Articles | Volume 15, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1203-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1203-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
30 Sep 2024
Research article |
| 30 Sep 2024
| 30 Sep 2024
Geomorphic expressions of active rifting reflect the role of structural inheritance: a new model for the evolution of the Shanxi Rift, northern China
Malte Froemchen
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Science Labs, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
Ken J. W. McCaffrey
Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Science Labs, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
Mark B. Allen
Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Science Labs, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
Jeroen van Hunen
Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Science Labs, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
Thomas B. Phillips
Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Science Labs, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
Yueren Xu
Key Laboratory of Earthquake Prediction, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China
Related authors
Thomas B. Phillips, John B. Naliboff, Ken J. W. McCaffrey, Sophie Pan, Jeroen van Hunen, and Malte Froemchen
Solid Earth, 14, 369–388, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-369-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-369-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Continental crust comprises bodies of varying strength, formed through numerous tectonic events. When subject to extension, these areas produce distinct rift and fault systems. We use 3D models to examine how rifts form above
strongand
weakareas of crust. We find that faults become more developed in weak areas. Faults are initially stopped at the boundaries with stronger areas before eventually breaking through. We relate our model observations to rift systems globally.
Renyu Zeng, Hui Su, Mark B. Allen, Haiyan Shi, Houfa Dua, Chenguang Zhange, and Jie Yan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1145, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1145, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
There has long been debate regarding the tectonic affinity and tectonic evolution of the Longshoushan, Alxa Block, during the Paleozoic. In this study, we present new geochronological and geochemical data for early Paleozoic granitoids from the Longshoushan. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the Longshoushan was primarily influenced by the North Qilian Orogenic Belt; (2) The transition in crustal thickness occurred at ~435 Ma; (3) A three-stage Early Paleozoic tectonic model is proposed.
Agathe Faucher, Frédéric Gueydan, and Jeroen van Hunen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-569, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-569, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
The formation of major strike-slip faults remains enigmatic in the framework of plate tectonics. Using 3D finite element models, we show that the co-existence of extension and shortening (at a high angle with the extension direction) and a weak lithosphere (e.g high geotherm) can trigger normal faulting and strike-slip faulting. Our results are compared to the Aegean example where strike slip faults (e.g. North Anatolian fault) and normal faults (e.g. Corinth rift) work together.
Julius Eberhard, Oliver E. Bevan, Georg Feulner, Stefan Petri, Jeroen van Hunen, and James U. L. Baldini
Clim. Past, 19, 2203–2235, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2203-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2203-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
During at least two phases in its past, Earth was more or less covered in ice. These “snowball Earth” events probably started suddenly upon undercutting a certain threshold in the carbon-dioxide concentration. This threshold can vary considerably under different conditions. In our study, we find the thresholds for different distributions of continents, geometries of Earth’s orbit, and volcanic eruptions. The results show that the threshold might have varied by up to 46 %.
Thomas B. Phillips, John B. Naliboff, Ken J. W. McCaffrey, Sophie Pan, Jeroen van Hunen, and Malte Froemchen
Solid Earth, 14, 369–388, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-369-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-369-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Continental crust comprises bodies of varying strength, formed through numerous tectonic events. When subject to extension, these areas produce distinct rift and fault systems. We use 3D models to examine how rifts form above
strongand
weakareas of crust. We find that faults become more developed in weak areas. Faults are initially stopped at the boundaries with stronger areas before eventually breaking through. We relate our model observations to rift systems globally.
Renyu Zeng, Mark B. Allen, Xiancheng Mao, Jianqing Lai, Jie Yan, and Jianjun Wan
Solid Earth, 13, 1259–1280, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1259-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1259-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In the Liaodong Peninsula, the widely exposed Jurassic high-Sr / Y rocks are generally considered to be derived from the thickened mafic crust. However, research on the Zhoujiapuzi granite in this study shows that there is at least one pluton with a high Sr / Y signature inherited from the source. Zircon growth in Zhoujiapuzi granite can be divided into two stages. The light-CL core was formed in a deeper, hotter magma chamber. The dark-CL rim formed from later, more evolved magma.
Penelope I. R. Wilson, Robert W. Wilson, David J. Sanderson, Ian Jarvis, and Kenneth J. W. McCaffrey
Solid Earth, 12, 95–117, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-95-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-95-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Magma accommodation in the shallow crust leads to deformation of the surrounding host rock through the creation of faults, fractures and folds. This deformation will impact fluid flow around intrusive magma bodies (including sills and laccoliths) by changing the porosity and permeability network of the host rock. The results may have important implications for industries where fluid flow within the subsurface adds value (e.g. oil and gas, hydrology, geothermal and carbon sequestration).
Anna M. Dichiarante, Ken J. W. McCaffrey, Robert E. Holdsworth, Tore I. Bjørnarå, and Edward D. Dempsey
Solid Earth, 11, 2221–2244, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2221-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2221-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the characteristics of fracture systems in the Devonian rocks of the Orcadian Basin in Caithness. These mineral-filled fractures have properties that may be used to predict the size and spatial arrangement of similar structures in offshore basins. This includes the Clair field in the Faroe–Shetland Basin.
Related subject area
Subject area: Tectonic plate interactions, magma genesis, and lithosphere deformation at all scales | Editorial team: Structural geology and tectonics, paleoseismology, rock physics, experimental deformation | Discipline: Structural geology
Driven magmatism and crustal thinning of coastal southern China in response to subduction
Selection and characterization of the target fault for fluid-induced activation and earthquake rupture experiments
Naturally fractured reservoir characterisation in heterogeneous sandstones: insight for uranium in situ recovery (Imouraren, Niger)
Influence of water on crystallographic preferred orientation patterns in a naturally-deformed quartzite
Multiscalar 3D temporal structural characterisation of Smøla island, mid-Norwegian passive margin: an analogue for unravelling the tectonic history of offshore basement highs
Localized shear versus distributed strain accumulation as shear-accommodation mechanisms in ductile shear zones: Constraining their dictating factors
Impact of faults on the remote stress state
Subduction plate interface shear stress associated with rapid subduction at deep slow earthquake depths: example from the Sanbagawa belt, southwestern Japan
Multiple phase rifting and subsequent inversion in the West Netherlands Basin: implications for geothermal reservoir characterization
Analogue modelling of basin inversion: implications for the Araripe Basin (Brazil)
Natural fracture patterns at Swift Reservoir anticline, NW Montana: the influence of structural position and lithology from multiple observation scales
Rapid hydration and weakening of anhydrite under stress: implications for natural hydration in the Earth's crust and mantle
Analogue experiments on releasing and restraining bends and their application to the study of the Barents Shear Margin
Structural framework and timing of the Pahtohavare Cu ± Au deposits, Kiruna mining district, Sweden
Does the syn- versus post-rift thickness ratio have an impact on the inversion-related structural style?
Inversion of accommodation zones in salt-bearing extensional systems: insights from analog modeling
Structural control of inherited salt structures during inversion of a domino basement-fault system from an analogue modelling approach
Kinematics and time-resolved evolution of the main thrust-sense shear zone in the Eo-Alpine orogenic wedge (the Vinschgau Shear Zone, eastern Alps)
Role of inheritance during tectonic inversion of a rift system in basement-involved to salt-decoupled transition: analogue modelling and application to the Pyrenean–Biscay system
Water release and homogenization by dynamic recrystallization of quartz
Hydrothermal activity of the Lake Abhe geothermal field (Djibouti): Structural controls and paths for further exploration
Time-dependent frictional properties of granular materials used in analogue modelling: implications for mimicking fault healing during reactivation and inversion
Large grain-size-dependent rheology contrasts of halite at low differential stress: evidence from microstructural study of naturally deformed gneissic Zechstein 2 rock salt (Kristallbrockensalz) from the northern Netherlands
Analogue modelling of the inversion of multiple extensional basins in foreland fold-and-thrust belts
A contribution to the quantification of crustal shortening and kinematics of deformation across the Western Andes ( ∼ 20–22° S)
Rift thermal inheritance in the SW Alps (France): insights from RSCM thermometry and 1D thermal numerical modelling
The Luangwa Rift Active Fault Database and fault reactivation along the southwestern branch of the East African Rift
Clustering has a meaning: optimization of angular similarity to detect 3D geometric anomalies in geological terrains
Shear zone evolution and the path of earthquake rupture
Mechanical compaction mechanisms in the input sediments of the Sumatra subduction complex – insights from microstructural analysis of cores from IODP Expedition 362
Detecting micro fractures: a comprehensive comparison of conventional and machine-learning-based segmentation methods
Multiscale lineament analysis and permeability heterogeneity of fractured crystalline basement blocks
Structural characterization and K–Ar illite dating of reactivated, complex and heterogeneous fault zones: lessons from the Zuccale Fault, Northern Apennines
How do differences in interpreting seismic images affect estimates of geological slip rates?
Progressive veining during peridotite carbonation: insights from listvenites in Hole BT1B, Samail ophiolite (Oman)
Tectonic evolution of the Indio Hills segment of the San Andreas fault in southern California, southwestern USA
Structural diagenesis in ultra-deep tight sandstones in the Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, China
Variscan structures and their control on latest to post-Variscan basin architecture: insights from the westernmost Bohemian Massif and southeastern Germany
Multi-disciplinary characterizations of the BedrettoLab – a new underground geoscience research facility
Biotite supports long-range diffusive transport in dissolution–precipitation creep in halite through small porosity fluctuations
De-risking the energy transition by quantifying the uncertainties in fault stability
Virtual field trip to the Esla Nappe (Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain): delivering traditional geological mapping skills remotely using real data
Marine forearc structure of eastern Java and its role in the 1994 Java tsunami earthquake
Roughness of fracture surfaces in numerical models and laboratory experiments
Impact of basement thrust faults on low-angle normal faults and rift basin evolution: a case study in the Enping sag, Pearl River Basin
Evidence for and significance of the Late Cretaceous Asteroussia event in the Gondwanan Ios basement terranes
Investigating spatial heterogeneity within fracture networks using hierarchical clustering and graph distance metrics
Dating folding beyond folding, from layer-parallel shortening to fold tightening, using mesostructures: lessons from the Apennines, Pyrenees, and Rocky Mountains
Deformation-enhanced diagenesis and bacterial proliferation in the Nankai accretionary prism
Rheological stratification in impure rock salt during long-term creep: morphology, microstructure, and numerical models of multilayer folds in the Ocnele Mari salt mine, Romania
Jinbao Su, Wenbin Zhu, and Guangwei Li
Solid Earth, 15, 1133–1141, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1133-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1133-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The late Mesozoic igneous rocks in the South China Block exhibit flare-ups and lulls, which form in compressional or extensional backgrounds. The ascending of magma forms a mush-like head and decreases crustal thickness. The presence of faults and pre-existing magmas will accelerate emplacement of underplating magma. The magmatism at different times may be formed under similar subduction conditions, and the boundary compression forces will delay magma ascent.
