Articles | Volume 12, issue 1
Solid Earth, 12, 141–170, 2021
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-141-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue: Faults, fractures, and fluid flow in the shallow crust
Research article 25 Jan 2021
Research article | 25 Jan 2021
Distribution, microphysical properties, and tectonic controls of deformation bands in the Miocene subduction wedge (Whakataki Formation) of the Hikurangi subduction zone
Kathryn E. Elphick et al.
Related authors
No articles found.
Klaus Regenauer-Lieb, Manman Hu, Christoph Schrank, Xiao Chen, Santiago Peña Clavijo, Ulrich Kelka, Ali Karrech, Oliver Gaede, Tomasz Blach, Hamid Roshan, Antoine B. Jacquey, Piotr Szymczak, and Qingpei Sun
Solid Earth, 12, 1829–1849, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1829-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1829-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a trans-disciplinary approach bridging the gap between observations of instabilities from the molecular scale to the very large scale. We show that all scales communicate via propagation of volumetric deformation waves. Similar phenomena are encountered in quantum optics where wave collisions can release sporadic bursts of light. Ocean waves show a similar phenomenon of rogue waves that seem to come from nowhere. This mechanism is proposed to be the trigger for earthquakes.
Klaus Regenauer-Lieb, Manman Hu, Christoph Schrank, Xiao Chen, Santiago Peña Clavijo, Ulrich Kelka, Ali Karrech, Oliver Gaede, Tomasz Blach, Hamid Roshan, and Antoine B. Jacquey
Solid Earth, 12, 869–883, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-869-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-869-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we expand on a recent discovery of slow cross-diffusion hydromechanical waves cast into a new concise reaction–diffusion equation for THMC coupling. If waves are excited through the THMC reaction terms unbounded reactions can be captured by inclusion of statistical information from the lower scale through nonlocal reaction–diffusion equations. These cross-diffusion coefficients regularize extreme earthquake-like events (rogue waves) through a new form of quasi-soliton wave.
David Boutelier, Christoph Schrank, and Klaus Regenauer-Lieb
Solid Earth, 10, 1123–1139, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1123-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1123-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Image correlation techniques have provided new ways to analyse the distribution in space and time of deformation in analogue models of tectonics. Here, we demonstrate how the correlation of successive time-lapse images of a deforming model allows calculating the finite displacements and finite strain tensor. We illustrate, using synthetic images, the ability of the algorithm to produce maps of the finite deformation.
James Gilgannon, Florian Fusseis, Luca Menegon, Klaus Regenauer-Lieb, and Jim Buckman
Solid Earth, 8, 1193–1209, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1193-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1193-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We examine rocks from the middle crust to explore how fluids circulate and influence a rock’s response to larger-scale tectonic movements. A model is developed in which fluids deep in the Earth migrate to clusters of pores generated during those movements. We document how distinct pores form in a specific order in association with local changes in how quartz deforms. The porosity evolves out of the deformation, changing the rate the rock moved under tectonic forces.
Related subject area
Subject area: Tectonic plate interactions, magma genesis, and lithosphere deformation at all scales | Editorial team: Structural geology and tectonics, rock physics, experimental deformation | Discipline: Structural geology
Neogene kinematics of the Giudicarie Belt and eastern Southern Alpine orogenic front (northern Italy)
Fault interpretation uncertainties using seismic data, and the effects on fault seal analysis: a case study from the Horda Platform, with implications for CO2 storage
Reply to Norini and Groppelli's comment on “Estimating the depth and evolution of intrusions at resurgent calderas: Los Humeros (Mexico)” by Urbani et al. (2020)
Deformation-enhanced diagenesis and bacterial proliferation in the Nankai accretionary prism
Emplacement of “exotic” Zechstein slivers along the inverted Sontra Graben (northern Hessen, Germany): clues from balanced cross sections and geometrical forward modeling
Kinematics of subduction in the Ibero-Armorican arc constrained by 3D microstructural analysis of garnet and pseudomorphed lawsonite porphyroblasts from Île de Groix (Variscan belt)
Geodynamic and seismotectonic model of a long-lived transverse structure: The Schio-Vicenza Fault System (NE Italy)
Frictional properties and microstructural evolution of dry and wet calcite–dolomite gouges
Experimental evidence that viscous shear zones generate periodic pore sheets
Influence of inherited structural domains and their particular strain distributions on the Roer Valley graben evolution from inversion to extension
The Piuquencillo fault system: a long-lived, Andean-transverse fault system and its relationship with magmatic and hydrothermal activity
Extensional reactivation of the Penninic frontal thrust 3 Myr ago as evidenced by U–Pb dating on calcite in fault zone cataclasite
Analysis of deformation bands associated with the Trachyte Mesa intrusion, Henry Mountains, Utah: implications for reservoir connectivity and fluid flow around sill intrusions
Characterization of discontinuities in potential reservoir rocks for geothermal applications in the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan area (Germany)
On a new robust workflow for the statistical and spatial analysis of fracture data collected with scanlines (or the importance of stationarity)
Micro- and nano-porosity of the active Alpine Fault zone, New Zealand
Unraveling the origins and P-T-t evolution of the allochthonous Sobrado unit (Órdenes Complex, NW Spain) using combined U–Pb titanite, monazite and zircon geochronology and rare-earth element (REE) geochemistry
Evidence for the Late Cretaceous Asteroussia event in the Gondwanan Ios basement terranes
Fracture attribute scaling and connectivity in the Devonian Orcadian Basin with implications for geologically equivalent sub-surface fractured reservoirs
Structural control on fluid flow and shallow diagenesis: insights from calcite cementation along deformation bands in porous sandstones
The growth of faults and fracture networks in a mechanically evolving, mechanically stratified rock mass: a case study from Spireslack Surface Coal Mine, Scotland
Relationship between microstructures and resistance in mafic assemblages that deform and transform
Multiphase, decoupled faulting in the southern German Molasse Basin – evidence from 3-D seismic data
Near-surface Palaeocene fluid flow, mineralisation and faulting at Flamborough Head, UK: new field observations and U–Pb calcite dating constraints
Geologic characterization of nonconformities using outcrop and core analogs: hydrologic implications for injection-induced seismicity
Mapping the fracture network in the Lilstock pavement, Bristol Channel, UK: manual versus automatic
Precambrian faulting episodes and insights into the tectonothermal history of north Australia: microstructural evidence and K–Ar, 40Ar–39Ar, and Rb–Sr dating of syntectonic illite from the intracratonic Millungera Basin
Transverse jointing in foreland fold-and-thrust belts: a remote sensing analysis in the eastern Pyrenees
Pre-inversion normal fault geometry controls inversion style and magnitude, Farsund Basin, offshore southern Norway
Uncertainty assessment for 3D geologic modeling of fault zones based on geologic inputs and prior knowledge
Control of pre-existing fabric in fracture formation, reactivation and vein emplacement under variable fluid pressure conditions: an example from Archean greenstone belt, India
Extension and inversion of salt-bearing rift systems
Structure and kinematics of an extensional growth fold, Hadahid Fault System, Suez Rift, Egypt
Throw variations and strain partitioning associated with fault-bend folding along normal faults
Resolved stress analysis, failure mode, and fault-controlled fluid conduits
An active tectonic field for CO2 storage management: the Hontomín onshore case study (Spain)
Evolution of structures and hydrothermal alteration in a Palaeoproterozoic supracrustal belt: Constraining paired deformation–fluid flow events in an Fe and Cu–Au prospective terrain in northern Sweden
Estimating the depth and evolution of intrusions at resurgent calderas: Los Humeros (Mexico)
Abutting faults: a case study of the evolution of strain at Courthouse branch point, Moab Fault, Utah
Fluid-mediated, brittle–ductile deformation at seismogenic depth – Part 2: Stress history and fluid pressure variations in a shear zone in a nuclear waste repository (Olkiluoto Island, Finland)
Fault zone architecture of a large plate-bounding strike-slip fault: a case study from the Alpine Fault, New Zealand
An automated fracture trace detection technique using the complex shearlet transform
A numerical sensitivity study of how permeability, porosity, geological structure, and hydraulic gradient control the lifetime of a geothermal reservoir
Actors, actions, and uncertainties: optimizing decision-making based on 3-D structural geological models
Structure of massively dilatant faults in Iceland: lessons learned from high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle data
Fracturing and crystal plastic behaviour of garnet under seismic stress in the dry lower continental crust (Musgrave Ranges, Central Australia)
How can geologic decision-making under uncertainty be improved?
