01.22, 2002.
Harigane, Y., Michibayashi, K., and Ohara, Y.: Shearing within lower crust
during progressive retrogression: Structural analysis of gabbroic rocks from
the Godzilla Mullion, an oceanic core complex in the Parece Vela backarc
basin, Tectonophysics, 457, 183–196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.06.009,
2008.
Herwegh, M. and Berger, A.: Deformation mechanisms in second-phase affected
microstructures and their energy balance, J. Struct. Geol., 26,
1483–1498, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSG.2003.10.006, 2004.
Herwegh, M., Linckens, J., Ebert, A., Berger, A., and Brodhag, S. H.: The
role of second phases for controlling microstructural evolution in
polymineralic rocks: A review, J. Struct. Geol., 33, 1728–1750,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2011.08.011, 2011.
Holland, T. J. B. and Powell, R.: An internally consistent thermodynamic
data set for phases of petrological interest, J. Metamorph. Geol., 16,
309–343, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1998.00140.x, 1998.
Holyoke, C. W. and Tullis, J.: Formation and maintenance of shear zones,
Geology, 34, 105–108, https://doi.org/10.1130/G22116.1, 2006a.
Holyoke, C. W. and Tullis, J.: Mechanisms of weak phase interconnection and
the effects of phase strength contrast on fabric development, J. Struct.
Geol., 28, 621–640, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2006.01.008, 2006b.
Imon, R., Okudaira, T., and Fujimoto, A.: Dissolution and precipitation
processes in deformed amphibolites: an example from the ductile shear zone
of the Ryoke metamorphic belt, SW Japan, J. Metamorph. Geol., 20,
297–308, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1314.2002.00367.x, 2002.
Imon, R., Okudaira, T., and Kanagawa, K.: Development of shape- and
lattice-preferred orientations of amphibole grains during initial
cataclastic deformation and subsequent deformation by
dissolution-precipitation creep in amphibolites from the Ryoke metamorphic
belt, SW Japan, J. Struct. Geol., 26, 793–805,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2003.09.004, 2004.
Johnson, E. A.: Water in nominally anhydrous crustal minerals: Speciation,
concentration, and geologic significance, in: Water in Nominally Anhydrous
Minerals, vol. 62, pp. 117–154, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2006.
Johnson, E. A. and Rossmann, G. R.: The concentration and speciation of
hydrogen in feldspars using FTIR and 1H MAS NMR spectroscopy, Am. Mineral.,
88, 901–911, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2003-5-620, 2003.
Johnson, E. A. and Rossman, G. R.: A survey of hydrous species and
concentrations in igneous feldspars, Am. Mineral., 89, 586–600,
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2004-0413, 2004.
Jolivet, L. and Miyashita, S.: The Hidaka Shear Zone (Hokkaido, Japan):
Genesis during a right-lateral strike-slip movement, Tectonics, 4,
289–302, https://doi.org/10.1029/TC004i003p00289, 1985.
Jordan, P.: The rheology of polymineralic rocks - an approach, Geol.
Rundschau, 77, 285–294, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01848690, 1988.
Kanagawa, K., Shimano, H., and Hiroi, Y.: Mylonitic deformation of gabbro in
the lower crust: A case study from the Pankenushi gabbro in the Hidaka
metamorphic belt of central Hokkaido, Japan, J. Struct. Geol., 30,
1150–1166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2008.05.007, 2008.
Keller, L. M., Abart, R., Stünitz, H., and De Capitani, C.: Deformation,
mass transfer and mineral reactions in an eclogite facies shear zone in a
polymetamorphic metapelite (Monte Rosa nappe, western Alps), J. Metamorph.
Geol., 22, 97–118, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2004.00500.x, 2004.
Kenkmann, T. and Dresen, G.: Dislocation microstructure and phase
distribution in a lower crustal shear zone – An example from the Ivrea-Zone,
Italy, Int. J. Earth Sci., 91, 445–458, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-001-0236-9,
2002.
Kerrich, R., Allison, I., Barnett, R. L., Moss, S., and Starkey, J.:
Microstructural and chemical transformations accompanying deformation of
granite in a shear zone at Miéville, Switzerland; with implications for
stress corrosion cracking and superplastic flow, Contrib. Mineral.
Petrol., 73, 221–242, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00381442, 1980.
Kilian, R., Heilbronner, R., and Stünitz, H.: Quartz grain size reduction
in a granitoid rock and the transition from dislocation to diffusion creep,
J. Struct. Geol., 33, 1265–1284, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2011.05.004, 2011.
Knipe, R.: Deformation mechanisms – recognition from natural tectonites,
J. Struct. Geol., 11, 127–146, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(89)90039-4,
1989.