Peter Achtziger-Zupančič, Alberto Ceccato, Alba Simona Zappone, Giacomo Pozzi, Alexis Shakas, Florian Amann, Whitney Maria Behr, Daniel Escallon Botero, Domenico Giardini, Marian Hertrich, Mohammadreza Jalali, Xiaodong Ma, Men-Andrin Meier, Julian Osten, Stefan Wiemer, and Massimo Cocco
Solid Earth, 15, 1087–1112, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We detail the selection and characterization of a fault zone for earthquake experiments in the Fault Activation and Earthquake Ruptures (FEAR) project at the Bedretto Lab. FEAR, which studies earthquake processes, overcame data collection challenges near faults. The fault zone in Rotondo granite was selected based on geometry, monitorability, and hydro-mechanical properties. Remote sensing, borehole logging, and geological mapping were used to create a 3D model for precise monitoring.
Maxime Jamet, Gregory Ballas, Roger Soliva, Olivier Gerbeaud, Thierry Lefebvre, Christine Leredde, and Didier Loggia
Solid Earth, 15, 895–920, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-895-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-895-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study characterizes the Tchirezrine II sandstone reservoir in northern Niger. Crucial for potential uranium in situ recovery (ISR), our multifaceted approach reveals (i) a network of homogeneously distributed orthogonal structures, (ii) the impact of clustered E–W fault structures on anisotropic fluid flow, and (iii) local changes in the matrix behaviour of the reservoir as a function of the density and nature of the deformation structure.
Jeffrey M. Rahl, Brendan Moehringer, Kenneth S. Befus, and John S. Singleton
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1567, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1567, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
At the high temperatures present in the deeper crust, minerals such as quartz can flow much like silly putty. The detailed mechanisms of how atoms are reorganized depends upon several factors, such as the temperature and the rate of which the mineral changes shape. We present observations from a naturally-deformed rock showing that the amount of water present also influences the type of deformation in quartz, with implications for geological interpretations.
Matthew S. Hodge, Guri Venvik, Jochen Knies, Roelant van der Lelij, Jasmin Schönenberger, Øystein Nordgulen, Marco Brönner, Aziz Nasuti, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 15, 589–615, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-589-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-589-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Smøla island, in the mid-Norwegian margin, has complex fracture and fault patterns resulting from tectonic activity. This study uses a multiple-method approach to unravel Smøla's tectonic history. We found five different phases of deformation related to various fracture geometries and minerals dating back hundreds of millions of years. 3D models of these features visualise these structures in space. This approach may help us to understand offshore oil and gas reservoirs hosted in the basement.
Pramit Chatterjee, Arnab Roy, and Nibir Mandal
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1077, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1077, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the strain accumulation processes in ductile shear zones is essential to explain the failure mechanisms at great crustal depths. This study explores the rheological and kinematic factors determining the varying modes of shear accommodation in natural shear zones. Numerical simulations suggest that an interplay of the following parameters: initial bulk viscosity, bulk shear rate, and internal cohesion governs the dominance of one accommodation mechanism over the other.
Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, and Moritz O. Ziegler
Solid Earth, 15, 305–327, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-305-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-305-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
It is generally assumed that faults have an influence on the stress state of the Earth’s crust. It is questionable whether this influence is still present far away from a fault. Simple numerical models were used to investigate the extent of the influence of faults on the stress state. Several models with different fault representations were investigated. The stress fluctuations further away from the fault (> 1 km) are very small.
Yukinojo Koyama, Simon R. Wallis, and Takayoshi Nagaya
Solid Earth, 15, 143–166, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-143-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-143-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Stress along a subduction plate boundary is important for understanding subduction phenomena such as earthquakes. We estimated paleo-stress using quartz recrystallized grain size combined with deformation temperature and P–T paths of exhumed rocks. The obtained results show differential stresses of 30.8–82.7 MPa consistent over depths of 17–27 km in the paleo-subduction boundary. The obtained stress may represent the initial conditions under which slow earthquakes nucleated in the same domain.
Annelotte Weert, Kei Ogata, Francesco Vinci, Coen Leo, Giovanni Bertotti, Jerome Amory, and Stefano Tavani
Solid Earth, 15, 121–141, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
On the road to a sustainable planet, geothermal energy is considered one of the main substitutes when it comes to heating. The geological history of an area can have a major influence on the application of these geothermal systems, as demonstrated in the West Netherlands Basin. Here, multiple episodes of rifting and subsequent basin inversion have controlled the distribution of the reservoir rocks, thus influencing the locations where geothermal energy can be exploited.
Pâmela C. Richetti, Frank Zwaan, Guido Schreurs, Renata S. Schmitt, and Timothy C. Schmid
Solid Earth, 14, 1245–1266, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1245-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1245-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Araripe Basin in NE Brazil was originally formed during Cretaceous times, as South America and Africa broke up. The basin is an important analogue to offshore South Atlantic break-up basins; its sediments were uplifted and are now found at 1000 m height, allowing for studies thereof, but the cause of the uplift remains debated. Here we ran a series of tectonic laboratory experiments that show how a specific plate tectonic configuration can explain the evolution of the Araripe Basin.
Adam J. Cawood, Hannah Watkins, Clare E. Bond, Marian J. Warren, and Mark A. Cooper
Solid Earth, 14, 1005–1030, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1005-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1005-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here we test conceptual models of fracture development by investigating fractures across multiple scales. We find that most fractures increase in abundance towards the fold hinge, and we interpret these as being fold related. Other fractures at the site show inconsistent orientations and are unrelated to fold formation. Our results show that predicting fracture patterns requires the consideration of multiple geologic variables.
Johanna Heeb, David Healy, Nicholas E. Timms, and Enrique Gomez-Rivas
Solid Earth, 14, 985–1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-985-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-985-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hydration of rocks is a key process in the Earth’s crust and mantle that is accompanied by changes in physical traits and mechanical behaviour of rocks. This study assesses the influence of stress on hydration reaction kinetics and mechanics in experiments on anhydrite. We show that hydration occurs readily under stress and results in localized hydration along fractures and mechanic weakening. New gypsum growth is selective and depends on the stress field and host anhydrite crystal orientation.
Roy Helge Gabrielsen, Panagiotis Athanasios Giannenas, Dimitrios Sokoutis, Ernst Willingshofer, Muhammad Hassaan, and Jan Inge Faleide
Solid Earth, 14, 961–983, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-961-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-961-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Barents Shear Margin defines the border between the relatively shallow Barents Sea that is situated on a continental plate and the deep ocean. This margin's evolution history was probably influenced by plate tectonic reorganizations. From scaled experiments, we deduced several types of structures (faults, folds, and sedimentary basins) that help us to improve the understanding of the history of the opening of the North Atlantic.
Leslie Logan, Ervin Veress, Joel B. H. Andersson, Olof Martinsson, and Tobias E. Bauer
Solid Earth, 14, 763–784, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-763-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-763-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Pahtohavare Cu ± Au deposits in the Kiruna mining district have a dubious timing of formation and have not been contextualized within an up-to-date tectonic framework. Structural mapping was carried out to reveal that the deposits are hosted in brittle structures that cut a noncylindrical, SE-plunging anticline constrained to have formed during the late-Svecokarelian orogeny. These results show that Cu ± Au mineralization formed more than ca. 80 Myr after iron oxide–apatite mineralization.
Alexandra Tamas, Dan M. Tamas, Gabor Tari, Csaba Krezsek, Alexandru Lapadat, and Zsolt Schleder
Solid Earth, 14, 741–761, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-741-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tectonic processes are complex and often difficult to understand due to the limitations of surface or subsurface data. One such process is inversion tectonics, which means that an area initially developed in an extension (such as the opening of an ocean) is reversed to compression (the process leading to mountain building). In this research, we use a laboratory method (analogue modelling), and with the help of a sandbox, we try to better understand structures (folds/faults) related to inversion.
Elizabeth Parker Wilson, Pablo Granado, Pablo Santolaria, Oriol Ferrer, and Josep Anton Muñoz
Solid Earth, 14, 709–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-709-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-709-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work focuses on the control of accommodation zones on extensional and subsequent inversion in salt-detached domains using sandbox analogue models. During extension, the transfer zone acts as a pathway for the movement of salt, changing the expected geometries. When inverted, the salt layer and syn-inversion sedimentation control the deformation style in the salt-detached cover system. Three natural cases are compared to the model results and show similar inversion geometries.
Oriol Ferrer, Eloi Carola, and Ken McClay
Solid Earth, 14, 571–589, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-571-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-571-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using an experimental approach based on scaled sandbox models, this work aims to understand how salt above different rotational fault blocks influences the cover geometry and evolution, first during extension and then during inversion. The results show that inherited salt structures constrain contractional deformation. We show for the first time how welds and fault welds are reopened during contractional deformation, having direct implications for the subsurface exploration of natural resources.
Chiara Montemagni, Stefano Zanchetta, Martina Rocca, Igor M. Villa, Corrado Morelli, Volkmar Mair, and Andrea Zanchi
Solid Earth, 14, 551–570, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Vinschgau Shear Zone (VSZ) is one of the largest and most significant shear zones developed within the Late Cretaceous thrust stack in the Austroalpine domain of the eastern Alps. 40Ar / 39Ar geochronology constrains the activity of the VSZ between 97 and 80 Ma. The decreasing vorticity towards the core of the shear zone, coupled with the younging of mylonites, points to a shear thinning behavior. The deepest units of the Eo-Alpine orogenic wedge were exhumed along the VSZ.
Jordi Miró, Oriol Ferrer, Josep Anton Muñoz, and Gianreto Manastchal
Solid Earth, 14, 425–445, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-425-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-425-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using the Asturian–Basque–Cantabrian system and analogue (sandbox) models, this work focuses on the linkage between basement-controlled and salt-decoupled domains and how deformation is accommodated between the two during extension and subsequent inversion. Analogue models show significant structural variability in the transitional domain, with oblique structures that can be strongly modified by syn-contractional sedimentation. Experimental results are consistent with the case study.
Junichi Fukuda, Takamoto Okudaira, and Yukiko Ohtomo
Solid Earth, 14, 409–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-409-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-409-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured water distributions in deformed quartz by infrared spectroscopy mapping and used the results to discuss changes in water distribution resulting from textural development. Because of the grain size reduction process (dynamic recrystallization), water contents decrease from 40–1750 wt ppm in host grains of ~2 mm to 100–510 wt ppm in recrystallized regions composed of fine grains of ~10 µm. Our results indicate that water is released and homogenized by dynamic recrystallization.