Overprinting translational domains in passive margin salt basins: insights from analogue modelling
Fault slip envelope: a new parametric investigation tool for fault slip based on geomechanics and 3-D fault geometry
2-D finite displacements and strain from particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) analysis of tectonic analogue models with TecPIV
Vincent F. Verwater, Eline Le Breton, Mark R. Handy, Vincenzo Picotti, Azam Jozi Najafabadi, and Christian Haberland
Solid Earth, 12, 1309–1334, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Balancing along geological cross sections reveals that the Giudicarie Belt comprises two kinematic domains. The SW domain accommodated at least ~ 18 km Late Oligocene to Early Miocene shortening. Since the Middle Miocene, the SW domain experienced at least ~ 12–22 km shortening, whereas the NE domain underwent at least ~ 25–35 km. Together, these domains contributed to ~ 40–47 km of sinistral offset of the Periadriatic Fault along the Northern Giudicarie Fault since the Late Oligocene.
Emma A. H. Michie, Mark J. Mulrooney, and Alvar Braathen
Solid Earth, 12, 1259–1286, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1259-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1259-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Generating an accurate model of the subsurface is crucial when assessing a site for CO2 storage, particularly for a fault-bound storage site that may act as a seal or could reactivate upon CO2 injection. However, we have shown how picking strategy, i.e. line spacing, chosen to create the model significantly influences any subsequent fault analyses but is surprisingly rarely discussed. This analysis has been performed on the Vette Fault bounding the Smeaheia potential CO2 storage site.
Stefano Urbani, Guido Giordano, Federico Lucci, Federico Rossetti, and Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez
Solid Earth, 12, 1111–1124, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1111-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1111-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Structural studies in active calderas have a key role in the exploration of geothermal systems. We reply in detail to the points raised by the comment of Norini and Groppelli (2020), strengthening the relevance of our structural fieldwork for geothermal exploration and exploitation in active caldera geothermal systems including the Los Humeros caldera.
Vincent Famin, Hugues Raimbourg, Muriel Andréani, and Anne-Marie Boullier
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-54, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-54, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for SE
Short summary
Short summary
Sediments accumulated in accretionary prims are deformed by the compression imposed by plate subduction. Here we show that deformation of the sediments transforms some minerals in them. We suggest that these mineral transformations are due to the proliferation of microorganisms boosted by deformation. Deformation-enhanced microbial proliferation may change our view of sedimentary and tectonic processes in subduction zones.
Jakob Bolz and Jonas Kley
Solid Earth, 12, 1005–1024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1005-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1005-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To assess the role smaller graben structures near the southern edge of the Central European Basin System play in the basin’s overall deformational history, we take advantage of a feature found on some of these structures, where slivers from older rock units appear along the graben's main fault, surrounded on both sides by younger strata. The implications for the geometry of the fault provide a substantially improved estimate for the magnitude of normal and thrust motion along the fault system.
Domingo G. A. M. Aerden, Alejandro Ruiz-Fuentes, Mohammad Sayab, and Aidan Forde
Solid Earth, 12, 971–992, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-971-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-971-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the geometry of foliations and microfolds preserved within metamorphic garnet crystals using X-ray tomography. The studied rocks are blueschists from Ile de Groix formed during Late Devonian subduction of Gondwana under Armorica. Several sets of differently oriented microfabrics were found recording variations in the direction of subduction. Comparison with similar data for Iberia supports that Iberia rotated only 10–20° during the Cretaceous opening of the North Atlantic.
Dario Zampieri, Paola Vannoli, and Pierfrancesco Burrato
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-29, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-29, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for SE
Short summary
Short summary
The long-lived Schio-Vicenza Fault System is a major shear zone cross-cutting the foreland and the thrust belt of the Eastern Southern Alps. We review 150 years of scientific works, and explain its activity and kinematics, characterised by sinistral and dextral transcurrent motion along its southern and northern sections, respectively, by a geodynamic model that has the Adria indenter as the main actor, and coherently reconciles the available geological and geophysical evidence collected so far.
Matteo Demurtas, Steven A.F. Smith, Elena Spagnuolo, and Giulio Di Toro
Solid Earth, 12, 595–612, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-595-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-595-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We performed shear experiments on calcite–dolomite gouge mixtures to better understand the behaviour of carbonates during sub-seismic to seismic deformation in the shallow crust. The development of a foliation in the gouge was only restricted to coseismic sliding, whereas fluidisation occurred over a wide range of slip velocities (sub-seismic to coseismic) in the presence of water. These observations will contribute to a better interpretation of the rock record.
James Gilgannon, Marius Waldvogel, Thomas Poulet, Florian Fusseis, Alfons Berger, Auke Barnhoorn, and Marco Herwegh
Solid Earth, 12, 405–420, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-405-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-405-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using experiments that simulate deep tectonic interfaces, known as viscous shear zones, we found that these zones spontaneously develop periodic sheets of small pores. The presence of porous layers in deep rocks undergoing tectonic deformation is significant because it requires a change to the current model of how the Earth deforms. Emergent porous layers in viscous rocks will focus mineralising fluids and could lead to the seismic failure of rocks that are never supposed to have this occur.
Jef Deckers, Bernd Rombaut, Koen Van Noten, and Kris Vanneste
Solid Earth, 12, 345–361, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-345-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-345-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows the presence of two structural domains in the western border fault system of the Roer Valley graben. These domains, dominated by NW–SE-striking faults, displayed distinctly different strain distributions during both Late Cretaceous compression and Cenozoic extension. The southern domain is characterized by narrow, localized faulting, while the northern domain is characterized by wide, distributed faulting. The non-colinear WNW–ESE Grote Brogel fault links both domains.
José Piquer, Orlando Rivera, Gonzalo Yáñez, and Nicolás Oyarzún
Solid Earth, 12, 253–273, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-253-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-253-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A proper recognition of deep, long-lived fault systems is very important for society. They can produce potentially dangerous earthquakes. They can also act as pathways for magmas and hydrothermal fluids, leading to the formation of volcanoes, geothermal systems and mineral deposits. However, the manifestations of these very old faults in the present-day surface can be very subtle. Here, we present a detailed, multi-disciplinary study of a fault system of this type in the Andes of central Chile.
Antonin Bilau, Yann Rolland, Stéphane Schwartz, Nicolas Godeau, Abel Guihou, Pierre Deschamps, Benjamin Brigaud, Aurélie Noret, Thierry Dumont, and Cécile Gautheron
Solid Earth, 12, 237–251, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-237-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-237-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
As a result of the collision between the European and Apulian plates, the Alps have experienced several evolutionary stages. The Penninic frontal thrust (PFT) (major thrust) was associated with compression, and now seismic studies show ongoing extensional activity. Calcite mineralization associated with shortening and extensional structures was sampled. The last deformation stages are dated by U–Pb on calcite at ~ 3.5 and ~ 2.5 Ma. Isotope analysis evidences deep crustal fluid mobilization.
Penelope I. R. Wilson, Robert W. Wilson, David J. Sanderson, Ian Jarvis, and Kenneth J. W. McCaffrey
Solid Earth, 12, 95–117, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-95-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-95-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Magma accommodation in the shallow crust leads to deformation of the surrounding host rock through the creation of faults, fractures and folds. This deformation will impact fluid flow around intrusive magma bodies (including sills and laccoliths) by changing the porosity and permeability network of the host rock. The results may have important implications for industries where fluid flow within the subsurface adds value (e.g. oil and gas, hydrology, geothermal and carbon sequestration).
Martin Balcewicz, Benedikt Ahrens, Kevin Lippert, and Erik H. Saenger
Solid Earth, 12, 35–58, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-35-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-35-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The geothermal potential of a carbonate reservoir in the Rhine-Ruhr area, Germany, was investigated by field and laboratory investigations. The carbonate layer of interest is approx. 150 m thick; located at 4 to 6 km depth; and might extend below Essen, Bochum, and Dortmund. We proposed focusing on discontinuities striking NNW–SSE for geothermal applications, as these are the most common, strike in the direction of the main horizontal stress, and dominate reservoir fluid flow.