Kohlstedt, D. L., Evans, B., and Mackwell, S. J.: Strength of the
lithosphere: Constraints imposed by laboratory experiments, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth, 100, 17587–17602, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB01460, 1995.
Kruse, R. and Stünitz, H.: Deformation mechanisms and phase distribution
in mafic high-temperature mylonites from the Jotun Nappe, southern Norway,
Tectonophysics, 303, 223–249, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00255-8,
1999.
Langdon, T. G.: Grain boundary sliding revisited: Developments in sliding
over four decades, J. Mater. Sci., 41, 597–609,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-6476-0, 2006.
Linckens, J., Herwegh, M., Müntener, O., and Mercolli, I.: Evolution of a
polymineralic mantle shear zone and the role of second phases in the
localization of deformation, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth, 116, B06210,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB008119, 2011.
Linckens, J., Herwegh, M., and Müntener, O.: Small quantity but large
effect - How minor phases control strain localization in upper mantle shear
zones, Tectonophysics, 643, 26–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.12.008, 2015.
Mansard, N., Raimbourg, H., Augier, R., Précigout, J., and Le Breton, N.:
Large-scale strain localization induced by phase nucleation in mid-crustal
granitoids of the south Armorican massif, Tectonophysics, 745,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.07.022, 2018.
Mansard, N., Stünitz, H., Raimbourg, H., and Précigout, J.: The role
of deformation-reaction interactions to localize strain in polymineralic
rocks: Insights from experimentally deformed plagioclase-pyroxene
assemblages, J. Struct. Geol., 134, 104008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104008, 2020.
Marti, S., Stünitz, H., Heilbronner, R., Plümper, O., and Drury, M.:
Experimental investigation of the brittle-viscous transition in mafic rocks
– Interplay between fracturing, reaction, and viscous deformation, J.
Struct. Geol., 105, 62–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2017.10.011, 2017.
Marti, S., Stünitz, H., Heilbronner, R., Plümper, O., and Kilian, R.: Syn-kinematic hydration reactions, grain size reduction, and dissolution–precipitation creep in experimentally deformed plagioclase–pyroxene mixtures, Solid Earth, 9, 985–1009, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-985-2018, 2018.
Mehl, L. and Hirth, G.: Plagioclase preferred orientation in layered
mylonites: Evaluation of flow laws for the lower crust, J. Geophys. Res.,
113, B05202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005075, 2008.
Menegon, L., Fusseis, F., Stünitz, H., and Xiao, X.: Creep cavitation
bands control porosity and fluid flow in lower crustal shear zones, Geology,
43, 227–230, https://doi.org/10.1130/G36307.1, 2015.
Miyazaki, T., Sueyoshi, K., and Hiraga, T.: Olivine crystals align during
diffusion creep of Earth's upper mantle, Nature, 502, 321–326,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12570, 2013.
Montési, L. G. J.: Fabric development as the key for forming ductile
shear zones and enabling plate tectonics, J. Struct. Geol., 50, 254–266,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2012.12.011, 2013.
Newman, J., Lamb, W. M., Drury, M. R., and Vissers, R. L. M.: Deformation
processes in a peridotite shear zone: reaction-softening by an
H2O-deficient, continuous net transfer reaction, Tectonophysics, 303,
193–222, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00259-5, 1999.
Newton, R. C.: Fluids and shear zones in the deep crust, Tectonophysics,
182, 21–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90339-A, 1990.
Newton, R. C., Charlu, T. V., and Kleppa, O. J.: Thermochemistry of the high
structural state plagioclases, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 44, 933–941,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(80)90283-5, 1980.
Nicolas, A. and Christensen, N. I.: Formation of anisotropy in upper mantle
peridotites: A review, pp. 111–123, American Geophysical Union (AGU),
1987.
Okudaira, T., Jeřábek, P., Stünitz, H., and Fusseis, F.:
High-temperature fracturing and subsequent grain-size-sensitive creep in
lower crustal gabbros: Evidence for coseismic loading followed by creep
during decaying stress in the lower crust, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth,
120, 3119–3141, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011708, 2015.
Okudaira, T., Shigematsu, N., Harigane, Y., and Yoshida, K.: Grain size
reduction due to fracturing and subsequent grain-size-sensitive creep in a
lower crustal shear zone in the presence of a CO2-bearing fluid, J. Struct.
Geol., 95, 171–187, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2016.11.001, 2017.
Olgaard, D. L.: The role of second phase in localizing deformation, Geol.
Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 54, 175–181,
https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.17, 1990.
Olgaard, D. L. and Evans, B.: Effect of Second-Phase Particles on Grain
Growth in Calcite, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 69, C-272–C-277,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1986.tb07374.x, 1986.