Bastien Walter, Yves Géraud, Alexiane Favier, Nadjib Chibati, and Marc Diraison
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-397, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-397, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Lake Abhe in southwestern Djibouti is known for its exposures of massive hydrothermal chimneys and hot springs on the lake’s eastern shore. This study highlights the control of the main structural faults of the area on the development of these hydrothermal features. This work contributes to better understand hydrothermal fluid pathways in this area and may help further exploration for the geothermal development of this remarkable site.
Michael Rudolf, Matthias Rosenau, and Onno Oncken
Solid Earth, 14, 311–331, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-311-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-311-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Analogue models of tectonic processes rely on the reproduction of their geometry, kinematics and dynamics. An important property is fault behaviour, which is linked to the frictional characteristics of the fault gouge. This is represented by granular materials, such as quartz sand. In our study we investigate the time-dependent frictional properties of various analogue materials and highlight their impact on the suitability of these materials for analogue models focusing on fault reactivation.
Jessica Barabasch, Joyce Schmatz, Jop Klaver, Alexander Schwedt, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 14, 271–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed Zechstein salt with microscopes and observed specific microstructures that indicate much faster deformation in rock salt with fine halite grains when compared to salt with larger grains. This is important because people build large cavities in the subsurface salt for energy storage or want to deposit radioactive waste inside it. When engineers and scientists use grain-size data and equations that include this mechanism, it will help to make better predictions in geological models.
Nicolás Molnar and Susanne Buiter
Solid Earth, 14, 213–235, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Progression of orogenic wedges over pre-existing extensional structures is common in nature, but deciphering the spatio-temporal evolution of deformation from the geological record remains challenging. Our laboratory experiments provide insights on how horizontal stresses are transferred across a heterogeneous crust, constrain which pre-shortening conditions can either favour or hinder the reactivatation of extensional structures, and explain what implications they have on critical taper theory.
Tania Habel, Martine Simoes, Robin Lacassin, Daniel Carrizo, and German Aguilar
Solid Earth, 14, 17–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-17-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-17-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Central Andes are one of the most emblematic reliefs on Earth, but their western flank remains understudied. Here we explore two rare key sites in the hostile conditions of the Atacama desert to build cross-sections, quantify crustal shortening, and discuss the timing of this deformation at ∼20–22°S. We propose that the structures of the Western Andes accommodated significant crustal shortening here, but only during the earliest stages of mountain building.
Naïm Célini, Frédéric Mouthereau, Abdeltif Lahfid, Claude Gout, and Jean-Paul Callot
Solid Earth, 14, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the peak temperature of sedimentary rocks of the SW Alps (France), using Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material. This method provides an estimate of the peak temperature achieved by organic-rich rocks. To determine the timing and the tectonic context of the origin of these temperatures we use 1D thermal modelling. We find that the high temperatures up to 300 °C were achieved during precollisional extensional events, not during tectonic burial in the Western Alps.
Luke N. J. Wedmore, Tess Turner, Juliet Biggs, Jack N. Williams, Henry M. Sichingabula, Christine Kabumbu, and Kawawa Banda
Solid Earth, 13, 1731–1753, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mapping and compiling the attributes of faults capable of hosting earthquakes are important for the next generation of seismic hazard assessment. We document 18 active faults in the Luangwa Rift, Zambia, in an active fault database. These faults are between 9 and 207 km long offset Quaternary sediments, have scarps up to ~30 m high, and are capable of hosting earthquakes from Mw 5.8 to 8.1. We associate the Molaza Fault with surface ruptures from two unattributed M 6+ 20th century earthquakes.
Michał P. Michalak, Lesław Teper, Florian Wellmann, Jerzy Żaba, Krzysztof Gaidzik, Marcin Kostur, Yuriy P. Maystrenko, and Paulina Leonowicz
Solid Earth, 13, 1697–1720, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1697-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1697-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
When characterizing geological/geophysical surfaces, various geometric attributes are calculated, such as dip angle (1D) or dip direction (2D). However, the boundaries between specific values may be subjective and without optimization significance, resulting from using default color palletes. This study proposes minimizing cosine distance among within-cluster observations to detect 3D anomalies. Our results suggest that the method holds promise for identification of megacylinders or megacones.
Erik M. Young, Christie D. Rowe, and James D. Kirkpatrick
Solid Earth, 13, 1607–1629, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1607-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1607-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Studying how earthquakes spread deep within the faults they originate from is crucial to improving our understanding of the earthquake process. We mapped preserved ancient earthquake surfaces that are now exposed in South Africa and studied their relationship with the shape and type of rocks surrounding them. We determined that these surfaces are not random and are instead associated with specific kinds of rocks and that their shape is linked to the evolution of the faults in which they occur.
Sivaji Lahiri, Kitty L. Milliken, Peter Vrolijk, Guillaume Desbois, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 13, 1513–1539, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1513-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1513-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the mechanism of mechanical compaction is important. Previous studies on mechanical compaction were mostly done by performing experiments. Studies on natural rocks are rare due to compositional heterogeneity of the sedimentary succession with depth. Due to remarkable similarity in composition and grain size, the Sumatra subduction complex provides a unique opportunity to study the micromechanism of mechanical compaction on natural samples.
Dongwon Lee, Nikolaos Karadimitriou, Matthias Ruf, and Holger Steeb
Solid Earth, 13, 1475–1494, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1475-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1475-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research article focuses on filtering and segmentation methods employed in high-resolution µXRCT studies for crystalline rocks, bearing fractures, or fracture networks, of very small aperture. Specifically, we focus on the identification of artificially induced (via quenching) fractures in Carrara marble samples. Results from the same dataset from all five different methods adopted were produced and compared with each other in terms of their output quality and time efficiency.
Alberto Ceccato, Giulia Tartaglia, Marco Antonellini, and Giulio Viola
Solid Earth, 13, 1431–1453, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1431-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's surface is commonly characterized by the occurrence of fractures, which can be mapped, and their can be geometry quantified on digital representations of the surface at different scales of observation. Here we present a series of analytical and statistical tools, which can aid the quantification of fracture spatial distribution at different scales. In doing so, we can improve our understanding of how fracture geometry and geology affect fluid flow within the fractured Earth crust.
Giulio Viola, Giovanni Musumeci, Francesco Mazzarini, Lorenzo Tavazzani, Manuel Curzi, Espen Torgersen, Roelant van der Lelij, and Luca Aldega
Solid Earth, 13, 1327–1351, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1327-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A structural-geochronological approach helps to unravel the Zuccale Fault's architecture. By mapping its internal structure and dating some of its fault rocks, we constrained a deformation history lasting 20 Myr starting at ca. 22 Ma. Such long activity is recorded by now tightly juxtaposed brittle structural facies, i.e. different types of fault rocks. Our results also have implications on the regional evolution of the northern Apennines, of which the Zuccale Fault is an important structure.
Wan-Lin Hu
Solid Earth, 13, 1281–1290, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1281-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1281-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Having a seismic image is generally expected to enable us to better determine fault geometry and thus estimate geological slip rates accurately. However, the process of interpreting seismic images may introduce unintended uncertainties, which have not yet been widely discussed. Here, a case of a shear fault-bend fold in the frontal Himalaya is used to demonstrate how differences in interpretations can affect the following estimates of slip rates and dependent conclusions.
Manuel D. Menzel, Janos L. Urai, Estibalitz Ukar, Thierry Decrausaz, and Marguerite Godard
Solid Earth, 13, 1191–1218, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1191-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1191-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mantle rocks can bind large quantities of carbon by reaction with CO2, but this capacity requires fluid pathways not to be clogged by carbonate. We studied mantle rocks from Oman to understand the mechanisms allowing their transformation into carbonate and quartz. Using advanced imaging techniques, we show that abundant veins were essential fluid pathways driving the reaction. Our results show that tectonic stress was important for fracture opening and a key ingredient for carbon fixation.
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl, Steffen G. Bergh, and Arthur G. Sylvester
Solid Earth, 13, 1169–1190, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1169-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The San Andreas fault is a major active fault associated with ongoing earthquake sequences in southern California. The present study investigates the development of the Indio Hills area in the Coachella Valley along the main San Andreas fault and the Indio Hills fault. The Indio Hills area is located near an area with high ongoing earthquake activity (Brawley seismic zone), and, therefore, its recent tectonic evolution has implications for earthquake prediction.
Jin Lai, Dong Li, Yong Ai, Hongkun Liu, Deyang Cai, Kangjun Chen, Yuqiang Xie, and Guiwen Wang
Solid Earth, 13, 975–1002, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-975-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-975-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
(1) Structural diagenesis analysis is performed on the ultra-deep tight sandstone. (2) Fracture and intergranular pores are related to the low in situ stress magnitudes. (3) Dissolution is associated with the presence of fracture.
Hamed Fazlikhani, Wolfgang Bauer, and Harald Stollhofen
Solid Earth, 13, 393–416, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Interpretation of newly acquired FRANKEN 2D seismic survey data in southeeastern Germany shows that upper Paleozoic low-grade metasedimentary rocks and possible nappe units are transported by Variscan shear zones to ca. 65 km west of the Franconian Fault System (FFS). We show that the locations of post-Variscan upper Carboniferous–Permian normal faults and associated graben and half-graben basins are controlled by the geometry of underlying Variscan shear zones.
Xiaodong Ma, Marian Hertrich, Florian Amann, Kai Bröker, Nima Gholizadeh Doonechaly, Valentin Gischig, Rebecca Hochreutener, Philipp Kästli, Hannes Krietsch, Michèle Marti, Barbara Nägeli, Morteza Nejati, Anne Obermann, Katrin Plenkers, Antonio P. Rinaldi, Alexis Shakas, Linus Villiger, Quinn Wenning, Alba Zappone, Falko Bethmann, Raymi Castilla, Francisco Seberto, Peter Meier, Thomas Driesner, Simon Loew, Hansruedi Maurer, Martin O. Saar, Stefan Wiemer, and Domenico Giardini
Solid Earth, 13, 301–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Questions on issues such as anthropogenic earthquakes and deep geothermal energy developments require a better understanding of the fractured rock. Experiments conducted at reduced scales but with higher-resolution observations can shed some light. To this end, the BedrettoLab was recently established in an existing tunnel in Ticino, Switzerland, with preliminary efforts to characterize realistic rock mass behavior at the hectometer scale.