Andrea Bistacchi, Silvia Mittempergher, Mattia Martinelli, and Fabrizio Storti
Solid Earth, 11, 2535–2547, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2535-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2535-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present an innovative workflow for the statistical analysis of fracture data collected along scanlines. Our methodology is based on performing non-parametric statistical tests, which allow detection of important features of the spatial distribution of fractures, and on the analysis of the cumulative spacing function (CSF) and cumulative spacing derivative (CSD), which allows the boundaries of stationary domains to be defined in an objective way.
Martina Kirilova, Virginia Toy, Katrina Sauer, François Renard, Klaus Gessner, Richard Wirth, Xianghui Xiao, and Risa Matsumura
Solid Earth, 11, 2425–2438, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2425-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2425-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Processes associated with open pores can change the physical properties of rocks and cause earthquakes. In borehole samples from the Alpine Fault zone, we show that many pores in these rocks were filled by weak materials that can slide easily. The amount of open spaces was thus reduced, and fluids circulating within them built up high pressures. Both weak materials and high pressures within pores reduce the rock strength; thus the state of pores here can trigger the next Alpine Fault earthquake.
José Manuel Benítez-Pérez, Pedro Castiñeiras, Juan Gómez-Barreiro, José R. Martínez Catalán, Andrew Kylander-Clark, and Robert Holdsworth
Solid Earth, 11, 2303–2325, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2303-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2303-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Sobrado unit represents an allochthonous tectonic slice of exhumed high-grade metamorphic rocks formed during a complex sequence of orogenic processes in the middle to lower crust. We have combined U–Pb geochronology and REE analyses (LASS-ICP-MS) of accessory minerals in migmatitic paragneiss (monazite, zircon) and mylonitic amphibolites (titanite) to constrain the evolution. A Middle Devonian minimum age for HP metamorphism has been obtained.
Sonia Yeung, Marnie Forster, Emmanuel Skourtsos, and Gordon Lister
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-186, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-186, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for SE
Short summary
Short summary
We do not know when the ancient Tethys Ocean lithosphere began to founder, but one clue can be found in subduction accreted tectonic slices, including Gondwanan basement terranes on the island of Ios, Cyclades, Greece. We propose a 250-300km southwards jump of the subduction megathrust, with a period of flat-slab subduction followed by slab break-off. The initiation and its subsequent rollback of a new subduction zone would explain the onset of Oligo-Miocene extension and accompanying magmatism.
Anna M. Dichiarante, Ken J. W. McCaffrey, Robert E. Holdsworth, Tore I. Bjørnarå, and Edward D. Dempsey
Solid Earth, 11, 2221–2244, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2221-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2221-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the characteristics of fracture systems in the Devonian rocks of the Orcadian Basin in Caithness. These mineral-filled fractures have properties that may be used to predict the size and spatial arrangement of similar structures in offshore basins. This includes the Clair field in the Faroe–Shetland Basin.
Leonardo Del Sole, Marco Antonellini, Roger Soliva, Gregory Ballas, Fabrizio Balsamo, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 11, 2169–2195, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2169-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2169-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the impact of deformation bands on fluid flow and diagenesis in porous sandstones in two different case studies (northern Apennines, Italy; Provence, France) by combining a variety of multiscalar mapping techniques, detailed field and microstructural observations, and stable isotope analysis. We show that deformation bands buffer and compartmentalize fluid flow and foster and localize diagenesis, recorded by carbonate cement nodules spatially associated with the bands.
Billy James Andrews, Zoe Kai Shipton, Richard Lord, and Lucy McKay
Solid Earth, 11, 2119–2140, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2119-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2119-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Through geological mapping we find that fault zone internal structure depends on whether or not the fault cuts multiple lithologies, the presence of shale layers, and the orientation of joints and coal cleats at the time of faulting. During faulting, cementation of fractures (i.e. vein formation) is highest where the fractures are most connected. This leads to the counter-intuitive result that the highest-fracture-density part of the network often has the lowest open-fracture connectivity.
Nicolas Mansard, Holger Stünitz, Hugues Raimbourg, Jacques Précigout, Alexis Plunder, and Lucille Nègre
Solid Earth, 11, 2141–2167, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2141-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2141-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Our rock deformation experiments (solid-medium Griggs-type apparatus) on wet assemblages of mafic compositions show that the ability of minerals to react controls the portions of rocks that deform and that minor chemical and mineralogical variations can considerably modify the strength of deformed assemblages. Our study suggests that the rheology of mafic rocks, which constitute a large part of the oceanic crust, cannot be summarized as being rheologically controlled by monophase materials.
Vladimir Shipilin, David C. Tanner, Hartwig von Hartmann, and Inga Moeck
Solid Earth, 11, 2097–2117, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2097-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2097-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In our work, we carry out an in-depth structural analysis of a geometrically decoupled fault system in the southern German Molasse Basin using a high-resolution 3-D seismic dataset. Based on this analysis, we reconstruct the tectonic history and changes in the stress regimes to explain the structure and evolution of faults. The results contribute in understanding the driving mechanisms behind formation, propagation, and reactivation of faults during foreland basin formation.
Nick M. W. Roberts, Jack K. Lee, Robert E. Holdsworth, Christopher Jeans, Andrew R. Farrant, and Richard Haslam
Solid Earth, 11, 1931–1945, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1931-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1931-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We characterise a well-known fractured and faulted exposure of Cretaceous chalk in NE England, combining field observations with novel U–Pb calcite dating. We show that the faulting and associated fluid flow occurred during the interval of ca. 64–56 Ma, predating earlier estimates of Alpine-related tectonic inversion. We demonstrate that the main extensional fault zone acted as a conduit linking voluminous fluid flow and linking deeper sedimentary layers with the shallow subsurface.
Elizabeth S. Petrie, Kelly K. Bradbury, Laura Cuccio, Kayla Smith, James P. Evans, John P. Ortiz, Kellie Kerner, Mark Person, and Peter Mozley
Solid Earth, 11, 1803–1821, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1803-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1803-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A summary of observed rock properties across the contact between crystalline basement rock and the overlying younger sedimentary rocks from outcrop and core samples is presented. The data span a range of tectonic settings and describe the rock types immediately adjacent to the contact. The range of features observed at these contacts can influence the migration of fluids. The observations presented here are critical for the safe implementation of fluid injection and geothermal production.
Christopher Weismüller, Rahul Prabhakaran, Martijn Passchier, Janos L. Urai, Giovanni Bertotti, and Klaus Reicherter
Solid Earth, 11, 1773–1802, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1773-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1773-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We photographed a fractured limestone pavement with a drone to compare manual and automatic fracture tracing and analyze the evolution and spatial variation of the fracture network in high resolution. We show that automated tools can produce results comparable to manual tracing in shorter time but do not yet allow the interpretation of fracture generations. This work pioneers the automatic fracture mapping of a complete outcrop in detail, and the results can be used as fracture benchmark.
I. Tonguç Uysal, Claudio Delle Piane, Andrew James Todd, and Horst Zwingmann
Solid Earth, 11, 1653–1679, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1653-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1653-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study represents an integrated approach to radiometric age dating using potassium-bearing clay minerals formed during faulting and provides insights into the enigmatic time–space distribution of Precambrian tectonic zones in north-central Australia. Specifically, our work firmly indicates a late Mesoproterzoic minimum age for the Millungera Basin in north Australia and a previously unrecorded concealed late Mesoproterozoic–early Neoproterozoic tectonic event in north-central Australia.
Stefano Tavani, Pablo Granado, Amerigo Corradetti, Thomas Seers, Josep Maria Casas, and Josep Anton Muñoz
Solid Earth, 11, 1643–1651, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1643-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1643-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using orthophotos, we manually digitized 30 000 joints in the eastern Ebro Basin of the Pyrenees. Joints are perpendicular to the belt in the frontal portion of the belt and in the inner and central portion of the foredeep basin. Joint orientations in the external portion of the foredeep become less clustered. Joints in the studied area formed in the foredeep in response to foredeep-parallel stretching, which becomes progressively less intense within the external portion of the foredeep basin.