Olgaard, D. L. and Evans, B.: Grain growth in synthetic marbles with added
mica and water, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 100, 246–260,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00373591, 1988.
Oliot, E., Goncalves, P., Schulmann, K., Marquer, D., and Lexa, O.:
Mid-crustal shear zone formation in granitic rocks: Constraints from
quantitative textural and crystallographic preferred orientations analyses,
Tectonophysics, 612–613, 63–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.11.032, 2014.
Palazzin, G., Raimbourg, H., Stünitz, H., Heilbronner, R., Neufeld, K.,
and Précigout, J.: Evolution in H2O contents during deformation of
polycrystalline quartz: An experimental study, J. Struct. Geol., 114,
95–110, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSG.2018.05.021, 2018.
Paterson, M. S.: The determination of hydroxyl by infrared adsorption in
quartz, silicate glasses and similar materials., Bull. Mineral., 105,
20–29, https://doi.org/10.3406/bulmi.1982.7582, 1982.
Paterson, M. S.: Superplasticity in Geological Materials, MRS Proc., 196, 303,
https://doi.org/10.1557/proc-196-303, 1990.
Paterson, M. S.: A Granular Flow Approach to Fine-Grain Superplasticity, in:
Plastic Deformation of Ceramics, pp. 279–283, Springer USA, 1995.
Paterson, M. S.: Materials Science for Structural Geology, 1st ed.,
Springer, New York, 2013.
Pec, M., Stünitz, H., Heilbronner, R., Drury, M., and de Capitani, C.:
Origin of pseudotachylites in slow creep experiments, Earth Planet. Sci.
Lett., 355–356, 299–310, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EPSL.2012.09.004, 2012a.
Pec, M., Stünitz, H., and Heilbronner, R.: Semi-brittle deformation of
granitoid gouges in shear experiments at elevated pressures and
temperatures, 38, 200–221, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2011.09.001, 2012b.
Pec, M., Stünitz, H., Heilbronner, R., and Drury, M.: Semi-brittle flow
of granitoid fault rocks in experiments, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth,
121, 1677–1705, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012513, 2016.
Philippot, P. and Kienast, J. R.: Chemical-microstructural changes in
eclogite-facies shear zones (Monviso, Western Alps, north Italy) as
indicators of strain history and the mechanism and scale of mass transfer,
Lithos, 23, 179–200, https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(89)90004-2, 1989.
Platt, J. P.: Rheology of two-phase systems: A microphysical and
observational approach, J. Struct. Geol., 77, 213–227,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2015.05.003, 2015.
Plümper, O., Botan, A., Los, C., Liu, Y., Malthe-Sørenssen, A., and
Jamtveit, B.: Fluid-driven metamorphism of the continental crust governed by
nanoscale fluid flow, Nat. Geosci., 10, 685–690, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo3009,
2017.
Powell, R. and Holland, T.: Relating formulations of the thermodynamics of
mineral solid solutions: Activity modeling of pyroxenes, amphiboles, and
micas, Am. Mineral., 84, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-1999-1-201, 1999.
Précigout, J. and Hirth, G.: B-type olivine fabric induced by grain
boundary sliding, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 395, 231–240,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.03.052, 2014.
Précigout, J. and Stünitz, H.: Evidence of phase nucleation during
olivine diffusion creep: A new perspective for mantle strain localisation,
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 455, 94–105,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.09.029, 2016.
Précigout, J., Prigent, C., Palasse, L., and Pochon, A.: Water pumping in
mantle shear zones, Nat. Commun., 8, 15736, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15736, 2017.
Précigout, J., Stünitz, H., Pinquier, Y., Champallier, R., and
Schubnel, A.: High-pressure, High-temperature Deformation Experiment Using
the New Generation Griggs-type Apparatus, J. Vis. Exp., 134, e56841,
https://doi.org/10.3791/56841, 2018.
Raimbourg, H., Toyoshima, T., Harima, Y., and Kimura, G.: Grain-size
reduction mechanisms and rheological consequences in high-temperature gabbro
mylonites of Hidaka, Japan, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 267, 637–653,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.12.012, 2008.
Richter, B., Stünitz, H., and Heilbronner, R.: The brittle-to-viscous
transition in polycrystalline quartz: An experimental study, J. Struct.
Geol., 114, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2018.06.005, 2018.
Rubie, D. C.: Reaction-enhanced ductility: The role of solid-solid
univariant reactions in deformation of the crust and mantle, Tectonophysics,
96, 331–352, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(83)90225-1, 1983.
Rudnick, R. L. and Fountain, D. M.: Nature and composition of the
continental crust: A lower crustal perspective, Rev. Geophys., 33, 267,
https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG01302, 1995.