Berit Schwichtenberg, Florian Fusseis, Ian B. Butler, and Edward Andò
Solid Earth, 13, 41–64, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-41-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-41-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Hydraulic rock properties such as porosity and permeability are relevant factors that have an impact on groundwater resources, geological repositories and fossil fuel reservoirs. We investigate the influence of chemical compaction upon the porosity evolution in salt–biotite mixtures and related transport length scales by conducting laboratory experiments in combination with 4-D analysis. Our observations invite a renewed discussion of the effect of sheet silicates on chemical compaction.
David Healy and Stephen Paul Hicks
Solid Earth, 13, 15–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-15-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-15-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The energy transition requires operations in faulted rocks. To manage the technical challenges and public concern over possible induced earthquakes, we need to quantify the risks. We calculate the probability of fault slip based on uncertain inputs, stresses, fluid pressures, and the mechanical properties of rocks in fault zones. Our examples highlight the specific gaps in our knowledge. Citizen science projects could produce useful data and include the public in the discussions about hazards.
Manuel I. de Paz-Álvarez, Thomas G. Blenkinsop, David M. Buchs, George E. Gibbons, and Lesley Cherns
Solid Earth, 13, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a virtual geological mapping course implemented in response to travelling and social restrictions derived from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The course was designed to replicate a physical mapping exercise as closely as possible with the aid of real field data and photographs collected by the authors during previous years in the Cantabrian Zone (NW Spain). The course is delivered through Google Earth via a KMZ file with outcrop descriptions and links to GitHub-hosted photographs.
Yueyang Xia, Jacob Geersen, Dirk Klaeschen, Bo Ma, Dietrich Lange, Michael Riedel, Michael Schnabel, and Heidrun Kopp
Solid Earth, 12, 2467–2477, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2467-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2467-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The 2 June 1994 Java tsunami earthquake ruptured in a seismically quiet subduction zone and generated a larger-than-expected tsunami. Here, we re-process a seismic line across the rupture area. We show that a subducting seamount is located up-dip of the mainshock in a region that did not rupture during the earthquake. Seamount subduction modulates the topography of the marine forearc and acts as a seismic barrier in the 1994 earthquake rupture.
Steffen Abe and Hagen Deckert
Solid Earth, 12, 2407–2424, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2407-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2407-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use numerical simulations and laboratory experiments on rock samples to investigate how stress conditions influence the geometry and roughness of fracture surfaces. The roughness of the surfaces was analyzed in terms of absolute roughness and scaling properties. The results show that the surfaces are self-affine but with different scaling properties between the numerical models and the real rock samples. Results suggest that stress conditions have little influence on the surface roughness.
Chao Deng, Rixiang Zhu, Jianhui Han, Yu Shu, Yuxiang Wu, Kefeng Hou, and Wei Long
Solid Earth, 12, 2327–2350, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2327-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2327-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses seismic reflection data to interpret the geometric relationship and evolution of intra-basement and rift-related structures in the Enping sag in the northern South China Sea. Our observations suggest the primary control of pre-existing thrust faults is the formation of low-angle normal faults, with possible help from low-friction materials, and the significant role of pre-existing basement thrust faults in fault geometry, paleotopography, and syn-rift stratigraphy of rift basins.
Sonia Yeung, Marnie Forster, Emmanuel Skourtsos, and Gordon Lister
Solid Earth, 12, 2255–2275, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2255-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2255-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We do not know when the ancient Tethys Ocean lithosphere began to founder, but one clue can be found in subduction accreted tectonic slices, including Gondwanan basement terranes on the island of Ios, Cyclades, Greece. We propose a 250–300 km southwards jump of the subduction megathrust with a period of flat-slab subduction followed by slab break-off. The initiation and its subsequent rollback of a new subduction zone would explain the onset of Oligo–Miocene extension and accompanying magmatism.
Rahul Prabhakaran, Giovanni Bertotti, Janos Urai, and David Smeulders
Solid Earth, 12, 2159–2209, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2159-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2159-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Rock fractures are organized as networks with spatially varying arrangements. Due to networks' influence on bulk rock behaviour, it is important to quantify network spatial variation. We utilize an approach where fracture networks are treated as spatial graphs. By combining graph similarity measures with clustering techniques, spatial clusters within large-scale fracture networks are identified and organized hierarchically. The method is validated on a dataset with nearly 300 000 fractures.
Olivier Lacombe, Nicolas E. Beaudoin, Guilhem Hoareau, Aurélie Labeur, Christophe Pecheyran, and Jean-Paul Callot
Solid Earth, 12, 2145–2157, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2145-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2145-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper aims to illustrate how the timing and duration of contractional deformation associated with folding in orogenic forelands can be constrained by the dating of brittle mesostructures observed in folded strata. The study combines new and already published absolute ages of fractures to provide, for the first time, an educated discussion about the factors controlling the duration of the sequence of deformation encompassing layer-parallel shortening, fold growth, and late fold tightening.
Vincent Famin, Hugues Raimbourg, Muriel Andreani, and Anne-Marie Boullier
Solid Earth, 12, 2067–2085, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sediments accumulated in accretionary prisms are deformed by the compression imposed by plate subduction. Here we show that deformation of the sediments transforms some minerals in them. We suggest that these mineral transformations are due to the proliferation of microorganisms boosted by deformation. Deformation-enhanced microbial proliferation may change our view of sedimentary and tectonic processes in subduction zones.
Marta Adamuszek, Dan M. Tămaş, Jessica Barabasch, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 12, 2041–2065, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2041-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2041-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse folded multilayer sequences in the Ocnele Mari salt mine (Romania) to gain insight into the long-term rheological behaviour of rock salt. Our results indicate the large role of even a small number of impurities in the rock salt for its effective mechanical behaviour. We demonstrate how the development of folds that occur at various scales can be used to constrain the viscosity ratio in the deformed multilayer sequence.
Cited articles
Aanyu, K. and Koehn, D.: Influence of pre-existing fabrics on fault kinematics and rift geometry of interacting segments: Analogue models based on the Albertine Rift (Uganda), Western Branch-East African Rift System, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 59, 168–184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2010.10.003, 2011.
Agostini, A., Corti, G., Zeoli, A., and Mulugeta, G.: Evolution, pattern, and partitioning of deformation during oblique continental rifting: Inferences from lithospheric-scale centrifuge models, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 10, Q11015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002676, 2009.
Ahnert, F.: Functional relationships between denudation, relief, and uplift in large, mid-latitude drainage basins, Am. J. Sci., 268, 243–263, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.268.3.243, 1970.
Ai, S., Zheng, Y., He, L., and Song, M.: Joint inversion of ambient noise and earthquake data in the Trans-North China Orogen: On-going lithospheric modification and its impact on the Cenozoic continental rifting, Tectonophysics, 763, 73–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.05.003, 2019.
Allen, M. B., Macdonald, D. I. M., Xun, Z., Vincent, S. J., and Brouet-Menzies, C.: Early Cenozoic two-phase extension and late Cenozoic thermal subsidence and inversion of the Bohai Basin, northern China, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 14, 951–972, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8172(97)00027-5, 1997.
Assie, K. R., Wang, Y., Tranos, M. D., Ma, H., Kouamelan, K. S., Brantson, E. T., Zhou, L., and Ketchaya, Y. B.: Late Cenozoic faulting deformation of the Fanshi Basin (northern Shanxi rift, China), inferred from palaeostress analysis of mesoscale fault-slip data, Geol. Mag., 159, 2306–2322, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756822000085, 2022.
Brune, S., Corti, G., and Ranalli, G.: Controls of inherited lithospheric heterogeneity on rift linkage: Numerical and analog models of interaction between the Kenyan and Ethiopian rifts across the Turkana depression, Tectonics, 36, 1767–1786, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004739, 2017.
Bull, W. B. and McFadden, L. D.: Tectonic Geomorphology North and South of the Garlock Fault, California, in: Geomorphology in Arid Regions, edited by: Doehring, D. O., Routledge, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429299230, 1980.
Chang, L., Wang, C.-Y., and Ding, Z.: Upper mantle anisotropy beneath North China from shear wave splitting measurements, Tectonophysics, 522–523, 235–242, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2011.12.009, 2012.
Chen, G.: On the geotectonic nature of the Fen-Wei rift system, Tectonophysics, 143, 217–223, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(87)90091-6, 1987.
Chen, L.: Concordant structural variations from the surface to the base of the upper mantle in the North China Craton and its tectonic implications, Lithos, 120, 96–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2009.12.007, 2010.
Chen, W.-P. and Nábelek, J.: Seismogenic strike-slip faulting and the development of the North China Basin, Tectonics, 7, 975–989, https://doi.org/10.1029/TC007i005p00975, 1988.
Chen, Y., Chen, J., Li, S., Yu, Z., Liu, X., and Shen, X.: Variations of crustal thickness and average Vp/Vs ratio beneath the Shanxi Rift, North China, from receiver functions, Earth Planets Space, 73, 200, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-021-01528-8, 2021.
Chen, Y.-C., Sung, Q., and Cheng, K.-Y.: Along-strike variations of morphotectonic features in the Western Foothills of Taiwan: tectonic implications based on stream-gradient and hypsometric analysis, Geomorphology, 56, 109–137, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(03)00059-X, 2003.
Clinkscales, C. and Kapp, P.: Structural style and kinematics of the Taihang-Luliangshan fold belt, North China: Implications for the Yanshanian orogeny, Lithosphere, 11, 767–783, https://doi.org/10.1130/L1096.1, 2019.
Clinkscales, C., Kapp, P., Thomson, S., Wang, H., Laskowski, A., Orme, D. A., and Pullen, A.: Regional exhumation and tectonic history of the Shanxi Rift and Taihangshan, North China, Tectonics, 40, e2020TC006416, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020TC006416, 2021.
Collanega, L., Siuda, K., A.-L. Jackson, C., Bell, R. E., Coleman, A. J., Lenhart, A., Magee, C., and Breda, A.: Normal fault growth influenced by basement fabrics: The importance of preferential nucleation from pre-existing structures, Basin Res., 31, 659–687, https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12327, 2019.
Corti, G.: Continental rift evolution: From rift initiation to incipient break-up in the Main Ethiopian Rift, East Africa, Earth-Sci. Rev., 96, 1–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.06.005, 2009.
Corti, G., Iandelli, I., and Cerca, M.: Experimental modeling of rifting at craton margins, Geosphere, 9, 138–154, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00863.1, 2013.
Corti, G., Maestrelli, D., and Sani, F.: Large-to Local-Scale Control of Pre-Existing Structures on Continental Rifting: Examples From the Main Ethiopian Rift, East Africa, Front. Earth Sci., 10, 808503, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.808503, 2022.
Cowie, P. A., Underhill, J. R., Behn, M. D., Lin, J., and Gill, C. E.: Spatio-temporal evolution of strain accumulation derived from multi-scale observations of Late Jurassic rifting in the northern North Sea: A critical test of models for lithospheric extension, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 234, 401–419, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.039, 2005.