Thomas B. Phillips, Christopher A.-L. Jackson, and James R. Norcliffe
Solid Earth, 11, 1489–1510, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1489-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1489-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Normal faults often reactivate under compression, in a process called inversion. The 3D geometry of these structures (and the effect on resultant inversion structural style) is often not considered. Using seismic reflection data, we examine how stresses form different inversion styles that are controlled by the geometry of the pre-existing structure. Geometrically simple faults are preferentially reactivated; more complex areas are typically not reactivated and instead experience bulk uplift.
Ashton Krajnovich, Wendy Zhou, and Marte Gutierrez
Solid Earth, 11, 1457–1474, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1457-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1457-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, a novel methodology of 3D geologic model uncertainty assessment that considers both input data and prior knowledge is developed and applied to characterize fault zones – areas of damaged rock surrounding a fault surface that are important to subsurface engineering projects. The results of the study demonstrate how existing frameworks can be expanded to incorporate new types of information to arrive at a realistic and straightforward model of fault zone geometry in the subsurface.
Sreyashi Bhowmick and Tridib Kumar Mondal
Solid Earth, 11, 1227–1246, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1227-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1227-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We explore pre-existing fabric in metabasalts replete with a wide range of crisscross fractures/faults, hosting quartz veins of variable orientations and thicknesses in the Chitradurga region, India. The fractures are identified as components of a riedel shear system. We evaluate reactivation potential of fractures and conclude that episodic changes in fluid pressure conditions triggered fault-valve action, thereby reactivating fabric and fractures, leading to vein emplacement in the region.
Tim P. Dooley and Michael R. Hudec
Solid Earth, 11, 1187–1204, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1187-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1187-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Sandbox models investigated extension and inversion of salt-bearing rifts such as those found in the Moroccan High Atlas, North Africa. Sand packs were stretched and the structural lows were filled with a salt analog. Models were then subjected to additional extension and loading that remobilized the salt into diapirs. During shortening the distribution of the salt in the overburden governed the structural styles and trends in the supra-salt strata, strongly decoupled from subsalt deformation.
Christopher A.-L. Jackson, Paul S. Whipp, Robert L. Gawthorpe, and Matthew M. Lewis
Solid Earth, 11, 1027–1051, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1027-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1027-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Plate tectonics describes the creation, motion, and ultimate destruction of the Earth's continents and oceans. A key plate tectonic process is continental extension; this occurs when the Earth's plates are pulled apart to ultimately form a new ocean. Giant fractures (faults) accommodate plate stretching, although buckling (folding) is thought to be locally important. We use field data to understand how fracturing and buckling relate to each other, demonstrating they are spatially complex.
Efstratios Delogkos, Muhammad Mudasar Saqab, John J. Walsh, Vincent Roche, and Conrad Childs
Solid Earth, 11, 935–945, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-935-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-935-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Normal faults have irregular geometries on a range of scales. A quantitative model has been presented which illustrates the range of deformation arising from movement on fault surface irregularities, with fault-bend folding generating geometries reminiscent of normal drag and reverse drag. We show that fault throw can be subject to errors of up to ca. 50 % for realistic fault bend geometries (up to ca. 40°), even on otherwise sub-planar faults with constant displacement.
David A. Ferrill, Kevin J. Smart, and Alan P. Morris
Solid Earth, 11, 899–908, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-899-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-899-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper explores failure modes and deformation behavior of faults in the mechanically layered Eagle Ford Formation, an ultra-low permeability self-sourced oil and gas reservoir and aquitard in southwest Texas, USA. The role of dilation versus slip relates in predictable ways to mechanical stratigraphy, stress field, and dilation and slip tendency. We conclude that dilation tendency vs. slip tendency can be used to infer fault and fracture deformation modes and conduit versus seal behaviour.
Raúl Pérez-López, José F. Mediato, Miguel A. Rodríguez-Pascua, Jorge L. Giner-Robles, Adrià Ramos, Silvia Martín-Velázquez, Roberto Martínez-Orío, and Paula Fernández-Canteli
Solid Earth, 11, 719–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-719-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-719-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term monitoring of CO2 of onshore storage has to consider thousands of years as a medium lifetime of the storage. In this wide time interval, the stress and strain properties of the reservoir change and earthquakes could occur. Therefore, we have to identify those fault sets which can be reactivated by changing the stress conditions. We need to know the role of active fault sets and model the changing conditions to prevent induced seismicity.
Joel B. H. Andersson, Tobias E. Bauer, and Edward P. Lynch
Solid Earth, 11, 547–578, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-547-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-547-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this field-based study, geological structures and hydrothermal alterations in one of the least known geological terrains in Sweden are investigated. The area is located above the polar circle in northwestern Sweden that produces a significant portion of the iron and copper in the EU. A new tectonic model based on field evidence and microstructures is presented and it is shown that minerals typical for iron and copper–gold deposits can be linked to different phases of the structural evolution.
Stefano Urbani, Guido Giordano, Federico Lucci, Federico Rossetti, Valerio Acocella, and Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez
Solid Earth, 11, 527–545, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-527-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-527-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In Los Humeros, through field structural–geological mapping and analogue experiments, we show a discontinuous and small-scale (areal size
~ 1 km2) uplift of the caldera floor due to the emplacement of multiple shallow (< 1 km) magmatic bodies. These results allow for a better assessment of the subsurface structure of Los Humeros, with crucial implications for planning future geothermal exploration, which should account for the local geothermal gradient affected by such a shallow heat source.
Heijn van Gent and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 11, 513–526, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-513-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-513-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Faults form due to stresses caused by crustal processes. As faults influence the stress field locally, fault interaction leads to local variations in the stress field, but this is difficult to observe directly.
We describe an outcrop of one fault abuting into another one. By careful measurement of structures in the overlapping deformation zones and separating them using published relative age data, we show a rotation in the local stress field resulting from the faults growing to each other
Francesca Prando, Luca Menegon, Mark Anderson, Barbara Marchesini, Jussi Mattila, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 11, 489–511, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-489-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-489-2020, 2020
Bernhard Schuck, Anja M. Schleicher, Christoph Janssen, Virginia G. Toy, and Georg Dresen
Solid Earth, 11, 95–124, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-95-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-95-2020, 2020
Rahul Prabhakaran, Pierre-Olivier Bruna, Giovanni Bertotti, and David Smeulders
Solid Earth, 10, 2137–2166, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2137-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2137-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This contribution describes a technique to automatically extract digitized fracture patterns from images of fractured rock. Digitizing fracture patterns, accurately and rapidly with minimal human intervention, is a desirable objective in fractured rock characterization. Our method can extract fractures at varying scales of rock discontinuities, and results are presented from three different outcrop settings. The method enables faster processing of copious amounts of fractured outcrop image data.
Johanna F. Bauer, Michael Krumbholz, Elco Luijendijk, and David C. Tanner
Solid Earth, 10, 2115–2135, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2115-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2115-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We use a 4-D numerical sensitivity study to investigate which geological parameters exert a dominant control on the quality of a deep geothermal reservoir. We constrain how the variability of these parameters affects the economic potential of a reservoir. We show that the interplay of high permeability and hydraulic gradient is the dominant control on reservoir lifetime. Fracture anisotropy, typical for faults, leads to fluid channelling and thus restricts the exploitable volume significantly.
Fabian Antonio Stamm, Miguel de la Varga, and Florian Wellmann
Solid Earth, 10, 2015–2043, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2015-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2015-2019, 2019
Christopher Weismüller, Janos L. Urai, Michael Kettermann, Christoph von Hagke, and Klaus Reicherter
Solid Earth, 10, 1757–1784, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1757-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1757-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We use drones to study surface geometries of massively dilatant faults (MDFs) in Iceland, with apertures up to tens of meters at the surface. Based on throw, aperture and structures, we define three geometrically different endmembers of the surface expression of MDFs and show that they belong to one continuum. The transition between the endmembers is fluent and can change at one fault over short distances, implying less distinct control of deeper structures on surface geometries than expected.