Rutter, E. H. and Brodie, K. H.: The Permeation of Water into Hydrating
Shear Zones, Adv. Phys. Geochem., 4, 242–250, 1985.
Schmid, S. M.: Microfabric studies as indicators of deformation mechanisms
and flow laws operative in mountain building, Mt. Build. Process., edited by: Hsu, K. J., Academic Press,
95–110, 1982.
Schroeder, T. and John, B. E.: Strain localization on an oceanic detachment
fault system, Atlantis Massif, 30∘ N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge,
Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 5, Q11007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000728, 2004.
Selverstone, J., Morteani, G., and Staude, J.-M.: Fluid channelling during
ductile shearing: transformation of granodiorite into aluminous schist in
the Tauern Window, Eastern Alps, J. Metamorph. Geol., 9, 419–431,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1991.tb00536.x, 1991.
Shelley, D.: Spider texture and amphibole preferred orientations, J. Struct.
Geol., 16, 709–717, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(94)90120-1, 1994.
Skemer, P., Katayama, I., Jiang, Z., and Karato, S.: The misorientation
index: Development of a new method for calculating the strength of
lattice-preferred orientation, Tectonophysics, 411, 157–167,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECTO.2005.08.023, 2005.
Skogby, H.: Water in natural mantle minerals I: Pyroxenes, in: Water in
Nominally Anhydrous Minerals, vol. 62, pp. 155–168, Walter de Gruyter
GmbH, 2006.
Soret, M., Agard, P., Ildefonse, B., Dubacq, B., Prigent, C., and Rosenberg, C.: Deformation mechanisms in mafic amphibolites and granulites: record from the Semail metamorphic sole during subduction infancy, Solid Earth, 10, 1733–1755, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1733-2019, 2019.
Stünitz, H. and Fitz Gerald, J. D.: Deformation of granitoids at low
metamorphic grades: II. Granular flow in albite rich mylonites,
Tectonophysics, 221, 299–324, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90164-F, 1993.
Stünitz, H. and Tullis, J.: Weakening and strain localization produced
by syn-deformational reaction of plagioclase, Int. J. Earth Sci., 90,
136–148, https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310000148, 2001.
Sundberg, M. and Cooper, R. F.: Crystallographic preferred orientation
produced by diffusional creep of harzburgite: Effects of chemical
interactions among phases during plastic flow, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth,
113, B12208, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB005618, 2008.
Svahnberg, H. and Piazolo, S.: Interaction of chemical and physical
processes during deformation at fluid-present conditions: A case study from
an anorthosite-leucogabbro deformed at amphibolite facies conditions,
Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 165, 543–562,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-012-0822-9, 2013.
Tasaka, M., Zimmerman, M. E., and Kohlstedt, D. L.: Evolution of the
rheological and microstructural properties of olivine aggregates during
dislocation creep under hydrous conditions, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth,
121, 92–113, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012134, 2016.
Tasaka, M., Zimmerman, M. E., Kohlstedt, D. L., Stünitz, H., and
Heilbronner, R.: Rheological Weakening of Olivine + Orthopyroxene
Aggregates Due To Phase Mixing: Part 2. Microstructural Development, J.
Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth, 122, 7597–7612, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB014311,
2017.
Tullis, J., Yund, R., and Farver, J.: Deformation-enhanced fluid distribution
in feldspar aggregates and implications for ductile shear zones, Geology,
24, 63–66, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0063:defdif>2.3.co;2, 1996.
Vissers, R. L. M., Drury, M. R., Newman, J., and Fliervoet, T. F.: Mylonitic
deformation in upper mantle peridotites of the North Pyrenean Zone (France):
implications for strength and strain localization in the lithosphere,
Tectonophysics, 279, 303–325, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00128-5,
1997.
Warren, J. M. and Hirth, G.: Grain size sensitive deformation mechanisms in
naturally deformed peridotites, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 248,
423–435, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.06.006, 2006.
Wenk, H.-R. and Christie, J. M.: Comments on the interpretation of
deformation textures in rocks, J. Struct. Geol., 13, 1091–1110,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(91)90071-P, 1991.
Wheeler, J.: Importance of pressure solution and coble creep in the
deformation of polymineralic rocks, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 4579,
https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB02476, 1992.
Short summary
Our rock deformation experiments (solid-medium Griggs-type apparatus) on wet assemblages of mafic compositions show that the ability of minerals to react controls the portions of rocks that deform and that minor chemical and mineralogical variations can considerably modify the strength of deformed assemblages. Our study suggests that the rheology of mafic rocks, which constitute a large part of the oceanic crust, cannot be summarized as being rheologically controlled by monophase materials.
Our rock deformation experiments (solid-medium Griggs-type apparatus) on wet assemblages of...