Cox, R. T.: Analysis of drainage-basin symmetry as a rapid technique to identify areas of possible Quaternary tilt-block tectonics: An example from the Mississippi Embayment, GSA Bulletin, 106, 571–581, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0571:AODBSA>2.3.CO;2, 1994.
Crider, J. G. and Pollard, D. D.: Fault linkage: Three-dimensional mechanical interaction between echelon normal faults, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 103, 24373–24391, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB01353, 1998.
Daly, M. C., Chorowicz, J., and Fairhead, J. D.: Rift basin evolution in Africa: the influence of reactivated steep basement shear zones, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 44, 309–334, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.044.01.17, 1989.
Davis, G., Zheng, Y., Cong, W., Darby, B., Zhang, C., and Gehrels, G.: Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Yanshan fold and thrust belt, with emphasis on Hebei and Liaoning provinces, northern China, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem., 194, 171–197, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-1194-0.171, 2001.
Deng, Q., Ran, Y., Yang, X., Min, W., and Chu, Q.: The active tectonic map of China (1 : 4 000 000), Seismological Press, ISBN 978-7-50-283051-9, 2007 (in Chinese).
Densmore, A. L., Dawers, N. H., Gupta, S., Allen, P. A., and Gilpin, R.: Landscape evolution at extensional relay zones, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 108, 2273, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001741, 2003.
Densmore, A. L., Dawers, N. H., Gupta, S., Guidon, R., and Goldin, T.: Footwall topographic development during continental extension, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 109, F03001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JF000115, 2004.
Di Giacomo, D., Engdahl, E. R., and Storchak, D. A.: The ISC-GEM Earthquake Catalogue (1904–2014): status after the Extension Project, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1877–1899, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1877-2018, 2018.
DiBiase, R. A., Whipple, K. X., Heimsath, A. M., and Ouimet, W. B.: Landscape form and millennial erosion rates in the San Gabriel Mountains, CA, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 289, 134–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.10.036, 2010.
Dong, S., Zhang, Y., Zhang, F., Cui, J., Chen, X., Zhang, S., Miao, L., Li, J., Shi, W., Li, Z., Huang, S., and Li, H.: Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous continental convergence and intracontinental orogenesis in East Asia: A synthesis of the Yanshan Revolution, J. Asian Earth Sci., 114, 750–770, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.08.011, 2015.
Dulanya, Z., Gallen, S. F., Kolawole, F., Williams, J. N., Wedmore, L. N. J., Biggs, J., and Fagereng, Å.: Knickpoint morphotectonics of the Middle Shire River basin: Implications for the evolution of rift interaction zones, Basin Res., 34, 1839–1858, https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12687, 2022.
Dunbar, J. A. and Sawyer, D. S.: Continental rifting at pre-existing lithospheric weaknesses, Nature, 333, 450–452, https://doi.org/10.1038/333450a0, 1988.
Ebinger, C. J., Rosendahl, B. R., and Reynolds, D. J.: Tectonic model of the Malaŵi rift, Africa, Tectonophysics, 141, 215–235, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(87)90187-9, 1987.
Ebinger, C. J., Reiss, M. C., Bastow, I., and Karanja, M. M.: Shallow sources of upper mantle seismic anisotropy in East Africa, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 625, 118488, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118488, 2024.
Erbello, A., Melnick, D., Zeilinger, G., Bookhagen, B., Pingel, H., and Strecker, M. R.: Geomorphic expression of a tectonically active rift-transfer zone in southern Ethiopia, Geomorphology, 403, 108162, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108162, 2022.
Farangitakis, G. P., Heron, P. J., McCaffrey, K. J. W., van Hunen, J., and Kalnins, L. M.: The impact of oblique inheritance and changes in relative plate motion on the development of rift-transform systems, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 541, 116277, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116277, 2020.
Faulds, J. E. and Varga, R. J.: The role of accommodation zones and transfer zones in the regional segmentation of extended terranes, in: Accommodation zones and transfer zones; the regional segmentation of the Basin and Range Province, vol. 323, edited by: Faulds, J. E. and Stewart, J. H., Geological Society of America, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2323-X.1, 1998.
Faure, M., Trap, P., Lin, W., Monié, P., and Bruguier, O.: Polyorogenic evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Trans-North China Belt – New insights from the Lüliangshan-Hengshan-Wutaishan and Fuping massifs, Episodes Journal of International Geoscience, 30, 96–107, 2007.
Fazlikhani, H., Fossen, H., Gawthorpe, R. L., Faleide, J. I., and Bell, R. E.: Basement structure and its influence on the structural configuration of the northern North Sea rift, Tectonics, 36, 1151–1177, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004514, 2017.
Fernández-Blanco, D., de Gelder, G., Lacassin, R., and Armijo, R.: Geometry of Flexural Uplift by Continental Rifting in Corinth, Greece, Tectonics, 39, e2019TC005685, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019TC005685, 2020.
Fick, S. E. and Hijmans, R. J.: WorldClim 2: new 1 km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas, Int. J. Climatol., 37, 4302–4315, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086, 2017.
Fisher, J. A., Pazzaglia, F. J., Anastasio, D. J., and Gallen, S. F.: Linear Inversion of Fluvial Topography in the Northern Apennines: Comparison of Base-Level Fall to Crustal Shortening, Tectonics, 41, e2022TC007379, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022TC007379, 2022.
Flint, J.-J.: Stream gradient as a function of order, magnitude, and discharge, Water Resour. Res., 10, 969–973, 1974.
Fossen, H. and Rotevatn, A.: Fault linkage and relay structures in extensional settings – A review, Earth-Sci. Rev., 154, 14–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.11.014, 2016.
Fraser, A. J. and Gawthorpe, R. L.: Tectono-stratigraphic development and hydrocarbon habitat of the Carboniferous in northern England, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 55, 49–86, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.055.01.03, 1990.
Froemchen, M.: MFroemchen/R_Hypsometry: R_Hypsometry_1.0 (v.1.0), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13794544, 2024.
Froemchen, M., McCaffrey, K., Allen, M., van Hunen, J., Phillips, T., and Yueren, X.: Geomorphic expressions of active rifting reflect the role of structural inheritance: A new model for the evolution of the Shanxi Rift, North China, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10058450, 2024a.
Froemchen, M., McCaffrey, K., Allen, M., van Hunen, J., Phillips, T., and Yueren, X.: R_Hypsometry, GitHub [code], https://github.com/MFroemchen/R_Hypsometry, last access: 15 September 2024b.
Gallen, S. F. and Fernández-Blanco, D.: A New Data-Driven Bayesian Inversion of Fluvial Topography Clarifies the Tectonic History of the Corinth Rift and Reveals a Channel Steepness Threshold, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 126, e2020JF005651, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JF005651, 2021.
Gao, M., Zeilinger, G., Xu, X., Tan, X., Wang, Q., and Hao, M.: Active tectonics evaluation from geomorphic indices for the central and the southern Longmenshan range on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau, China, Tectonics, 35, 1812–1826, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015TC004080, 2016.
Gao, S., Davis, P. M., Liu, H., Slack, P. D., Rigor, A. W., Zorin, Y. A., Mordvinova, V. V., Kozhevnikov, V. M., and Logatchev, N. A.: SKS splitting beneath continental rift zones, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 102, 22781–22797, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB01858, 1997.
Gao, S., Rudnick, R. L., Carlson, R. W., McDonough, W. F., and Liu, Y.-S.: Re–Os evidence for replacement of ancient mantle lithosphere beneath the North China craton, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 198, 307–322, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00489-2, 2002.
Gao, S., Rudnick, R. L., Yuan, H.-L., Liu, X.-M., Liu, Y.-S., Xu, W.-L., Ling, W.-L., Ayers, J., Wang, X.-C., and Wang, Q.-H.: Recycling lower continental crust in the North China craton, Nature, 432, 892–897, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03162, 2004.
Gardner, T. W.: The History of Part of the Colorado River and Its Tributaries: An Experimental Study, Four Corners Geol. Soc. Guidebook, Canyonlands, 87–95, 1975.
Gawthorpe, R. L. and Hurst, J. M.: Transfer zones in extensional basins: their structural style and influence on drainage development and stratigraphy, Journal of the Geological Society, 150, 1137–1152, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.150.6.1137, 1993.
Gawthorpe, R. L. and Leeder, M. R.: Tectono-sedimentary evolution of active extensional basins, Basin Res., 12, 195–218, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2000.00121.x, 2000.
Geurts, A. H., Whittaker, A. C., Gawthorpe, R. L., and Cowie, P. A.: Transient landscape and stratigraphic responses to drainage integration in the actively extending central Italian Apennines, Geomorphology, 353, 107013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.107013, 2020.
Goldsworthy, M. and Jackson, J.: Active normal fault evolution in Greece revealed by geomorphology and drainage patterns, Journal of the Geological Society, 157, 967–981, https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs.157.5.967, 2000.
Griffin, W. L., Andi, Z., O’Reilly, S. Y., and Ryan, C. G.: Phanerozoic Evolution of the Lithosphere Beneath the Sino-Korean Craton, in: Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interactions in East Asia, edited by: Flower, M. F. J., Chung, S.-L., Lo, C.-H., and Lee, T.-Y., American Geophysical Union (AGU), 107–126, ISBN 978-1-118-67013-2, https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/GD027p0107 (last access: 18 September 2024), 1998.
Groves, K., Saville, C., Hurst, M. D., Jones, S. J., Song, S., and Allen, M. B.: Geomorphic expressions of collisional tectonics in the Qilian Shan, north eastern Tibetan Plateau, Tectonophysics, 788, 228503, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228503, 2020.
Hack, J. T.: Studies of longitudinal stream profiles in Virginia and Maryland, Professional Paper, USGS, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp294B, 1957.
Hamdouni, R., Irigaray, C., Castillo, T., Chacón, J., and Keller, E.: Assessment of relative active tectonics, southwest border of the Sierra Nevada (southern Spain), Geomorphology, 96, 150–173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.08.004, 2008.
Harden, D. R.: Controlling factors in the distribution and development of incised meanders in the central Colorado Plateau, GSA Bulletin, 102, 233–242, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0233:CFITDA>2.3.CO;2, 1990.
He, J., Liu, M., and Li, Y.: Is the Shanxi rift of northern China extending?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2213, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018764, 2003.
Heilman, E., Kolawole, F., Atekwana, E. A., and Mayle, M.: Controls of Basement Fabric on the Linkage of Rift Segments, Tectonics, 38, 1337–1366, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC005362, 2019.