Friedrich Hawemann, Neil Mancktelow, Sebastian Wex, Giorgio Pennacchioni, and Alfredo Camacho
Solid Earth, 10, 1635–1649, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1635-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1635-2019, 2019
Cristina G. Wilson, Clare E. Bond, and Thomas F. Shipley
Solid Earth, 10, 1469–1488, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1469-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1469-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we outline the key insights from decision-making research about how, when faced with uncertainty, humans constrain decisions through the use of heuristics (rules of thumb), making them vulnerable to systematic and suboptimal decision biases. We also review existing strategies to debias decision-making that have applicability in the geosciences, giving special attention to strategies that make use of information technology and artificial intelligence.
Zhiyuan Ge, Matthias Rosenau, Michael Warsitzka, and Rob L. Gawthorpe
Solid Earth, 10, 1283–1300, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1283-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1283-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Salt basins are important as they bear abundant natural resources and record valuable geological information. However, some models of salt basin evolution do not fully reconcile with natural examples. Using state-of-the-art analogue modelling, we investigate how a relatively stable area, the translational domain, occurs and gets overprinted in salt basins. The results suggest that that variation of sediment deposition is the key factor for overprinting the translational domain.
Roger Soliva, Frantz Maerten, Laurent Maerten, and Jussi Mattila
Solid Earth, 10, 1141–1154, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1141-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1141-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We propose innovative parametric modeling allowing for analysis of a very large number of fault-slip numerical simulations on 3-D discrete fault network. The approach allows for the first time producing failure envelopes of large rock volumes containing faults, using variations of geological conditions such as remote stresses, cohesion, friction, and fluid pressure. This tool helps to define the most conservative fault slip hazard case or to account for potential uncertainties in the input data.
David Boutelier, Christoph Schrank, and Klaus Regenauer-Lieb
Solid Earth, 10, 1123–1139, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1123-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1123-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Image correlation techniques have provided new ways to analyse the distribution in space and time of deformation in analogue models of tectonics. Here, we demonstrate how the correlation of successive time-lapse images of a deforming model allows calculating the finite displacements and finite strain tensor. We illustrate, using synthetic images, the ability of the algorithm to produce maps of the finite deformation.
Cited articles
Ackermann, R. V., Schlische, R. W., and Withjack, M. O.: The geometric and
statistical evolution of normal fault systems: an experimental study of the
effects of mechanical layer thickness on scaling laws, J. Struct.
Geol., 23, 1803–1819, 2001.
Allmendinger, R. W., Cardozo, N., and Fisher, D. M.: Structural geology
algorithms: Vectors and tensors, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2011.
Amoco New Zealand Exploration Ltd: Special core analsysis of various
formations including basic rock properties, capillary pressure, pore-size
distribution, Development, M. o. E. (Ed.), Wellington, 1992.
Anderson, E. M.: The Dynamics of Faulting and Dyke Fomration With
Applications to Britain, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, UK, 1951.
Antonellini, M. and Aydin, A.: Effect of faulting on fluid-flow in porous
sandstones – petrophysical properties,
AAPG Bull., 78, 355–377, 1994.
Antonellini, M. and Aydin, A.: Effect of faulting on fluid flow in porous
sandstones: geometry and spatial distribution, AAPG Bull., 79, 642–670,
1995.
Antonellini, M. A., Aydin, A., and Pollard, D. D.: Microstructure of
deformation bands in porous sandstones at Arches National Park, Utah,
J. Struct. Geol., 16, 941–959, 1994.
Araujo, R. E. B., Bezerra, F. H. R., Nogueira, F. C. C., Balsamo, F.,
Carvalho, B., Souza, J. A. B., Sanglard, J. C. D., de Castro, D. L., and
Melo, A. C. C.: Basement control on fault formation and deformation band
damage zone evolution in the Rio do Peixe Basin, Brazil, Tectonophysics,
745, 117–131, 2018.
Archer, R., Abraham, L., Pecher, I., and Fohrmann, M.: Modelling gas hydrate
production potential in the Hikurangi margin, New Zeal. J. Geol.
Geop., 57, 102–105, 2014.
Ashton, M., Dee, S., and Wennberg, O.: Subseismic-scale reservoir
deformation. Geol, Soc. SP., 459, 1–8, 2018.
Aydin, A.: Faulting in sandstone, PhD thesis, Department of Geology,
Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 282 pp., 1977.
Aydin, A.: Small faults formed as deformation bands in sandstone, Pure Appl. Geophys., 116, 913–930, 1978.
Aydin, A. and Johnson, A. M.: Analysis of faulting in porous sandstones,
J. Struct. Geol., 5, 19–31, 1983.
Aydin, A., Borja, R. I., and Eichhubl, P.: Geological and mathematical
framework for failure modes in granular rock, J. Struct. Geol.,
28, 83–98, 2006.
Bai, T. and Pollard, D. D.: Closely spaced fractures in layered rocks:
initiation mechanism and propagation kinematics, J. Struct.
Geol., 22, 1409–1425, 2000a.
Bai, T. and Pollard, D. D.: Fracture spacing in layered rocks: a new
explanation based on the stress transition, J. Struct. Geol.,
22, 43–57, 2000b.
Bailleul, J., Robin, C., Chanier, F., Guillocheau, F., Field, B., and
Ferriere, J.: Turbidite Systems in the Inner Forearc Domain of the Hikurangi
Convergent Margin (New Zealand): New Constraints on the Development of
Trench-Slope Basins, J. Sediment. Res., 77, 263–283, 2007.
Bailleul, J., Chanier, F., Ferrière, J., Robin, C., Nicol, A., Mahieux,
G., Gorini, C., and Caron, V.: Neogene evolution of lower trench-slope
basins and wedge development in the central Hikurangi subduction margin, New
Zealand, Tectonophysics, 591, 152–174, 2013.
Ballance, P. F.: Late Cenozoic time-lines and calc-alkaline volcanic arcs in
northern New Zealand – further discussion, J. Roy. Soc.
New Zeal., 18, 347–358, 1988.
Ballance, P. F., Hayward, B. W., and Brook, F. J.: Subduction regression of
volcanism in New Zealand, Nature, 313, 820–820, 1985.
Ballas, G., Soliva, R., Sizun, J. P., Fossen, H., Benedicto, A., and
Skurtveit, E.: Shear-enhanced compaction bands formed at shallow burial
conditions, implications for fluid flow (Provence, France), J.
Struct. Geol., 47, 3–15, 2013.
Ballas, G., Soliva, R., Benedicto, A., and Sizun, J.-P.: Control of tectonic
setting and large-scale faults on the basin-scale distribution of
deformation bands in porous sandstone (Provence, France), Mar.
Petrol. Geol., 55, 142–159, 2014.
Ballas, G., Fossen, H., and Soliva, R.: Factors controlling permeability of
cataclastic deformation bands and faults in porous sandstone reservoirs,
J. Struct. Geol., 76, 1–21, 2015.
Balsamo, F. and Storti, F.: Grain size and permeability evolution of
soft-sediment extensional sub-seismic and seismic fault zones in
high-porosity sediments from the Crotone basin, southern Apennines, Italy,
Mar. Pet. Geol., 27, 822–837, 2010.
Balsamo, F. and Storti, F.: Size-dependent comminution, tectonic mixing, and
sealing behavior of a “structurally oversimplified” fault zone in poorly
lithified sands: Evidence for a coseismic rupture?,
Bull. Geol. Soc. Am.,
123, 601–619, 2011.
Balsamo, F., Storti, F., Salvini, F., Silva, A., and Lima, C.: Structural
and petrophysical evolution of extensional fault zones in low-porosity,
poorly lithified sandstones of the Barreiras Formation, NE Brazil, J.
Struct. Geol., 32, 1806–1826, 2010.
Balsamo, F., Storti, F., and Gröcke, D.: Fault-related fluid flow
history in shallow marine sediments from carbonate concretions, Crotone
basin, south Italy, J. Geol. Soc., 169, 613–626, 2012.
Bustin, R.: Organic maturity in the western Canada sedimentary basin,
Int. J. Coal Geol., 19, 319–358, 1991.
Cai, J.: A super-critical stress model for polymodal faulting of rocks,
J. Geodyn., 130, 12–21, 2019.
Cape, C., Lamb, S., Vella, P., Wells, P., and Woodward, D.: Geological
structure of Wairarapa Valley, New Zealand, from seismic reflection
profiling, J. Roy. Soc. New Zeal., 20, 85–105, 1990.