Henstra, G. A., Rotevatn, A., Gawthorpe, R. L., and Ravnås, R.: Evolution of a major segmented normal fault during multiphase rifting: The origin of plan-view zigzag geometry, J. Struct. Geol., 74, 45–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2015.02.005, 2015.
Henza, A. A., Withjack, M. O., and Schlische, R. W.: How do the properties of a pre-existing normal-fault population influence fault development during a subsequent phase of extension?, J. Struct. Geol., 33, 1312–1324, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2011.06.010, 2011.
Heron, P. J., Peace, A. L., McCaffrey, K. J. W., Welford, J. K., Wilson, R., van Hunen, J., and Pysklywec, R. N.: Segmentation of Rifts Through Structural Inheritance: Creation of the Davis Strait, Tectonics, 38, 2411–2430, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019TC005578, 2019.
Hodge, M., Fagereng, Å., Biggs, J., and Mdala, H.: Controls on early-rift geometry: New perspectives from the Bilila-Mtakataka Fault, Malawi, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 3896–3905, 2018a.
Hodge, M., Fagereng, Å., and Biggs, J.: The Role of Coseismic Coulomb Stress Changes in Shaping the Hard Link Between Normal Fault Segments, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 123, 797–814, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB014927, 2018b.
Holdsworth, R. E., Stewart, M., Imber, J., and Strachan, R. A.: The structure and rheological evolution of reactivated continental fault zones: a review and case study, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 184, 115–137, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.184.01.07, 2001.
Howell, L., Egan, S., Leslie, G., Clarke, S., Mitten, A., and Pringle, J.: The influence of low-density granite bodies on extensional basins, Geology Today, 36, 22–26, https://doi.org/10.1111/gto.12297, 2020.
Hu, X., Li, Y., and Yang, J.: Quaternary paleolake development in the Fen River basin, North China, Geomorphology, 65, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.06.008, 2005.
Hurtrez, J.-E., Sol, C., and Lucazeau, F.: Effect of drainage area on hypsometry from an analysis of small-scale drainage basins in the Siwalik Hills (Central Nepal), Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 24, 799–808, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199908)24:9<799::AID-ESP12>3.0.CO;2-4, 1999.
Jackson, J. and Leeder, M.: Drainage systems and the development of normal faults: an example from Pleasant Valley, Nevada, J. Struct. Geol., 16, 1041–1059, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(94)90051-5, 1994.
Kapp, P., Pullen, A., Pelletier, J. D., Russell, J., Goodman, P., and Cai, F.: From dust to dust: Quaternary wind erosion of the Mu Us Desert and Loess Plateau, China, Geology, 43, 835–838, https://doi.org/10.1130/G36724.1, 2015.
Kattenhorn, S. A., Aydin, A., and Pollard, D. D.: Joints at high angles to normal fault strike: an explanation using 3-D numerical models of fault-perturbed stress fields, J. Struct. Geol., 22, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(99)00130-3, 2000.
Kendall, J.-M., Pilidou, S., Keir, D., Bastow, I. D., Stuart, G. W., and Ayele, A.: Mantle upwellings, melt migration and the rifting of Africa: insights from seismic anisotropy, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 259, 55–72, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.259.01.06, 2006.
Kinabo, B. D., Hogan, J. P., Atekwana, E. A., Abdelsalam, M. G., and Modisi, M. P.: Fault growth and propagation during incipient continental rifting: Insights from a combined aeromagnetic and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model investigation of the Okavango Rift Zone, northwest Botswana, Tectonics, 27, TC3013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007TC002154, 2008.
Kirby, E. and Whipple, K. X.: Expression of active tectonics in erosional landscapes, J. Struct. Geol., 44, 54–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2012.07.009, 2012.
Koehn, D., Aanyu, K., Haines, S., and Sachau, T.: Rift nucleation, rift propagation and the creation of basement micro-plates within active rifts, Tectonophysics, 458, 105–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.10.003, 2008.
Kolawole, F., Atekwana, E. A., Laó-Dávila, D. A., Abdelsalam, M. G., Chindandali, P. R., Salima, J., and Kalindekafe, L.: Active deformation of Malawi rift's north basin Hinge zone modulated by reactivation of preexisting Precambrian Shear zone fabric, Tectonics, 37, 683–704, 2018.
Kolawole, F., Firkins, M. C., Al Wahaibi, T. S., Atekwana, E. A., and Soreghan, M. J.: Rift interaction zones and the stages of rift linkage in active segmented continental rift systems, Basin Res., 33, 2984–3020, 2021a.
Kolawole, F., Phillips, T. B., Atekwana, E. A., and Jackson, C. A.-L.: Structural Inheritance Controls Strain Distribution During Early Continental Rifting, Rukwa Rift, Front. Earth Sci., 9, 707869, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.707869, 2021b.
Kolawole, F., Vick, T., Atekwana, E. A., Laó-Dávila, D. A., Costa, A. G., and Carpenter, B. M.: Strain localization and migration during the pulsed lateral propagation of the Shire Rift Zone, East Africa, Tectonophysics, 839, 229499, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2022.229499, 2022.
Kolawole, F., Xue, L., and Dulanya, Z.: Rapid Versus Delayed Linkage and Coalescence of Propagating Rift Tips, ESS Open Archive, https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.168167202.29986035/v2, 4 March 2024.
Krabbendam, M. and Barr, T. D.: Proterozoic orogens and the break-up of Gondwana: why did some orogens not rift?, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 31, 35–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(00)00071-3, 2000.
Kusky, T. M. and Li, J.: Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the North China Craton, J. Asian Earth Sci., 22, 383–397, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(03)00071-3, 2003.
Kusky, T., Li, J., and Santosh, M.: The Paleoproterozoic North Hebei Orogen: North China craton's collisional suture with the Columbia supercontinent, Gondwana Res., 12, 4–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2006.11.012, 2007.
Lambiase, J. J. and Bosworth, W.: Structural controls on sedimentation in continental rifts, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 80, 117–144, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.080.01.06, 1995.
Leeder, M. R. and Jackson, J. A.: The interaction between normal faulting and drainage in active extensional basins, with examples from the western United States and central Greece, Basin Res., 5, 79–102, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.1993.tb00059.x, 1993.
Leonard, M.: Earthquake Fault Scaling: Self-Consistent Relating of Rupture Length, Width, Average Displacement, and Moment Release, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 100, 1971–1988, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090189, 2010.
Lezzar, K. E., Tiercelin, J.-J., Le Turdu, C., Cohen, Andrew. S., Reynolds, D. J., Le Gall, B., and Scholz, C. A.: Control of Normal Fault Interaction on the Distribution of Major Neogene Sedimentary Depocenters, Lake Tanganyika, East African Rift, AAPG Bull., 86, 1027–1059, https://doi.org/10.1306/61EEDC1A-173E-11D7-8645000102C1865D, 2002.
Li, S., Zhao, G., Wilde, S. A., Zhang, J., Sun, M., Zhang, G., and Dai, L.: Deformation history of the Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping Complexes: Implications for the evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen, Gondwana Res., 18, 611–631, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2010.03.003, 2010.
Li, Y., Yang, J., Xia, Z., and Mo, D.: Tectonic geomorphology in the Shanxi Graben System, northern China, Geomorphology, 23, 77–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(97)00092-5, 1998.
Lifton, N. A. and Chase, C. G.: Tectonic, climatic and lithologic influences on landscape fractal dimension and hypsometry: implications for landscape evolution in the San Gabriel Mountains, California, Geomorphology, 5, 77–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(92)90059-W, 1992.
Maerten, L.: Variation in slip on intersecting normal faults: Implications for paleostress inversion, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 105, 25553–25565, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900264, 2000.
Makrari, S., Sharma, G., Taloor, A. K., Singh, M. S., Sarma, K. K., and Aggarwal, S. P.: Assessment of the geomorphic indices in relation to tectonics along selected sectors of Borpani River Basin, Assam using Cartosat DEM data, Geosystems and Geoenvironment, 1, 100068, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geogeo.2022.100068, 2022.
Masek, J. G., Isacks, B. L., Gubbels, T. L., and Fielding, E. J.: Erosion and tectonics at the margins of continental plateaus, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 99, 13941–13956, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB00461, 1994.
McCaffrey, K. J. W.: Controls on reactivation of a major fault zone: the Fair Head–Clew Bay line in Ireland, Journal of the Geological Society, 154, 129–133, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.154.1.0129, 1997.
Menzies, M. A. and Xu, Y.: Geodynamics of the North China Craton, in: Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interactions in East Asia, edited by: Flower, M. F. J., Chung, S.-L., Lo, C.-H., and Lee, T.-Y., American Geophysical Union (AGU), 155–165, https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/GD027p0155 (last access: 18 September 2024), 1998.
Menzies, M., Xu, Y., Zhang, H., and Fan, W.: Integration of geology, geophysics and geochemistry: A key to understanding the North China Craton, Lithos, 96, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2006.09.008, 2007.
Menzies, M. A., Fan, W., and Zhang, M.: Palaeozoic and Cenozoic lithoprobes and the loss of >120 km of Archaean lithosphere, Sino-Korean craton, China, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 76, 71–81, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.076.01.04, 1993.
Middleton, T. A., Elliott, J. R., Rhodes, E. J., Sherlock, S., Walker, R. T., Wang, W., Yu, J., and Zhou, Y.: Extension rates across the northern Shanxi Grabens, China, from Quaternary geology, seismicity and geodesy, Geophys. J. Int., 209, 535–558, 2017.
Molnar, N., Cruden, A., and Betts, P.: The role of inherited crustal and lithospheric architecture during the evolution of the Red Sea: Insights from three dimensional analogue experiments, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 544, 116377, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116377, 2020.
Moore, J. M. and Davidson, A.: Rift structure in southern Ethiopia, Tectonophysics, 46, 159–173, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(78)90111-7, 1978.
Morley, C. K.: Variable extension in Lake Tanganyika, Tectonics, 7, 785–801, https://doi.org/10.1029/TC007i004p00785, 1988.
Morley, C. K.: Stress re-orientation along zones of weak fabrics in rifts: An explanation for pure extension in “oblique” rift segments?, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 297, 667–673, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.07.022, 2010.
Morley, C. K., Nelson, R. A., Patton, T. L., and Munn, S. G.: Transfer Zones in the East African Rift System and Their Relevance to Hydrocarbon Exploration in Rifts (1), AAPG Bull., 74, 1234–1253, https://doi.org/10.1306/0C9B2475-1710-11D7-8645000102C1865D, 1990.
Morley, C. K., Haranya, C., Phoosongsee, W., Pongwapee, S., Kornsawan, A., and Wonganan, N.: Activation of rift oblique and rift parallel pre-existing fabrics during extension and their effect on deformation style: examples from the rifts of Thailand, J. Struct. Geol., 26, 1803–1829, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2004.02.014, 2004.