Chanier, F. and Ferrière, J.: From a passive to an active margin:
tectonic and sedimentary processes linked to the birth of an accretionary
prism (Hikurangi margin, New Zealand), B. Soc. Geol. Fr., 162, 649–660, 1991.
Chanier, F., Ferrière, J., and Angelier, J.: Extensional deformation
across an active margin, relations with subsidence, uplift, and rotations:
The Hikurangi subduction, New Zealand, Tectonics, 18, 862–876, 1999.
Chapple, W. M. and Spang, J. H.: Significance of layer-parallel slip during
folding of layered sedimentary rocks, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am.,
85, 1523–1534, 1974.
Chemenda, A. I.: The formation of tabular compaction-band arrays:
Theoretical and numerical analysis, J. Mech. Phys.
Solids, 57, 851–868, 2009.
Chemenda, A. I., Wibberley, C., and Saillet, E.: Evolution of compactive
shear deformation bands: Numerical models and geological data,
Tectonophysics, 526, 56–66, 2012.
Chemenda, A. I., Ballas, G., and Soliva, R.: Impact of a multilayer
structure on initiation and evolution of strain localization in porous
rocks: Field observations and numerical modeling, Tectonophysics, 631,
29–36, 2014.
Crundwell, M.: Neogene stratigraphy and geological history of the Wainuioru
Valley, east Wairarapa, New Zealand, MS thesis (unpublished), Victoria University, Wellington, Australia, 151 pp.,
1987.
Delvaux, D. and Sperner, B.: Stress tensor inversion from fault kinematic
indicators and focal mechanism data: the TENSOR program,
Geol. Soc. SP., 212, 75–100,
2003.
Donath, F. A. and Parker, R. B.: Folds and folding, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am.,
75, 45–62, 1964.
Du Bernard, X., Labaume, P., Darcel, C., Davy, P., and Bour, O.: Cataclastic
slip band distribution in normal fault damage zones, Nubian sandstones, Suez
rift, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 107, 2141, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000493, 2002.
Edbrooke, S. W.: The geological map of New Zealand, GNS Science geological
map 2, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, GNS Science, 2017.183, 2017.
Eichhubl, P., Hooker, J. N., and Laubach, S. E.: Pure and shear-enhanced
compaction bands in Aztec Sandstone, J. Struct. Geol., 32,
1873–1886, 2010.
Farrell, N., Healy, D., and Taylor, C.: Anisotropy of permeability in
faulted porous sandstones, J. Struct. Geol., 63, 50–67, 2014.
Faulkner, D. R., Mitchell, T. M., Jensen, E., and Cembrano, J.: Scaling of
fault damage zones with displacement and the implications for fault growth
processes, J. Geophys. Res., 116, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB007788, 2011.
Field, B., Pollock, R., and Browne, G.: Outcrop analog study of
turbidites of the Miocene Whakataki Formation, New Zealand:
Significance for reservoir volumetrics and modeling, in: Reservoir Characterization: Integrating Technology and Business Practices, edited by: Slatt, R. M., Rosen, N. C., Bowman, M., Castagna, J., Good, T., Loucks, R., Latimer, R., Scheihing, M., and Smith, R., 26th Annual GCSSEPM Foundation Bob F. Perkins Research Conference, https://doi.org/10.5724/gcs.06.26, 2006.
Field, B. D.: Cyclicity in turbidites of the Miocene Whakataki Formation,
Castlepoint, North Island, and implications for hydrocarbon reservoir
modelling, New Zeal. J. Geol. Geop., 48, 135–146, 2005.
Fisher, Q. and Knipe, R.: Fault sealing processes in siliciclastic
sediments, Geol. Soc. SP., 147, 117–134,
1998.
Fisher, Q. and Knipe, R.: The permeability of faults within siliciclastic
petroleum reservoirs of the North Sea and Norwegian Continental Shelf, Mar.
Pet. Geol., 18, 1063–1081, 2001.
Fossen, H. and Bale, A.: Deformation bands and their influence on fluid
flow, AAPG Bull., 91, 1685–1700, 2007.
Fossen, H. and Hesthammer, J.: Possible absence of small faults in the
Gullfaks Field, northern North Sea: implications for downscaling of faults
in some porous sandstones, J. Struct. Geol., 22, 851–863, 2000.
Fossen, H., Schultz, R. A., Shipton, Z. K., and Mair, K.: Deformation bands
in sandstone: a review, J. Geol. Soc., 164, 755–769,
2007.
Fossen, H., Schultz, R. A., and Torabi, A.: Conditions and implications for
compaction band formation in the Navajo Sandstone, Utah, J. Struct. Geol., 33, 1477–1490, 2011.
Fossen, H., Zuluaga, L. F., Ballas, G., Soliva, R., and Rotevatn, A.:
Contractional deformation of porous sandstone: Insights from the Aztec
Sandstone, SE Nevada, USA, J. Struct. Geol., 74, 172–184, 2015.
Fossen, H., Soliva, R., Ballas, G., Trzaskos, B., Cavalcante, C., and
Schultz, R. A.: A review of deformation bands in reservoir sandstones:
geometries, mechanisms and distribution, Geol. Soc.
SP., 459, 9–33, 2018.
Fulljames, J., Zijerveld, L., Franssen, R., Møller-Pedersen, P., and
Koestler, A.: Fault seal processes: systematic analysis of fault seals over
geological and production time scales, NPF Sp.
Publ., 7, 51–59, 1997.
Gross, M. R.: The origin and spacing of cross joints: examples from the
Monterey Formation, Santa Barbara Coastline, California, J.
Struct. Geol., 15, 737–751, 1993.
Grujic, D. and Mancktelow, N. S.: Folds with axes parallel to the extension
direction: an experimental study, J. Struct. Geol., 17,
279–291, 1995.
Healy, D. and Jupp, P.: Bimodal or quadrimodal? Statistical tests for the shape of fault patterns, Solid Earth, 9, 1051–1060, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1051-2018, 2018.
Healy, D., Blenkinsop, T. G., Timms, N. E., Meredith, P. G., Mitchell, T.
M., and Cooke, M. L.: Polymodal faulting: time for a new angle on shear
failure, J. Struct. Geol., 80, 57–71, 2015.
Hessler, A. M. and Sharman, G. R.: Subduction zones and their hydrocarbon
systems, Geosphere, 14, 2044–2067, 2018.
Hu, Y. and Wang, K.: Bending-like behavior of wedge-shaped thin
elastic fault blocks, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 111, B06409, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003987, 2006.
Jones, R. R., Holdsworth, R. E., McCaffrey, K. J., Clegg, P., and
Tavarnelli, E.: Scale dependence, strain compatibility and heterogeneity of
three-dimensional deformation during mountain building: a discussion,
J. Struct. Geol., 27, 1190–1204, 2005.
Karig, D. and Lundberg, N.: Deformation bands from the toe of the Nankai
accretionary prism, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 95,
9099–9109, 1990.
Kim, Y. S., Peacock, D. C. P., and Sanderson, D. J.: Fault damage zones,
J. Struct. Geol., 26, 503–517, 2004.
Klimczak, C., Soliva, R., Schultz, R. A., and Chéry, J.: Sequential
growth of deformation bands in a multilayer sequence, J. Geophys.
Res.-Sol. Ea., 116, B09209, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008365, 2011.
Knipe, R., Fisher, Q., Jones, G., Clennell, M., Farmer, A., Harrison, A.,
Kidd, B., McAllister, E., Porter, J., and White, E.: Fault seal analysis:
successful methodologies, application and future directions,
NPF Sp. Publ., 7, 15–40,
1997.
Knipe, R. J., Jones, G., and Fisher, Q.: Faulting, fault sealing and fluid
flow in hydrocarbon reservoirs: an introduction, Geol. Soc.
SP., 147, 7–21, 1998.
Knott, S. D., Beach, A., Brockbank, P. J., Brown, J. L., McCallum, J. E.,
and Welbon, A. I.: Spatial and mechanical controls on normal fault
populations, J. Struct. Geol., 18, 359–372, 1996.