Mulaya, E., Gluyas, J., McCaffrey, K., Phillips, T., and Ballentine, C.: Structural geometry and evolution of the Rukwa Rift Basin, Tanzania: Implications for helium potential, Basin Res., 34, 938–960, https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12646, 2022.
Musila, M., Ebinger, C. J., Bastow, I. D., Sullivan, G., Oliva, S. J., Knappe, E., Perry, M., Kounoudis, R., Ogden, C. S., Bendick, R., Mwangi, S., Mariita, N., Kianji, G., Kraus, E., and Illsley-Kemp, F.: Active Deformation Constraints on the Nubia-Somalia Plate Boundary Through Heterogenous Lithosphere of the Turkana Depression, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 24, e2023GC010982, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GC010982, 2023.
Nelson, R. A., Patton, T. L., and Morley, C. K.: Rift-Segment Interaction and Its Relation to Hydrocarbon Exploration in Continental Rift Systems (1), AAPG Bull., 76, 1153–1169, 1992.
Obaid, A. K. and Allen, M. B.: Landscape expressions of tectonics in the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt, Tectonophysics, 766, 20–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.05.024, 2019.
Osagiede, E. E., Rotevatn, A., Gawthorpe, R., Kristensen, T. B., Jackson, C. A.-L., and Marsh, N.: Pre-existing intra-basement shear zones influence growth and geometry of non-colinear normal faults, western Utsira High–Heimdal Terrace, North Sea, J. Struct. Geol., 130, 103908, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103908, 2020.
Pavlides, S. B., Zouros, N. C., Zhongjing, F., Shaoping, C., Tranos, M. D., and Chatzipetros, A. A.: Geometry, kinematics and morphotectonics of the Yanqing–Huailai active faults (northern China), Tectonophysics, 308, 99–118, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00074-8, 1999.
Peace, A., McCaffrey, K., Imber, J., van Hunen, J., Hobbs, R., and Wilson, R.: The role of pre-existing structures during rifting, continental breakup and transform system development, offshore West Greenland, Basin Res., 30, 373–394, https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12257, 2018.
Pérez-Peña, J. V., Azañón, J. M., Booth-Rea, G., Azor, A., and Delgado, J.: Differentiating geology and tectonics using a spatial autocorrelation technique for the hypsometric integral, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 114, F02018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JF001092, 2009.
Perron, J. T. and Royden, L.: An integral approach to bedrock river profile analysis, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 38, 570–576, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3302, 2013.
Petit, C., Deverchere, J., Houdry, F., Sankov, V. A., Melnikova, V. I., and Delvaux, D.: Present-day stress field changes along the Baikal rift and tectonic implications, Tectonics, 15, 1171–1191, 1996.
Philippon, M., Willingshofer, E., Sokoutis, D., Corti, G., Sani, F., Bonini, M., and Cloetingh, S.: Slip re-orientation in oblique rifts, Geology, 43, 147–150, 2015.
Phillips, T. B. and McCaffrey, K. J. W.: Terrane Boundary Reactivation, Barriers to Lateral Fault Propagation and Reactivated Fabrics: Rifting Across the Median Batholith Zone, Great South Basin, New Zealand, Tectonics, 38, 4027–4053, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019TC005772, 2019.
Phillips, T. B., Jackson, C. A., Bell, R. E., Duffy, O. B., and Fossen, H.: Reactivation of intrabasement structures during rifting: A case study from offshore southern Norway, J. Struct. Geol., 91, 54–73, 2016.
Phillips, T. B., Naliboff, J. B., McCaffrey, K. J. W., Pan, S., van Hunen, J., and Froemchen, M.: The influence of crustal strength on rift geometry and development – insights from 3D numerical modelling, Solid Earth, 14, 369–388, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-369-2023, 2023.
Qi, J. and Yang, Q.: Cenozoic structural deformation and dynamic processes of the Bohai Bay basin province, China, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 27, 757–771, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.08.012, 2010.
Ramos, G. V., Vasconcelos, D. L., Marques, F. O., de Castro, D. L., Nogueira, F. C. C., Bezerra, F. H. R., Perez, Y. A. R., Souza, J. A. B., and Medeiros, V. C.: Relations between inherited basement fabric and fault nucleation in a continental setting: The Rio do Peixe Basin, NE Brazil, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 139, 105635, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2022.105635, 2022.
Reeve, M. T., Bell, R. E., Duffy, O. B., Jackson, C. A.-L., and Sansom, E.: The growth of non-colinear normal fault systems; What can we learn from 3D seismic reflection data?, J. Struct. Geol., 70, 141–155, 2015.
Ring, U.: The influence of preexisting structure on the evolution of the Cenozoic Malawi rift (East African rift system), Tectonics, 13, 313–326, https://doi.org/10.1029/93TC03188, 1994.
Rosendahl, B. R.: Architecture of Continental Rifts with Special Reference to East Africa, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 15, 445–503, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.15.050187.002305, 1987.
Rotevatn, A., Kristensen, T. B., Ksienzyk, A. K., Wemmer, K., Henstra, G. A., Midtkandal, I., Grundvåg, S.-A., and Andresen, A.: Structural Inheritance and Rapid Rift-Length Establishment in a Multiphase Rift: The East Greenland Rift System and its Caledonian Orogenic Ancestry, Tectonics, 37, 1858–1875, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC005018, 2018.
Sachau, T., Koehn, D., Stamps, D. S., and Lindenfeld, M.: Fault kinematics and stress fields in the Rwenzori Mountains, Uganda, Int. J. Earth. Sci. (Geol. Rundsch.), 105, 1729–1740, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-015-1162-6, 2016.
Samsu, A., Cruden, A. R., Micklethwaite, S., Grose, L., and Vollgger, S. A.: Scale matters: The influence of structural inheritance on fracture patterns, J. Struct. Geol., 130, 103896, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103896, 2020.
Samsu, A., Micklethwaite, S., Williams, J. N., Fagereng, Å., and Cruden, A. R.: Structural inheritance in amagmatic rift basins: Manifestations and mechanisms for how pre-existing structures influence rift-related faults, Earth-Sci. Rev., 246, 104568, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104568, 2023.
Santosh, M.: Assembling North China Craton within the Columbia supercontinent: The role of double-sided subduction, Precambrian Res., 178, 149–167, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2010.02.003, 2010.
Schiffer, C., Doré, A. G., Foulger, G. R., Franke, D., Geoffroy, L., Gernigon, L., Holdsworth, B., Kusznir, N., Lundin, E., McCaffrey, K., Peace, A. L., Petersen, K. D., Phillips, T. B., Stephenson, R., Stoker, M. S., and Welford, J. K.: Structural inheritance in the North Atlantic, Earth-Sci. Rev., 206, 102975, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102975, 2020.
Schmidt, K. M. and Montgomery, D. R.: Limits to Relief, Science, 270, 617–620, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.270.5236.617, 1995.
Scholz, C. A.: Deltas of the Lake Malawi Rift, East Africa: Seismic Expression and Exploration Implications 1, AAPG Bull., 79, 1679–1697, https://doi.org/10.1306/7834DE54-1721-11D7-8645000102C1865D, 1995.
Scholz, C. H.: Scaling laws for large earthquakes: Consequences for physical models, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 72, 1–14, 1982.
Schumacher, M. E.: Upper Rhine Graben: Role of preexisting structures during rift evolution, Tectonics, 21, 6-1–6-17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001TC900022, 2002.
Schwanghart, W. and Scherler, D.: Short Communication: TopoToolbox 2 – MATLAB-based software for topographic analysis and modeling in Earth surface sciences, Earth Surf. Dynam., 2, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-1-2014, 2014.
Şengör, A. M. C., Lom, N., and Sağdıç, N. G.: Tectonic inheritance, structure reactivation and lithospheric strength: the relevance of geological history, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 105–136, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.8, 2019.
Shanxi Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources (SBGMR): Regional Geology of Shanxi Province, Geological Publishing House, Beijing, China, 1989.
Shen, Z.-K., Zhao, C., Yin, A., Li, Y., Jackson, D. D., Fang, P., and Dong, D.: Contemporary crustal deformation in east Asia constrained by Global Positioning System measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 105, 5721–5734, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900391, 2000.
Shi, W., Cen, M., Chen, L., Wang, Y., Chen, X., Li, J., and Chen, P.: Evolution of the late Cenozoic tectonic stress regime in the Shanxi Rift, central North China Plate inferred from new fault kinematic analysis, J. Asian Earth Sci., 114, 54–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.04.044, 2015a.
Shi, W., Dong, S., Liu, Y., Hu, J., Chen, X., and Chen, P.: Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the South Ningxia region, northeastern Tibetan Plateau inferred from new structural investigations and fault kinematic analyses, Tectonophysics, 649, 139–164, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.02.024, 2015b.
Shi, W., Dong, S., and Hu, J.: Neotectonics around the Ordos Block, North China: A review and new insights, Earth-Sci. Rev., 200, 102969, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102969, 2020.
Snyder, N. P., Whipple, K. X., Tucker, G. E., and Merritts, D. J.: Landscape response to tectonic forcing: Digital elevation model analysis of stream profiles in the Mendocino triple junction region, northern California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 112, 1250–1263, 2000.
Storchak, D. A., Di Giacomo, D., Bondar, I., Engdahl, E. R., Harris, J., Lee, W. H. K., Villasenor, A., and Bormann, P.: Public Release of the ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009), Seismol. Res. Lett., 84, 810–815, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220130034, 2013.
Storchak, D. A., Di Giacomo, D., Engdahl, E. R., Harris, J., Bondár, I., Lee, W. H., Bormann, P., and Villaseñor, A.: The ISC-GEM global instrumental earthquake catalogue (1900–2009): introduction, Phys. Earth Planet. In., 239, 48–63, 2015.
Strahler, A. N.: Hypsometirc (area-altitude) Analysis of erosional topography, GSA Bulletin, 63, 1117–1142, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1952)63[1117:HAAOET]2.0.CO;2, 1952.
Strahler, A. N.: Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology, Eos T. Am. Geophys. Un., 38, 913–920, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR038i006p00913, 1957.
Su, P., He, H., Tan, X., Liu, Y., Shi, F., and Kirby, E.: Initiation and evolution of the Shanxi Rift System in North China: Evidence from low-temperature thermochronology in a plate reconstruction framework, Tectonics, 40, e2020TC006298, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020TC006298, 2021.
Su, P., He, H., Liu, Y., Shi, F., Granger, D. E., Kirby, E., Luo, L., Han, F., and Lu, R.: Quantifying the Structure and Extension Rate of the Linfen Basin, Shanxi Rift System Since the Latest Miocene: Implications for Continental Magma-Poor Rifting, Tectonics, 42, e2023TC007885, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023TC007885, 2023.
Tang, Y.-C., Fen, Y.-G., Chen Zhongshun, J., Zhou, S.-Y., Ning, J.-Y., Wei, S.-Q., Li, P., Chun-Quan, Y., Fan, W.-Y., and Wang, H.-Y.: Receiver function analysis at Shanxi Rift, Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 53, 2102–2109, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.09.010, 2010.
Taylor, S. K., Bull, J. M., Lamarche, G., and Barnes, P. M.: Normal fault growth and linkage in the Whakatane Graben, New Zealand, during the last 1.3 Myr, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 109, B02408, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002412, 2004.
Tepp, G., Ebinger, C. J., Zal, H., Gallacher, R., Accardo, N., Shillington, D. J., Gaherty, J., Keir, D., Nyblade, A. A., Mbogoni, G. J., Chindandali, P. R. N., Ferdinand-Wambura, R., Mulibo, G. D., and Kamihanda, G.: Seismic Anisotropy of the Upper Mantle Below the Western Rift, East Africa, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 123, 5644–5660, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JB015409, 2018.
Tommasi, A. and Vauchez, A.: Continental rifting parallel to ancient collisional belts: an effect of the mechanical anisotropy of the lithospheric mantle, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 185, 199–210, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00350-2, 2001.
Trap, P., Faure, M., Lin, W., and Monié, P.: Late Paleoproterozoic (1900–1800 Ma) nappe stacking and polyphase deformation in the Hengshan–Wutaishan area: Implications for the understanding of the Trans-North-China Belt, North China Craton, Precambrian Res., 156, 85–106, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2007.03.001, 2007.
Trap, P., Faure, M., Lin, W., Bruguier, O., and Monié, P.: Contrasted tectonic styles for the Paleoproterozoic evolution of the North China Craton. Evidence for a ∼2.1 Ga thermal and tectonic event in the Fuping Massif, J. Struct. Geol., 30, 1109–1125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2008.05.001, 2008.
Trap, P., Faure, M., Lin, W., and Meffre, S.: The Lüliang Massif: a key area for the understanding of the Palaeoproterozoic Trans-North China Belt, North China Craton, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 323, 99–125, 2009a.
Trap, P., Faure, M., Lin, W., Monié, P., Meffre, S., and Melleton, J.: The Zanhuang Massif, the second and eastern suture zone of the Paleoproterozoic Trans-North China Orogen, Precambrian Res., 172, 80–98, 2009b.
Trap, P., Faure, M., Lin, W., Le Breton, N., and Monié, P.: Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen: Toward a comprehensive model, Precambrian Res., 222–223, 191–211, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2011.09.008, 2012.
Vasconcelos, D. L., Bezerra, F. H. R., Medeiros, W. E., de Castro, D. L., Clausen, O. R., Vital, H., and Oliveira, R. G.: Basement fabric controls rift nucleation and postrift basin inversion in the continental margin of NE Brazil, Tectonophysics, 751, 23–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.12.019, 2019.
Vauchez, A., Barruol, G., and Tommasi, A.: Why do continents break-up parallel to ancient orogenic belts?, Terra Nova, 9, 62–66, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1997.tb00003.x, 1997.
Versfelt, J. and Rosendahl, B. R.: Relationships between pre-rift structure and rift architecture in Lakes Tanganyika and Malawi, East Africa, Nature, 337, 354–357, https://doi.org/10.1038/337354a0, 1989.
Vetel, W. and Le Gall, B.: Dynamics of prolonged continental extension in magmatic rifts: the Turkana Rift case study (North Kenya), Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 259, 209–233, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.259.01.17, 2006.
Walcott, R. C. and Summerfield, M. A.: Scale dependence of hypsometric integrals: An analysis of southeast African basins, Geomorphology, 96, 174–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.08.001, 2008.
Wedmore, L. N. J., Williams, J. N., Biggs, J., Fagereng, Å., Mphepo, F., Dulanya, Z., Willoughby, J., Mdala, H., and Adams, B. A.: Structural inheritance and border fault reactivation during active early-stage rifting along the Thyolo fault, Malawi, J. Struct. Geol., 139, 104097, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104097, 2020.
Wedmore, L. N. J., Turner, T., Biggs, J., Williams, J. N., Sichingabula, H. M., Kabumbu, C., and Banda, K.: The Luangwa Rift Active Fault Database and fault reactivation along the southwestern branch of the East African Rift, Solid Earth, 13, 1731–1753, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, 2022.
Wheeler, W. H. and Karson, J. A.: Structure and kinematics of the Livingstone Mountains border fault zone, Nyasa (Malawi) Rift, southwestern Tanzania, Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East), 8, 393–413, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(89)80034-X, 1989.
Whipple, K. X.: Bedrock rivers and the geomorphology of active orogens, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 32, 151–185, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120356, 2004.
Whittaker, A. C.: How do landscapes record tectonics and climate?, Lithosphere, 4, 160–164, 2012.
Whittaker, A. C. and Walker, A. S.: Geomorphic constraints on fault throw rates and linkage times: Examples from the Northern Gulf of Evia, Greece, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 120, 137–158, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JF003318, 2015.
Whittaker, A. C., Attal, M., Cowie, P. A., Tucker, G. E., and Roberts, G.: Decoding temporal and spatial patterns of fault uplift using transient river long profiles, Geomorphology, 100, 506–526, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.01.018, 2008.
Wilson, J. T.: Did the Atlantic Close and then Re-Open?, Nature, 211, 676–681, https://doi.org/10.1038/211676a0, 1966.
Wilson, R. W., Holdsworth, R. E., Wild, L. E., McCaffrey, K. J. W., England, R. W., Imber, J., and Strachan, R. A.: Basement-influenced rifting and basin development: a reappraisal of post-Caledonian faulting patterns from the North Coast Transfer Zone, Scotland, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 335, 795–826, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP335.32, 2010.
Wobus, C., Whipple, K. X., Kirby, E., Snyder, N., Johnson, J., Spyropolou, K., Crosby, B., and Sheehan, D.: Tectonics from topography: Procedures, promise, and pitfalls, in: Tectonics, Climate, and Landscape Evolution, vol. 398, edited by: Willett, S. D., Hovius, N., Brandon, M. T., and Fisher, D. M., Geological Society of America, https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2398(04), 2006.
Wong, W. H.: Crustal Movements and Igneous Activities in Eastern China Since Mesozoic Time, Bulletin of the Geological Society of China, 6, 9–37, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.1927.mp6001002.x, 1927.
Xu, X. and Ma, X.: Geodynamics of the Shanxi rift system, China, Tectonophysics, 208, 325–340, 1992.
Xu, X., Ma, X., and Deng, Q.: Neotectonic activity along the Shanxi rift system, China, Tectonophysics, 219, 305–325, 1993.
Xu, Y., He, H., Deng, Q., Allen, M. B., Sun, H., and Bi, L.: The CE 1303 Hongdong Earthquake and the Huoshan Piedmont Fault, Shanxi Graben: Implications for Magnitude Limits of Normal Fault Earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 123, 3098–3121, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB014928, 2018.
Yin, A.: Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Asia: A preliminary synthesis, Tectonophysics, 488, 293–325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.06.002, 2010.
Zhai, M., Li, T.-S., Peng, P., Hu, B., Liu, F., and Zhang, Y.: Precambrian key tectonic events and evolution of the North China craton, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 338, 235–262, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP338.12, 2010.
Zhai, M.-G. and Santosh, M.: The early Precambrian odyssey of the North China Craton: A synoptic overview, Gondwana Res., 20, 6–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2011.02.005, 2011.
Zhang, C., Li, C., Deng, H., Liu, Y., Liu, L., Wei, B., Li, H., and Liu, Z.: Mesozoic contraction deformation in the Yanshan and northern Taihang mountains and its implications to the destruction of the North China Craton, Sci. China Earth Sci., 54, 798–822, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-011-4180-7, 2011.
Zhang, Y., Ma, Y., Yang, N., Shi, W., and Dong, S.: Cenozoic extensional stress evolution in North China, J. Geodyn., 36, 591–613, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2003.08.001, 2003.
Zhang, Y., Dong, S., Zhao, Y., and Zhang, T.: Jurassic Tectonics of North China: A Synthetic View, Acta Geol. Sin.-Engl., 82, 310–326, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2008.tb00581.x, 2008.
Zhang, Y. Q., Mercier, J. L., and Vergély, P.: Extension in the graben systems around the Ordos (China), and its contribution to the extrusion tectonics of south China with respect to Gobi-Mongolia, Tectonophysics, 285, 41–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00170-4, 1998.
Zhao, G., Min, S., Wilde, S. A., and Sanzhong, L.: Late Archean to Paleoproterozoic evolution of the North China Craton: key issues revisited, Precambrian Res., 136, 177–202, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2004.10.002, 2005.
Zhao, L. and Zheng, T.: Using shear wave splitting measurements to investigate the upper mantle anisotropy beneath the North China Craton: Distinct variation from east to west, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L10309, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022585, 2005.
Zhu, R., Xu, Y., Zhu, G., Zhang, H., Xia, Q., and Zheng, T.: Destruction of the North China Craton, Sci. China Earth Sci., 55, 1565–1587, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-012-4516-y, 2012.
Ziegler, P. A. and Cloetingh, S.: Dynamic processes controlling evolution of rifted basins, Earth-Sci. Rev., 64, 1–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(03)00041-2, 2004.
Zwaan, F. and Schreurs, G.: How oblique extension and structural inheritance influence rift segment interaction: Insights from 4D analog models, Interpretation, 5, SD119–SD138, https://doi.org/10.1190/INT-2016-0063.1, 2017.
Zwaan, F., Schreurs, G., Naliboff, J., and Buiter, S. J. H.: Insights into the effects of oblique extension on continental rift interaction from 3D analogue and numerical models, Tectonophysics, 693, 239–260, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.02.036, 2016.
Zwaan, F., Chenin, P., Erratt, D., Manatschal, G., and Schreurs, G.: Competition between 3D structural inheritance and kinematics during rifting: Insights from analogue models, Basin Res., 34, 824–854, https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12642, 2022.
Short summary
The Shanxi Rift is a young, active rift in northern China that formed atop a Proterozoic orogen. The impact of these structures on active rift faults is poorly understood. Here, we quantify the landscape response to active faulting and compare it with published maps of inherited structures. We find that inherited structures played an important role in the segmentation of the Shanxi Rift and in the development of rift interaction zones, which are the most active regions in the Shanxi Rift.
The Shanxi Rift is a young, active rift in northern China that formed atop a Proterozoic orogen....