Labaume, P., Maltman, A. J., Bolton, A., Teissier, D., Ogawa, Y., and Takizawa,
S.: Scaly fabrics in sheared clays from the décollement zone of the Barbados accretionary prism, edited by: Shipley, T. H., Ogawa,
Y., Blum, P., Bahr, J. M., Proceedings of the ocean drilling
program, scientific results, Vol 156, Ocean Drilling Program,
College Station, 59–77, 1997.
Laubach, S. E., Olson, J. E., and Gross, M. R.: Mechanical and fracture
stratigraphy, AAPG Bull., 93, 1413–1426, 2009.
Laubach, S. E., Lamarche, J., Gauthier, B. D., Dunne, W. M., and Sanderson,
D. J.: Spatial arrangement of faults and opening-mode fractures, J.
Struct. Geol., 108, 2–15, 2018.
Leckie, D., Morgans, H., Wilson, G., Cutten, H., Uruski, C., and Francis, D.: Potential Reservoirs and Source Rocks in Late Cretaceous-Palaeogene Sediment of the East Coast Basin, North Island, New Zealand, Calgary: Western Canadian and International Expertise [Program book with expanded abstracts]., 106–107, 1994.
Lee, J. and Begg, J.: Geology of the Wairarapa area, Institute of Geological
and Nuclear Sciences 1 : 250,000 geological map, 11, Institute of Geological Nuclear Sciences Limited,
Lower Hutt, New
Zealand, 2002.
Liu, J. and Regenauer-Lieb, K.: Application of percolation theory to
microtomography of structured media: Percolation threshold, critical
exponents, and upscaling, Phys. Rev. E, 83, 016106, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.83.016106, 2011.
Lucas, S. E. and Moore, J. C.: Cataclastic deformation in accretionary wedges: Deep-Sea Drilling Project Leg 66, southern Mexico, and on-land examples from Barbados and Kodiak
Islands, edited by: J. C. Moore, Structural fabrics in Deep-Sea Drilling Project cores from forearcs: Geological Society of
America Memoir, 166, 89–103, 1986.
Luyendyk, B. P.: Hypothesis for Cretaceous rifting of east Gondwana caused
by subducted slab capture, Geology, 23, 373–376, 1995.
Maerten, L., Maerten, F., Lejri, M., and Gillespie, P.: Geomechanical
paleostress inversion using fracture data, J. Struct. Geol.,
89, 197–213, 2016.
Main, I. G., Kwon, O., Ngwenya, B. T., and Elphick, S. C.: Fault sealing
during deformation-band growth in porous sandstone, Geology, 28, 1131–1134,
2000.
Mair, K., Main, I., and Elphick, S.: Sequential growth of deformation bands
in the laboratory, J. Struct. Geol., 22, 25–42, 2000.
Maison, T., Potel, S., Malié, P., Ferreiro-Mählmann, R., Chanier,
F., Mahieux, G., and Bailleul, J.: Low-grade evolution of clay minerals and
organic matter in fault zones of the Hikurangi prism (New Zealand), Clay
Miner., 53, 579–602, 2018.
Malie, P., Bailleul, J., Chanier, F., Toullec, R., Mahieux, G., Caron, V.,
Field, B., Mählmann, R. F., and Potel, S.: Spatial distribution and
tectonic framework of fossil tubular concretions as onshore analogues of
cold seep plumbing systems, North Island of New Zealand, Bull.
Soc. Geol. Fr., 188, 25, https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2017192, 2017.
Maltman, A. J.: Deformation structures from the toes of active accretionary
prisms, J. Geol. Soc., 155, 639–650, 1998.
Martel, S. J.: Mechanical controls on fault geometry, J. Struct.
Geol., 21, 585–596, 1999.
Mathworks, T.: Optimization Toolbox User's Guide, The MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA, 305 pp.,
2011.
Mortimer, N., Campbell, H. J., Tulloch, A. J., King, P. R., Stagpoole, V.
M., Wood, R. A., Rattenbury, M. S., Sutherland, R., Adams, C. J., Collot,
J., and Seton, M.: Zealandia: Earth's hidden continent, GSA today, 27,
27–35, 2017.
Neef, G.: Geology of the Akitio area (1 : 50 000 metric sheet U25BD, east),
northeastern Wairarapa, New Zealand, New Zeal. J. Geol.
Geop., 35, 533–548, 1992a.
Neef, G.: Turbidite deposition in five Miocene, bathyal formations along an
active plate margin, North Island, New Zealand: with notes on styles of
deposition at the margins of east coast bathyal basins, Sediment. Geol.,
78, 111–136, 1992b.
Neef, G.: Cretaceous and Cenozoic geology east of the Tinui Fault Complex in
northeastern Wairarapa, New Zealand, New Zeal. J. Geol.
Geop., 38, 375–394, 1995.
Nicol, A. and Childs, C.: Cataclasis and silt smear on normal faults in
weakly lithified turbidites, J. Struct. Geol., 117, 44–57,
2018.
Nicol, A., Van Dissen, R., Vella, P., Alloway, B., and Melhuish, A.: Growth
of contractional structures during the last 10 m.y. at the southern end of
the emergent Hikurangi forearc basin, New Zealand, New Zeal. J.
Geol. Geop., 45, 365–385, 2002.
Nicol, A., Mazengarb, C., Chanier, F., Rait, G., Uruski, C., and Wallace,
L.: Tectonic evolution of the active Hikurangi subduction margin, New
Zealand, since the Oligocene, Tectonics, 26, TC4002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006TC002090, 2007.
Nicol, A., Childs, C., Walsh, J. J., and Schafer, K. W.: A geometric model
for the formation of deformation band clusters, J. Struct.
Geol., 55, 21–33, 2013.
Ogilvie, S., Orribo, J., and Glover, P.: The influence of deformation bands
upon fluid flow using profile permeametry and positron emission tomography,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 61–64, 2001.
Ogilvie, S. R. and Glover, P. W.: The petrophysical properties of
deformation bands in relation to their microstructure, Earth Planet.
Sci. Lett., 193, 129–142, 2001.
Okubo, C. H. and Schultz, R. A.: Evolution of damage zone geometry and
intensity in porous sandstone: insight gained from strain energy density,
J. Geol. Soc., 162, 939–949, 2005.
Olsson, W. and Holcomb, D.: Compaction localization in porous rock,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3537–3540, 2000.
Peacock, D. C. P., Dimmen, V., Rotevatn, A., and Sanderson, D. J.: A broader
classification of damage zones, J. Struct. Geol., 102, 179–192,
2017.
Pecher, I. A., Henrys, S. A., Wood, W. T., Kukowski, N., Crutchley, G. J.,
Fohrmann, M., Kilner, J., Senger, K., Gorman, A. R., and Coffin, R. B.:
Focussed fluid flow on the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand – Evidence from
possible local upwarping of the base of gas hydrate stability, Mar.
Geol., 272, 99–113, 2010.
Pizzati, M., Balsamo, F., Storti, F., and Iacumin, P.: Physical and chemical
strain-hardening during faulting in poorly lithified sandstone: The role of
kinematic stress field and selective cementation, Bull. Geol. Soc.
Am., 132, 1183–1200, 2020.
Pollard, D. D. and Aydin, A.: Progress in understanding jointing over the
past century, Bull. Geol. Soc.
Am., 100, 1181–1204, 1988.
Qu, D., Tveranger, J., and Fachri, M.: Influence of deformation-band fault
damage zone on reservoir performance, Interpretation, 5, 41–56, 2017.
Raine, J., Beu, A., Boyes, A., Campbell, H., Cooper, R., Crampton, J.,
Crundwell, M., Hollis, C., Morgans, H., and Mortimer, N.: New Zealand
geological timescale NZGT 2015/1, New Zeal. J. Geol. Geop.,
58, 398–403, 2015.
Rait, G., Chanier, F., and Waters, D. W.: Landward-and seaward-directed
thrusting accompanying the onset of subduction beneath New Zealand, Geology,
19, 230–233, 1991.
Regenauer-Lieb, K., Veveakis, M., Poulet, T., Wellmann, F., Karrech, A.,
Liu, J., Hauser, J., Schrank, C., Gaede, O., and Fusseis, F.: Multiscale
coupling and multiphysics approaches in earth sciences: Applications,
Journal of Coupled Systems and Multiscale Dynamics, 1, 281–323, 2013a.
Regenauer-Lieb, K., Veveakis, M., Poulet, T., Wellmann, F., Karrech, A.,
Liu, J., Hauser, J., Schrank, C., Gaede, O., and Trefry, M.: Multiscale
coupling and multiphysics approaches in earth sciences: Theory, Journal of
Coupled Systems and Multiscale Dynamics, 1, 49–73, 2013b.
Rotevatn, A., Torabi, A., Fossen, H., and Braathen, A.: Slipped deformation
bands: A new type of cataclastic deformation bands in Western Sinai, Suez
rift, Egypt, J. Struct. Geol., 30, 1317–1331, 2008.
Rudnicki, J. W.: Compaction bands in porous rock, in: Bifurcations
and Instabilities in Geomechanics, edited by: Labuz, J. F. and Drescher, A.,
A. A. Balkema, Brookfield, Vt, 29–39, 2003.
Saillet, E. and Wibberley, C. A.: Evolution of cataclastic faulting in
high-porosity sandstone, Bassin du Sud-Est, Provence, France, J.
Struct. Geol., 32, 1590–1608, 2010.
Sanderson, D. J. and Peacock, D. C.: Line sampling of fracture swarms and
corridors, J. Struct. Geol., 122, 27–37, 2019.
Schindelin, J., Arganda-Carreras, I., Frise, E., Kaynig, V., Longair, M.,
Pietzsch, T., Preibisch, S., Rueden, C., Saalfeld, S., and Schmid, B.: Fiji:
an open-source platform for biological-image analysis, Nat. Methods, 9,
676–682, https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2019, 2012.
Schueller, S., Braathen, A., Fossen, H., and Tveranger, J.: Spatial
distribution of deformation bands in damage zones of extensional faults in
porous sandstones: Statistical analysis of field data, J. Struct.
Geol., 52, 148–162, 2013.
Schultz, R. A.: Geologic Fracture Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2019.
Schultz, R. A. and Siddharthan, R.: A general framework for the occurrence
and faulting of deformation bands in porous granular rocks, Tectonophysics,
411, 1–18, 2005.
Shipton, Z. K. and Cowie, P. A.: Damage zone and slip-surface evolution over
m to km scales in high-porosity Navajo sandstone, Utah, J.
Struct. Geol., 23, 1825–1844, 2001.
Shipton, Z. K. and Cowie, P. A.: A conceptual model for the origin of fault
damage zone structures in high-porosity sandstone, J. Struct.
Geol., 25, 333–344, 2003.
Soliva, R. and Benedicto, A.: Geometry, scaling relations and spacing of
vertically restricted normal faults, J. Struct. Geol., 27,
317–325, 2005.
Soliva, R., Benedicto, A., and Maerten, L.: Spacing and linkage of confined normal faults: importance of mechanical thickness, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 111, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003507, 2006.
Soliva, R., Schultz, R. A., Ballas, G., Taboada, A., Wibberley, C., Saillet,
E., and Benedicto, A.: A model of strain localization in porous sandstone as
a function of tectonic setting, burial and material properties; new insight
from Provence (southern France), J. Struct. Geol., 49, 50–63,
2013.
Soliva, R., Ballas, G., Fossen, H., and Philit, S.: Tectonic regime controls
clustering of deformation bands in porous sandstone, Geology, 44, 423–426,
2016.
Solum, J. G., Brandenburg, J., Naruk, S. J., Kostenko, O. V., Wilkins, S.
J., and Schultz, R. A.: Characterization of deformation bands associated
with normal and reverse stress states in the Navajo Sandstone, Utah, AAPG
Bull., 94, 1453–1475, 2010.
Spörli, K. B.: New Zealand and oblique-slip margins: tectonic
development up to and during the Cainozoic, edited by: Ballance,
P. F. and Reading, H. G., Sedimentation in oblique-slip
mobile zones, Special Publication of the International
Association of Sedimentologists, Oxford,
Blackwell Scientific, 4, 147–170, 1980.
Sternlof, K. R., Karimi-Fard, M., Pollard, D. D., and Durlofsky, L. J.: Flow
and transport effects of compaction bands in sandstone at scales relevant to
aquifer and reservoir management, Water Resour. Res., 42, 16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004664, 2006.
Strogen, D. P., Seebeck, H., Nicol, A., and King, P. R.: Two-phase
Cretaceous-Paleocene rifting in the Taranaki Basin region, New Zealand,
implications for Gondwana break-up, J. Geol. Soc., 174,
929–946, 2017.
Świerczewska, A. and Tokarski, A. K.: Deformation bands and the history
of folding in the Magura nappe, Western Outer Carpathians (Poland),
Tectonophysics, 297, 73–90, 1998.
Torabi, A., Fossen, H., and Braathen, A.: Insight into petrophysical
properties of deformed sandstone reservoirs, AAPG Bull., 97, 619–637,
2013.
Tueckmantel, C., Fisher, Q. J., Knipe, R. J., Lickorish, H., and Khalil, S.
M.: Fault seal prediction of seismic-scale normal faults in porous
sandstone: A case study from the eastern Gulf of Suez rift, Egypt, Mar.
Petrol. Geol., 27, 334–350, 2010.
Ujiie, K., Maltman, A. J., and Sánchez-Gómez, M.: Origin of
deformation bands in argillaceous sediments at the toe of the Nankai
accretionary prism, southwest Japan, J. Struct. Geol., 26,
221–231, 2004.
Walcott, R.: The kinematics of the plate boundary zone through New Zealand:
a comparison of short- and long-term deformations, Geophys. J.
Int., 79, 613–633, 1984.
Walcott, R. I.: Geodetic strain and the deformational history of the North
Island of New Zealand during the late Cainozoic, Philos. T.
R. Soc. Lond., 321, 163–181, 1987.
Wang, K. and Bilek, S. L.: Invited review paper: Fault creep caused by
subduction of rough seafloor relief, Tectonophysics, 610, 1–24, 2014.
Wang, K. and Hu, Y.: Accretionary prisms in subduction earthquake
cycles: The theory of dynamic Coulomb wedge, J. Geophys. Res., 111,
B06410, doi:10.1029/2005JB004094, 2006.
Wells, P.: Burial history of late Neogene sedimentary basins on part of the
New Zealand convergent plate margin, Basin Res., 2, 145–160, 1989.
Wong, T.-F. and Baud, P.: The brittle-ductile transition in porous rock: A
review, J. Struct. Geol., 44, 25–53, 2012.
Wong, T.-F., Szeto, H., and Zhang, J.: Effect of loading path and porosity
on the failure mode of porous rocks, Appl. Mech. Rev., 45, 281–293,
1992.
Wong, T.-F., David, C., and Zhu, W.: The transition from brittle faulting to
cataclastic flow in porous sandstones: Mechanical deformation, J.
Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 102, 3009–3025, 1997.
Wu, T.: Permeability prediction and drainage capillary pressure simulation
in sandstone reservoirs, PhD thesis, University: Texas A&M University
183 pp., 2004.
Xu, S. Q., Ben-Zion, Y., and Ampuero, J. P.: Properties of inelastic
yielding zones generated by in-plane dynamic ruptures, Model description and
basic results, Geophys. J. Int., 191, 1325–1342, 2012.
Yielding, G., Freeman, B., and Needham, D. T.: Quantitative fault seal
prediction, AAPG Bull., 81, 897–917, 1997.
Zhang, J., Wong, T.-F., and Davis, D. M.: Micromechanics of pressure-induced
grain crushing in porous rocks, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 341–352,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB01p00341,
1990.
Zuza, A. V., Yin, A., Lin, J., and Sun, M.: Spacing and strength of active
continental strike-slip faults, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 457,
49–62, 2017.
Special issue
Short summary
We analysed a sedimentary rock package located in Castlepoint, New Zealand, to test the control of the tectonic setting on the observed deformation structures. In extension and contraction, we observed faults and small fault-like structures characterised by complex spatial patterns and a reduction in porosity and grain size compared with the host rock. With these properties, the structures are likely to act as barriers to fluid flow and cause compartmentalisation of the sedimentary sequence.
We analysed a sedimentary rock package located in Castlepoint, New Zealand, to test the control...